• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 2016

Characteristics of self-propagating reaction for the preparation of ZnO powder from precursors composed of nitrate and citrate compounds were examined. The ratio of C/N was maintained in range of 0.7~0.8 to initiate the self-propagating reaction between the reducing citrate and oxidizing nitrate groups. The samples were decomposed thermally by using TGA. The sudden decomposition occurred in the range of X > 0.5 in a very short time with a very sharp decrease of mass, indicating that the self-propagating reaction would occur. Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Vyazovkin methods were employed to predict the activation energy, reaction order and frequency factor of the reaction rate in the rate determining step of X < 0.5 range. The activation energy increased with increasing fractional conversion in the range of 46~130 (kJ/min). The reaction order decreased in the range of 2.9~0.9, while the frequency factor increased in the range of 85~278 ($min^{-1}$), respectively, with increasing the rate of temperature increase.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2001

Ca/LiCl-KCl/CaCrO$_4$열 전지계의 양극재료로서 BCT(Body-Centered Tetragonal) 결정구조를 갖는 CaCrO$_4$분말을 GNP로 합성하고, SEM, TEM, XRD를 이용하여 그 미세구조를 분석하였다. GNP 공정에 의한 CaCrO$_4$분말은 단일상으로 0.5$mu extrm{m}$ 이하의 입자 크기를 가지며 균일하게 분포한 반면, 기존의 분말 혼합법은 높은 하수 온도 및 장시간의 하소 조건을 필요하므로 미세한 분말 합성이 어렵고 pellet 형태로 만들었을 때 GNP 분말에 비해 비표면적이 현저하게 작기 때문에 전극 재료로써 유리하지 못하다. Ca/LiCl-KCl/CaCrO$_4$계의 전기 화학적인 특성을 평가해본 결과 전지셀을 Ca/DEB(LiCl-KCl+CaCrO$_4$+SiO$_2$)와 같은 DEB 형태로 만들었을 때 $600^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 2.0 V이상 (<100 mA/㎤)의 안정한 전압이 5분 이상 유지되었다. 그러나 3층 전극 셀(Ca/LiCl/KCl/ CaCrO$_4$)에서는 동일한 온도에서 2.0 V이상 (<100 mA/㎤)의 전압이 7분 이상 유지되었으나 불안정한 전압 변동 및 낮은 peak voltage로 인해 DEB 셀의 전지 특성이 더 우수한 것으로 생각된다. 양극 재료의 제조 방법의 관점에서 볼 때, 동일한 DEB(Depolarizer : Electrolyte : Binder=25 : 70 : 5 wt%) 조성의 셀 구성시, GNP 분말은 분말 혼합법에 의한 분말보다 반응 표면적이 훨씬 크기 때문에 GNP 양극 활 물질의 DEB 셀에서의 전지 수명이 더 길었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.181-184
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• 2003

GaN계 청색 여기용 광원으로 최적인 $Y_{3}AI_{5}O_{12}:Ce$계 phosphor를 고상반응으로 제조하여 white LED용 yellow 형광체로 신뢰성을 검토하였다. 출발시료는 metal hydrous oxide로 합성한 분말에 활성제로서 $Ce^{3+}$ 이온의 농도를 변화시키면서 로내의 온도와 시간을 변수로 하여 형광체를 제조하였다. 그 결과 $1650^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 소성시킨 분말의 경우, 입자 크기가 $3{\mu}m$이하인 순수 YAG 형광체를 얻을 수 있었으며 $Ce^{3+}$이온농도를 변화시킨 결과 0.03~0.05mol% 일 때가 가장 우수하여 해외제품수준을 능가하는 우수한 발광특성을 나타내었다. 이때 CIE1931 색좌표 값은 x=0.385, y=0.433으로서 green yellow 색을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.291-297
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• 2008

The solid particle erosion behaviour of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites was investigated. The erosive wear of these composites was evaluated at different impingement angles ($30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$), different impact velocities (40, 55, 60, 70m/s) and at three different fiber orientations ($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$). The erodent was SiC sand with the size $50-100{\mu}m$ of irregula. shapes. The result showed ductile erosion behaviour with maximum erosion rate at $30^{\circ}$ impingement angle. The fiber orientations had a significant influence on erosion. The erosion rate was strongly dependent on impact velocity which followed power law $E{\propto}\;V^n$. Based on impact velocity (V), impact angle (${\alpha}$) and fiber orientation angle (${\beta}$), a method was proposed to predict the erosion rate of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1225-1230
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• 2007

The emissions characteristics of particulate matters(PM) according to the types of wastes from industrial waste incinerator of 800 kg/hr treatment capacity were investigated. For this study, the incinerate waste are as follows; waste resin, waste wood, waste urethane, waste gunny, and waste paper. The particulate samples were collected to be emitted in stack and air pollution control(both cyclone and bag filter). In stack, the concentrations of PM were in the range of 2.61 to $26.51 mg/Sm^3$ and the major chemical species were C, Si, Cl, K, Na, Ca in all the wastes. In cyclone fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cd > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste resin were Zn 34,197.5 mg/kg, Fe 27,587.6 mg/kg, Pb 6,055.8 mg/kg, respectively. In bag filter fly ash, the mean content of heavy metal were in the order of Zn > Pb > Fe > Cu > Mn > Cd > Cr > Ni > As > Hg and the heavy metal content of waste wood were Pb 36,405.2 mg/kg, Fe 15,762.9 mg/kg, Cu 9,989.5 mg/kg, Cd 2,230.1 mg/kg, respectively. Comparing the heavy metal content of both cyclone and bag filter, in cyclone, the Cr, Fe, Ni content were higher than in bag filter and the Cd, Cu, Hg content were lower than in bag filter.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.274-285
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• 2019

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), which is a material removal process involving chemical surface reactions and mechanical abrasive action, is an essential manufacturing process for obtaining high-quality semiconductor surfaces with ultrahigh precision features. Recent rapid growth in the industries of digital devices and semiconductors has accelerated the demands for processing of various substrate and film materials. In addition, to solve many issues and challenges related to high integration such as micro-defects, non-uniformity, and post-process cleaning, it has become increasingly necessary to approach and understand the processing mechanisms for various substrate materials and abrasive particle behaviors from a tribological point of view. Based on these backgrounds, we review recent CMP R&D trends in this study. We examine experimental and analytical studies with a focus on substrate materials and abrasive particles. For the reduction of micro-scratch generation, understanding the correlation between friction and the generation mechanism by abrasive particle behaviors is critical. Furthermore, the contact stiffness at the wafer-particle (slurry)-pad interface should be carefully considered. Regarding substrate materials, recent research trends and technologies have been introduced that focus on sapphire (${\alpha}$-alumina, $Al_2O_3$), silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium nitride (GaN), which are used for organic light emitting devices. High-speed processing technology that does not generate surface defects should be developed for low-cost production of various substrates. For this purpose, effective methods for reducing and removing surface residues and deformed layers should be explored through tribological approaches. Finally, we present future challenges and issues related to the CMP process from a tribological perspective.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 2017

Batch experiments were performed to develop the method for the pH reduction of recycled aggregate by using $scCO_2$ (supercritical $CO_2$), maintaining the pH of extraction water below 9.8. Three different aggregate types from a domestic company were used for the $scCO_2$-water-recycled aggregate reaction to investigate the low pH maintenance of aggregate during the reaction. Thirty five gram of recycled aggregate sample was mixed with 70 mL of distilled water in a Teflon beaker, which was fixed in a high pressurized stainless steel cell (150 mL of capacity). The inside of the cell was pressurized to 100 bar and each cell was located in an oven at $50^{\circ}C$ for 50 days and the pH and ion concentrations of water in the cell were measured at a different reaction time interval. The XRD and SEM-EDS analyses for the aggregate before and after the reaction were performed to identify the mineralogical change during the reaction. The extraction experiment for the aggregate was also conducted to investigate the pH change of extracted water by the $scCO_2$ treatment. The pH of the recycled aggregate without the $scCO_2$ treatment maintained over 12, but its pH dramatically decreased to below 7 after 1 hour reaction and maintained below 8 for 50 day reaction. Concentration of $Ca^{2+}$, $Si^{4+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ increased in water due to the $scCO_2$-water-recycled aggregate reaction and lots of secondary precipitates such as calcite, amorphous silicate, and hydroxide minerals were found by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. The pH of extracted water from the recycled aggregates without the $scCO_2$ treatment maintained over 12, but the pH of extracted water with the $scCO_2$ treatment kept below 9 of pH for both of 50 day and 1 day treatment, suggesting that the recycled aggregate with the $scCO_2$ treatment can be reused in real construction sites.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

Negative-temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors based on nickel manganite spinel ($NiMn_2O_4$) are widely used for many applications, such as sensors and temperature compensators, due to their good thermistor characteristics and stabilities. However, to achieve thermistors with a high NTC B constant, which is an important figure of merit pertaining to the degree of temperature sensitivity, the activation energy should be high such that high resistivity at ambient temperatures results. To obtain a high B constant and low resistivity, Al and Si modified spinel structured $Ni_{0.6}Si_{0.2}Al_{0.6}Mn_{1.6}O_4$ hybrid thick films with the conducting metal oxide of $LaNiO_3$ were fabricated on a glass substrate by aerosol deposition at room temperature (RT). The NTC-$LaNiO_3$ hybrid thick films showed resistivity as low as < $100k{\Omega}\;cm$ at $90^{\circ}C$, which is one or two orders of magnitude lower than that of the monolithic NTC films, while retaining a high B constant of $NiMn_2O_4$ of over 5500 K when 20 wt% $LaNiO_3$ was added without a post-thermal treatment. These phenomena are explained by the percolation threshold mechanism.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.221-234
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• 2013

Laboratory experiments for the reaction with supercritical $CO_2$ under the $CO_2$ sequestration condition were performed to investigate the mineralogical and geochemical weathering process of the sandstones and mudstones in the Pohang basin. To simulate the supercritical $CO_2$-rock-groundwater reaction, rock samples used in the experiment were pulverized and the high pressurized cell (200 ml of capacity) was filled with 100 ml of groundwater and 30 g of powdered rock samples. The void space of the high pressurized cell was saturated with the supercritical $CO_2$ and maintained at 100 bar and $50^{\circ}C$ for 60 days. The changes of mineralogical and geochemical properties of rocks were measured by using XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). Concentrations of dissolved cations in groundwater were also measured for 60 days of the supercritical $CO_2$-rock-groundwater reaction. Results of XRD analyses indicated that the proportion of plagioclase and K-feldspar in the sandstone decreased and the proportion of illite, pyrite and smectite increased during the reaction. In the case of mudstone, the proportion of illite and kaolinite and cabonate-fluorapatite increased during the reaction. Concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ dissolved in groundwater increased during the reaction, suggesting that calcite and feldspars of the sandstone and mudstone would be significantly dissolved when it contacts with supercritical $CO_2$ and groundwater at $CO_2$ sequestration sites in Pohang basin. The average specific surface area of sandstone and mudstone using BET analysis increased from $27.3m^2/g$ and $19.6m^2/g$ to $28.6m^2/g$ and $26.6m^2/g$, respectively, and the average size of micro scale void spaces for the sandstone and mudstone decreased over 60 days reaction, resulting in the increase of micro pore spaces of rocks by the dissolution. Results suggested that the injection of supercritical $CO_2$ in Pohang basin would affect the physical property change of rocks and also $CO_2$ storage capacity in Pohang basin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.371-379
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• 2015

This study is purposed to seek the characteristics of both asbestos in accordance with acid and heat treatment for chrysotile and amosite used mainly as building materials. Results of acid treatment, the refractive index, the elongation sign, the extinction of acid-treated chrysotile were mostly similar to those of untreated chrysotile regardless of pH, elapsed time. But the characteristics of acid-treated chrysotile were different from those of untreated chrysotile after 8 weeks, at pH 1.2 acidic solution. When chrysotile treated with acid, weight ratio (%) of O and Mg fluctuated greatly in accordance with acid treatment unlike Si. But the change of constituents ratio (%) was small as time passed after acid treatment. The refractive index, the elongation sign and the extinction of acid-treated amosite were mostly similar to those of untreated amosite regardless of pH, elapsed time. When amosite was treated with acid, weight ratio (%) of Fe slightly increased. But in case of O, a contrary tendency was seen. Results of heat treatment, the higher the temperature, the more increased the refractive index of chrysotile. When chrysotile was heated for 10 minutes at $1,100^{\circ}C$, the elongation sign of chrysotile changed from positive(+) to negative(-). The extinction of chrysotile didn't change apparently in accordance with heat treatment. Also weight ratio (%) of O and Mg fluctuated greatly in accordance with heat treatment unlike Si. The higher the temperature, the more increased the refractive index of amosite. The elongation sign and the extinction of amosite didn't change apparently in accordance with heat treatment. Also weight ratio (%) of O and Fe fluctuated greatly in accordance with heat treatment. But weight ratio (%) of Si and Mg of heated amosite were mostly similar to those of untreated amosite regardless of temperature, heating time.