• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2020

This study focused on the composition of the exterior space of Parkjinsagoga, the types of gardens and planting and the landscape characteristics of walls, and examined its meaning as modern garden remains. Parkjinsagoga is a modern Korean house that harmonizes traditionality and practicality, and is an invaluable material for research not only on architecture but also on changes in the gardens of upper-class gardens. Its exterior space can be divided largely into An-chae (inner house), Outer Sarang-chae (outer house) and Inner Sarang-chae areas, and a garden was created in each yard (inner garden). In particular, one thing noticeable is that the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, unlike traditional gardening styles, was actively decorated. At the center of the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, two atypical planters and artificial moundings were created and the traffic line of the garden was designed to enjoy them while walking. An atypical pond was created on one of the artificial moundings and trees and shrubs were densely planted. Natural stones were also placed. The style seemed to be affected by Japanese gardens. These characteristics observed in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga are closely related to the transitional characteristics that traditional gardens started to show in modern times. A total of 35 families and 57 species were planted in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga and there were 19 species of tall trees, 20 species of shrubs and 17 species of flowering plants. The number of species planted in the garden of Inner Sarang-chae was the highest, and a total of 22 species of tall trees and shrubs. The walls in Parkjinsagoga were basically earth and rock-fill walls but their materials and patterns differed depending on the type of spaces. Four types of walls were found to be introduced to the house.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.915-923
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• 2023

The purpose of the study is to explore strategies to revitalize the distribution of landscaping plants in Gangwon State (hereinafter referred to as Gangwon-do). To understand the current distribution status and perception of landscape materials in Gangwon-do, a survey was conducted on producers and consumers focusing on cultivation area and method, cultivated species and quantity, purchase species and quantity, and purchase area. Producers often cultivated open land, and in the case of trees and shrubs, most of them cultivated <5 species. On the other hand, consumers preferred field cultivation products when purchasing trees and shrubs. Approximately 6-10 species of trees and shrubs were preferred for a single purchase, confirming an imbalance in the supply and demand of landscaping plants. In addition, both producers and consumers had a positive perception of landscape plant transactions in Gangwon-do; however, the dissatisfaction factors for producers included a small consumer base and difficulties for them in securing standards and quantities. Based on these results, it is necessary to establish a platform that can interconnect producers' landscape plant cultivation information with consumers' requirements to rejuvenate the landscape plant distribution market and enhance competitiveness in Gangwon-do. In addition, this platform is expected to have a positive impact on improving the quality of landscaping plants, setting reasonable prices, and increasing domestic demand in Gangwon-do by providing opportunities for cultivation, promotion, and marketing education through producer support projects.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.134-145
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• 2023

Background: The flowering and fruiting periods play an important role in biological processes. The deciduous dipterocarp forest is an important forest type in Thailand, however the phenological studies are still limited, particularly in different plant life forms. Thus, the present study focused on the flowering and fruiting phenology of herbs, climbers, shrubs, and trees in the deciduous dipterocarp forest at Lampang province of Northern Thailand. Field visits were made to record plant life forms and observe reproductive phenological events at monthly intervals from November 2018 to October 2019 and September to December 2020. Results: The phenological observations were based on 126 species of 45 families and 102 genera. Flowering and fruiting periods showed similar patterns in herbaceous plants, climbers, and shrubs. Most of these species produced flowers and fruits from the end of the rainy season (October) to the winter season (November-January). Whereas most of flowering and fruiting trees were found from the summer season (March-April) to the beginning of the rainy season (May-June). Most of the dry-fruited species occurred during the dry period (winter and summer seasons), while the majority of fleshy-fruited species dominated in the wet period (rainy season). The statistical analysis supported the phenological patterns of flowering and fruiting in the present study. There were significant negative correlations between the number of flowering and fruiting species and temperature. The number of flowering and fruiting species is significantly impacted by the interaction between seasons and plant life forms. Conclusions: Plant life form seems to be the important factor that affects the different phenological patterns in the studied plants. The abiotic and biotic factors play major roles in reproductive phenology. However, long-term study and in-depth phenological observations are necessary for better understanding.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-263
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• 2012

Securing sufficient planting strip for street shrubs has a limitation. So many different shrubs which have been planted in the streets looks consider its visual aspect rather than growth characteristics. In this study, we compared with the growth condition of planted shrubs and construction condition of its planting strip. $Photinia$ $glabra$, $Euonymus$ $japonicus$, $Camelia$ $sasanqua$, $Nandina$ $domestica$, $Abelia$ $grandiflora$ were selected in the Busan City, Korea. The planting strips width were 0.5~0.9m which is not relatively different by each species. Species which have narrow growth character of root hair in the natural bed ($Nandina$ $domestica$, $Abelia$ $grandiflora$) have a good growth condition in the street planting strip, oppositely shrubs which have wide growth character of root hair ($Photinia$ $glabra$, $Euonymus$ $japonicus$, $Camelia$ $sasanqua$) have a relatively bad growth condition. Hereupon, there have a necessity which should be select the different shrub species for the planting strip of the street.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.69-79
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• 2005

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in highway cut-slope area. In highway cut-slope area, sample plots of 106 were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. 1. We found total 172 species in the 106 cutting area of highway. The species of high frequency of highway cut-slope were found in the order of Lespedeza bicolor, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Festuca arundinacea, Erigeron annuus, Lespedeza cuneata, Lactuca indica var. laciniata, Eragrostis curvula, Dactylis glomerata, Oenothera lamarckiana, Wistaria floribunda, Humulus japonica, Commelina communis, Miscanthus sinensis, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pinus densiflora, etc. 2. The average vegetation coverage was over 90% in the study sites and the average coverage was 91.4% in the total cut-slope area. The species of high coverage of highway cut-slope area were found in the order of Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Lespedeza bicolor, Wistaria floribunda, Lespedeza cuneata, Dactylis glomerata, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Humulus japonica, Pueraria thunbergiana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Poa pratensis, Medicago sativa, Festuca ovina, Pinus densiflora, Parthenocissua tricuspidata, etc. 3. The total coverage in the foreign plants of Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Medicago sativa, Coreopsis drummondii and native plants of Lespedeza bicolor, Wistaria floribunda, Lespedeza cuneata, Amorpha fruticosa, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya were 57.52%. That is, the ecological succession of native herbs and parachute shrubs have delayed because the afforested plants occupy 57.52%. In future, the coverage of foreign herbs have to reduce, and the coverage of the native herbs and parachute shrubs must be increased. 4. The native seed of Artemisia sp., Miscanthus sinensis, Smilax china, Pueraria thunbergiana, Rubus crataegifolius, Rubus parvifolius, Pinus densiflora, Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Clematis apiifolia, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Prunus sargentii could be added in the seedling of the temperate south zone highway with the used seeds. The native seed of Artemisia sp., Miscanthus sinensis, Rubus crataegifolius, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Weigela subsessilis, Stephanandra incisa, Rhus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Salix koreensis, Cocculus trilobus, Populus alba, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, Clematis apiifolia, Lindera obtusiloba, Quercus serrata, etc., could be added in the seedling of the temperate middle zone highway with the used seeds. 5. We have some recommendation. The native plants have to growth in the highway cut-slope area instead of foreign plants to have good environmental ecology. The role of the foreign plants should be the plant for the initial several years in the highway cut-slope area. And, the native plants should growth in the next season. 6. We should protect shrubs and trees in the highway slope area because shrubs and trees can be more helpful in stabilizing of the slope area than herbs.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 1992

The study was conducted to investigate the community structure of superfamily Pentatomoidea(Geocorisae: Hemiptera) in Mt. Kyeryongsan from August, 1989 to August, 1990. The collected pentatomoid insects were composed of 34 species, 22 genera, and 5 families. Percentages of pentatomoid insects found in each observed zone were 45.4 % (22 species) in the paddy bank, 37.5% (26 species) in the weedy field and 17.0% (20 species) in the shrubs. Dominant species and Simpson's dominance indices were Eurydema rugosa and Carbula putoni ($\lambda$=0.125) in the paddy bank, Carbula putoni and Eurydema rugosa ($\lambda$=0.183) in the weedy field, Gonopsis affinis and Coptosoma biguttulum ($\lambda$=0.099) in the shrubs. Seasonal dom¬inant species were Eurydema rugosa and Dolycoris baccarum ($\lambda$0.207) in Spring, Carbula putoni and Eurydema rugosa ($\lambda$=0.1l5) in Summer, and Carbula putoni and Nezara antennata ($\lambda$=0.141) in Autumn. Species diversity indices(H') in paddy bank, weedy field, and shrubs were 1.034, 1.039, and 1.105, respectively. Evenness indices(J') were 0.770, 0.734, and 0.849, respectively. Community structures were almost similar between the weedy field and the shrubs.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-138
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• 2004

This study was to investigate the planting arrangement of ornamental trees and shrubs that leads to an appropriate, type of templescape. Temples sampled for this study were Woljonsa, Sineunsa, Sinreugsa and Mitasa which fall all under the category of the level land. The results obtained were as follows : Open space of Daewoongjeon in all temples, a main Sanctuary among temple buildings, where Buddha is enshrined in, we could not find any kinds of trees/shrubs to be planted. But tere were Acer mono, Acer planmatum, Crataegus pinnatifidam Raododendron poukhanense, Texus cuspidata and Buxus mincrophylla to be planted, before Jeokkwangjeon, in which Buddha is exceptionally enshrined. In Geugragjeon of both temples of Sinheunsa and Sinreugsa, and Elysium building and Muryangsujeon of Woljeongsa temple, an immeasurable bliss building, in which an Amitabha is enshrined. was Taxus cuspidata planted numerously found. Particularly, Josadang, Muryangsujeon and Samsungkag of Woljeongsa temple commonly had Sciadopiys verticillata, which is known as one of Japanese-favorite trees. Syinga oblata Lindaley was also observed at Jeokkwangjeon of Woljeongsa temple and Keungnakjon of Sinheungsa temple, and Vidurnun opulus var. calvesvens, a symbolic flower tree imaging Buddha's head, was planted in Myungboojeon of Sinheungsa temple and Keugnakjeon of Sinreugsa temple. Juniperus chinensis which could be observed in both temples Sinheunsa and Sinreugsa was well arranged enough to be easily captured by human's eyes. In terms of templescape that might be considered in templescape, the correlation between trees/shrubs and temple buildings was thoroughly discussed. And, with the results obtained through precise studies, we presented here in this paper newly designed model of templescape in level land buddhist temples which is possibly applied for planting and arrangement of trees or/and shrubs.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.32 no.spc3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2012

Recently rapid urbanization facilitates development of high-rise building complex including apartment and office building in urban area. Many problems related with high -rise building are reported. Especially, unpleasant strong winds in pedestrian area are frequently encountered around the high-rise building. CFD simulation methods are used to analyze the wind environment of pedestrian level in high-rise building block. However, the results show differences between CFD and measurement. This difference is attributed to improper use of CFD. Conventional CFD simulation for wind environment around high-rise building does not describe the effect of trees, shrubs and plants near ground which affect the wind environment of pedestrian level. Canopy model can be used to reproduce the aerodynamic effects of trees, shrubs and plants near ground. In this paper, CFD simulation methods coupled with the tree canopy model to predict wind environment of pedestrian level in high-rise residential building block were suggested and the validity was analyzed by comparison between measurement and CFD results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.112-120
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop the environmental friendly restoration technique for various disturbed slopes using native plants seed chips. As the result of the separated seeding using the developed seed chips of native plant combination, average germination rate and survival rate of trees, shrubs, and herbs were higher than those of the direct seeding, as 79~70%, 83~73%, and 59~53% or so, respectively. Also, the germination rates and the survival rates of trees, shrubs, and herbs in the separated seeding by the native plants seed chips were 10~15 times higher than those of the direct seeding. Numbers of plants survived were at least 10 times of that of the simple seeding. The native plants seed chip technique is more efficient in soil slopes compared with stone slopes. The application of the native plants seed chip technique makes the restoration stabilized through the herbs dominant vegetation to the woody dominant 1 within 3 years, and the Landscapes also changed from herbs to variously combined herbs and woody. The technique using native plants seed chips that can be applicable to various disturbed slops is more efficient than conventional restoration techniques in the respect of economics and landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.121-135
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• 1994

The Purpose of this study was to obtain data about management of the landscape plants and facility in APT. complex. Because of be completed 2 years ago, landscape plants ware damaged by transplantation and lost the nature tree shape. As well, the management conditions of plants and facility were wholly bad. In details, tree-species consisted of 52 species arbors and 35 species shrubs in APT. complex. The high rank 5 species were planted as main plants. The rates were 45.6-62.8% in arbors and 81.8-97.0% in shrubs. In the degree of tree shape and damage by diseuse and pest, the bad level of 1-2points were ranked highly as 13.9% and 10.4%. In the degree of tree shape and damage by disease and pest, the bad level of 1-2points were showed as 5.1% and 4.7%. In the interview Survey, the main problems of management-maintenance were expressed deficiency of budget, specialist and concern of residents. In the future, methods for the intensive management of APT. complex; First, the management of landscape plants and facility should be attained by a expert and need to establishment of maintenance scheme thoroughly. Above all, for improvement of residential life, we should be lead to convert of a resident recognition in the management -maintenance of exterior space.