• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 1999

Shoulder joint is the most movable joint in human body with, at least, three degrees of freedom, since there are at least three bones and five joints involved in shoulder movement. Due to the complexity of the shoulder joint and the lack of appropriate anatomical data, modeling of the shoulder joint has been known to be extremely difficult. In many biomechanical models being used, shoulder joint is considered as a fixed point and it is also assumed that the shoulder joint does not noticeably move during the shoulder movement. However, such an assumption is not valid in real applications and causes inaccuracy, especially, in the area of workspace evaluation. The reachable area generated by a human becomes somewhat different from that of current models for those models fail to appropriately reflect the movement of shoulder joint's center of rotation. In this study, the location of the shoulder joint's center of rotation was obtained in relation to the location of humerus, on which a new model for reach envelope generation was developed for workspace evaluation. From the experiments conducted for three subjects, the initial location of the center of rotation was determined for each subject and subsequent changes in the instantaneous center of rotation were drawn as a function of flexion and abduction of the shoulder. Based on the regression analysis, the study suggested a new method for the generation of reach envelope. Comparisons were also made among real reach envelopes obtained from the experiment, the ones from the model, and the ones from the new method suggested in the study. As a result, the prediction errors incurred from the new method were significantly reduced when compared to the ones from the current approach.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.396-403
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• 2020

This study evaluated the effect of self thoracic mobilization exercise (STME) on shoulder pain, disability and shoulder function in patients with shoulder dysfunction. Thirty-two patients with shoulder dysfunction were randomly assigned to the STME group and the control group. The visual analog scale, shoulder dysfunction, and shoulder range of motion were evaluated before and after intervention. Sixteen STME intervention patients used a foam roller and quadripedal position flexion and extension. Sixteen controls received placebo effects using electrotherapy pads. The two groups performed 20 minutes for three times per week for four weeks. The STME group showed significant improvement in pain and dysfunction compared to that of the control group (p <0.05), and their range of motion of the shoulder was significantly improved in flextion, abduction, and external rotation compared to that of the placebo group (p <0.05). Therefore, STME is effective in resolving shoulder pain and dysfunction, and will be able to educate patients with shoulder pain in an easier approach and mediate social treatment costs.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2006

Purpose: This study reports the clinical results of the arthroscopic Bankart repair in traumatic anterior instability of the shoulder with bio-knotless anchor. Materials and Methods: 21 cases of 21 patients (20 male and 1 female) were included in this study. The average age was 24.8 years old and the period from the first injury to operation was average 37.2 months. All cases had Bankart lesion and 12 cases had Hill-Sachs' lesion. The SLAP lesion was associated in 6 cases. Preoperative Rowe score was average 29.1. Arthroscopic Bankart repair with bio-knotless anchor were performed in all cases; 3 anchors at 3, 4, 5 O'clock position of the glenoid were used in 11 cases and 2 anchors at 4, 5 O'clock position were used in 10 cases. All the associated SLAP lesions were repaired arthroscopically with bio-knotless anchor. Thermal capsular shrinkage at the anterior and inferior shoulder capsule after the Bankart repair was performed in 3 cases. The average follow up period was 20.2 months. Results: The Rowe score improved to 92.8, excellent in 17 cases and good in 4 cases, at last follow up period and 20 cases had full range of motion of the shoulder. 1 case had mild limited range of motion of the shoulder (150 degrees in flexion, 60 degrees in external rotation and T12 level in internal rotation) without any problem in normal activity. The arthroscopic revision surgery of the shoulder was performed in 1 case because of multiple traumatic injuries of the shoulder with pain postoperatively. Conclusion: Arthroscopic Bankart repair with bio-knotless anchor in traumatic anterior shoulder instability is one of the good methods because of the good clinical results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.118-119
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• 2016

This paper proposes manual therapy with regards to shoulder diseases accompanied by pain when arms are lifted while spread straight. In the experiment, the angle of the arm when lifted straight is inserted for a manual diagnosis and in case of abnormality, the diagnosis and the therapy are proposed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.43-51
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of oriental medicine public-health program on frozen shoulder patients. Methods : Oriental medicine public-health program was done to 50 frozen shoulder patients who visited Eumseong-gun public health center. Oriental medicine treatment(twice a week for 12 weeks) and prevention-educaiton program was included in public-health program. The schedule was proceeded from 16th March 2010 to 3rd June 2010. The efficacy of program was measured by visual analog scale (VAS), ROM(range of motion), Apley scratch test and Life function score, sleep quality score of their first and last visit. Then we analyzed the improvement in the same group. Results : 1. In VAS change, program showed statistically significant improvement. 2. In ROM(flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) and apley scratch test, program showed statistically significant improvement. 3. In Life function score, program showed statistically significant improvement. 4. In sleep quality score, program also showed improvement, but didn't do statistical significans. Conclusions : The above results suggest that oriental medicine public-health program can be used as effective method for frozen shoulder's treatment and care.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 2020

Osborne-Cotterill lesion is an osteochondral fracture located in the posterolateral margin of the humeral capitellum, which may be associated with a defect of the radial head after an elbow dislocation. This lesion causes instability by affecting the lateral ulnar collateral ligament over its capitellar insertion, which is associated with a residual capsular laxity, thereby leading to poor coverage of the radial head, and hence resulting in frequent dislocations. We present a 54-year-old patient, a physician who underwent trauma of the left elbow after falling from a bike and suffered a posterior dislocation fracture of the elbow. The patient subsequently presented episodes of instability, and additional work-up studies diagnosed the occurrence of Osborne-Cotterill lesion. An open reduction and internal fixation of the bony lesion was performed, with reinsertion of the lateral ligamentous complex. Three months after surgery, the patient was asymptomatic, having a flexion of 130° and extension of 0°, and resumed his daily activities without any limitation. Currently, the patient remains asymptomatic 2 years after the procedure. Elbow instability includes a large spectrum of pathological conditions that affect the biomechanics of the joint. The Osborne-Cotterill lesion is one among these conditions. It is a pathology that is often forgotten and easily overlooked. Undoubtedly, this lesion requires surgical intervention.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.269-278
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on pain and function of patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy when applying trigger point of infraspinatus and teres minor to myofascial trigger point release (MFR) plus mobility exercise and MFR. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: The total participants were 30patients and were separated to MFR plus mobility exercise group(n=15) and MFR group (n=15) according to the randomized treatment method. The MFR was performed at two infraspinatus tampon points and one teres minor tampon point for twice a week for 4 weeks and the treatment time was 6 minutes 20 seconds in each position. The MFR group also carried out the myofascial trigger point release in the same way as the MFR plus mobility exercise group. Results: The MFR plus mobility exercise group significantly reduced objective and subjective pain (p<0.05). The range of motion of the shoulder joint flexion and external rotation, Quick-Disability of the Arm, shoulder and Hand, and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index were significantly improved in the group to which MFR plus mobility exercise was applied (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results confirmed that MRF plus mobility exercise is more effective in relieving shoulder pain and improving function in rotator cuff tendinopathy.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.125-134
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• 2002

This is a prospective study in which we evaluate the 5-10 year results of BiPolar shoulder arthroplasty in 64 patients (71 shoulders) with primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Fifty two patients (56 shoulders) were followed for greater than 60 months (average 79months)1 and no patients were lost to follow Lip. The average age of the patient at operation was 72.5 years. The UCLA score increased from 10.8 preoperatively to 25,7 postoperatively. The final Constant score in this elderly subset of patients averaged $65\%$ (unadjusted). Eighty seven percent of patients were satisfied with their final result. Excellent pain relief was achieved with a VAS of 2.5 (0=no pain, 15=excruciating pain). Active anterior forward flexion improved from $45^{\circ}$ to $104^{\circ}$. Seventy five percent of patients reveal persisting head-shell motion at an average of 7 years. There were two reoperations because of humeral stem loosening; both stems should have been cemented at the initial arthroplasty. It is demonstrated that BiPolar shoulder arthroplasty is durable over time, with clinical results equivalent to that in the literature when compared with hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder replacement.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

Purpose: To analyze the clinical and radiologic results of the shoulder arthrodesis in brachial plexus injury patients with flail upper extremity. Material and Method: From Aug 1978 to April 2008, 29 shoulders in 29 patients with brachial plexus injury with shoulder fusion, we evaluated 20 shoulders in 20 patients, more than 1 year follow up. The average follow-up period was 6.45years (range: 1year~24years). There were 13 men and 7 women, and the mean age at the time of trauma was 32.0years(2~65 years). The type of injury was a motorcycle accident in 11 patients, in car accident in 5, pedestrian accident in 3, and fall from a height in 1. The lesion of injury was root and trunk in 1 patient, trunk and cord in 1, trunk in 18. Surgery was performed on the whole arm type paralysis in 12 patients, lower arm type paralysis in 8 patients. The preoperative visual analog scale score was 8.7(7~10). When the trapezius and serratus anterior muscle were in function, operation was performed. 18 patients were processed to the additional operation. Gracilis free flap in 6 patients, neurotization in 3, Steindler flexor plasty in 6, and tendon transfer in 3 were performed. Fixation was conducted with cancellous screws in 13 patients, Knoles pins in 5, and cancellous screws and Knoles pins in 2. The position of the arthrodesis at operation was $28.5^{\circ}$($20~45^{\circ}$) in abduction, $30.3^{\circ}$($20~45^{\circ}$) in flexion, and $30.8^{\circ}$($20~40^{\circ}$) in internal rotation. Result: The follow up visual analog scale score was 3.4(0~7). Postoperatively, shoulder spica cast was applied for 15.3weeks(8-20weeks). The median time to bony union was 17.7weeks(9~28weeks). Average range of motion was $32.0^{\circ}$($15~40^{\circ}$) of abduction, $24.0^{\circ}$($10~40^{\circ}$) of flexion, and $18.5^{\circ}$($10~30^{\circ}$)of internal rotation. Conclusion: The shoulder fusion in brachial plexus injury patients is one of the good methods to relieve pain, improve the function and stabilize the flail shoulder joint.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2018

Background: This study evaluated the shoulder girdle muscle characteristics of elite archery athletes and provides suggestions for archery training programs. Methods: This study enrolled 15 cases of high level archery athletes (7 males, 8 females) and 30 cases of (15 males, 15 females) sex, age-matched, healthy, non-athletic individuals. We measured peak torques of flexion (FL), extension (EX), abduction (ABD), adduction (ADD), external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of both shoulders at an angular velocity of $30^{\circ}/sec$, $60^{\circ}/sec$, and $180^{\circ}/sec$. The peak torques and peak torque ratios of FL/EX, ABD/ADD, and ER/IR of the two groups were compared. Results: The archer group had a greater peak torque of IR and ADD, but only in the left shoulder (p<0.05). In the same group, both shoulders had greater peak torque of EX and lower peak torque of FL. The peak torque ratios of FL/EX of both shoulders were significantly lower in the archer group at all three angular velocities (p<0.05). The peak torque ratios of ABD/ADD were significantly greater in only the left shoulder of the archer group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The prominent characteristics of the shoulder girdle muscles of an elite archer are stronger adductor muscles of the bow shoulder and stronger extensors of both shoulders, as compared to healthy, non-athletic individuals. These muscle groups of the shoulder probably contribute a major role in maintaining the accuracy and stability during archery shooting. Hence, a training program that selectively enhances the adductor and extensor muscles could prove helpful in enhancing the archery skills of the athlete.