• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2024

Ceramide is a lipid in which sphingoid bases and fatty acids are linked by amide bonds. As a marker of skin disease in the human stratum corneum, its disease-causing and therapeutic effects have been partially confirmed, and it is therefore an important element in commercially available cosmetic formulations. However, structural diversity caused by differences in the chain length, number, and location of hydroxyl groups makes quality control difficult. In this study, a method was established to separate different ceramide species using reversed-phase LC-MS/MS and thus enable qualitative evaluation. Separation of four standards was achieved within a short retention time, and the accuracy and sensitivity of the method were demonstrated by the low limit of detection (LOD) calculated based on the calibration curve showing linearity, with R² > 0.994. After verification of reproducibility and reliability through intra- and inter-day analyses, the efficiency of the method was confirmed through analysis of commercial cosmetic raw materials.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.40-43
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• 2015

Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder of fatty acid oxidation associated with mutations in the ACADS gene. While patients diagnosed clinically have a variable clinical presentation, patients diagnosed by newborn screening are largely asymptomatic. We describe here the case of a 1-year-old male patient who was detected by newborn screening and diagnosed as SCAD deficiency. Spectrometric screening for inborn errors of metabolism at 72hrs after birth showed elevated butyrylcarnitine (C4) level of 1.69 mol/L (normal, <0.83 mol/L), C4/C2 ration of 0.26 (normal, <0.09), C5DC+C60H level of 39 mol/L (normal, <0.28 mol/L), and C5DC/C8 ration of 7.36 (normal, <4.45). The follow-up testing at 18 days of age were performed: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), urine organic acids, and quantitative acylcarnitine profile. C4 carnitine was elevated as 0.91; urine organic acid analysis showed elevated ethylmalonic acid as 62.87 nmol/molCr (normal, <6.5), methylsuccinate 6.81 nmol/molCr (normal, not detected). Sequence analysis of ACADS revealed a homozygous missense mutation, c.164C>T (p.Pro55Leu). He is growing well and no episodes of seizures or growth retardation had occurred.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

저분자 alginate인 HAG-10, HAG-50, HAG-100 및 alginate를 랫드에 장기간 섭취시켰을 때, 분변의 무게와 수분함량, 단백질과 지방함량, pH, VBN 및 단쇄지방산을 측정하여 소화생리특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 랫드분변의 무게와 수분함량의 변화는 alginate에서 가장 높은 증가를 보였고, 다음으로 HAG-100, HAG-50이었으며 HAG-10은 투여전과 거의 변화가 없었다. 분변의 단백질과 지방함량은 $5\%$ HAG-50에서 가장 높았고, 그 소화율은 $5\%$와 $10\%$ HAG-50에서 유의적으로 현저히 저하하였다. 분변의 pH는 $5\%$와 $10\%$ HAG-50에서 급격하게 저하하였으나, $10\%$ HAG-100과 alginate에서는 오히려 급격히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. VBN은 $10\%$ HAG-10, HAG-50 모두 그리고 $1\%$와 $5\%$ HAG-100에서 뚜렷한 저하를 보였으나, $10\%$ HAG-100 및 $5\%$와 $10\%$ alginate는 반대로 급격히 증가하였다. 단쇄지방산의 변화는 $5\%$와 $10\%$ HAG-50에서 n-butyric acid가 증가하였고, propionic acid와 acetic acid는 반대로 현저히 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로부터, HAG-50은 랫드 분변의 pH와 VBN을 현저히 저하시켰으며, 단쇄지방산중 n-butyric acid를 증가시키고 propionic acid와 acetic acid를 유의적으로 감소시켰으므로, 랫드의 소화생리특성을 개선시키는 데 있어서 효과적인 저분자 alginate라고 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1571-1586
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• 2012

지구상에는 약 5,400여 종의 포유동물이 있고 그 중 약 1,000여 종은 풀을 뜯어 먹고 사는 초식동물이다. 초식동물 중에서 약 250여 종이 반추동물로 알려져 있다. 반추동물인 소와 양은 반추위에서 주로 발효가 일어나지만 비반추동물인 돼지와 사람은 맹장과 결장, 직장에서 주로 발효가 일어난다. 반추위 미생물의 종류와 우점도 Bacteroidetes 51%, Firmicutes 43% 존재하며, 사람의 대장미생물의 우점도Firmicutes 65%, Bacteroidetes 25%로 존재한다. 풀의 세포벽 구성성분은 미생물에 의해 분해, 발효에 의해 SCFA (short chain fatty acid)를 생성하게 되고 acetate, propionate, butyrate 생성비율은 60:25:15이다. 장내 primary butyrate transporter인 MCT1(monocarboxylatetransports-1)에 의해서 흡수된 butyrate는 SCFA receptor GPR43과 GPR41을 활성화시킨다. Butyrate는 강력한 anti-tumorigenic 기능을 가지고 있다. Butyrate는 다양한 cancer cell에 효과를 나타내며 세포내의 기능 조절에 기여하고, 암세포사멸을 유도하는 특성이 있다. Butyrate는 caspase의 활성화, HDAC (histone deacetylase) 활성을 억제하여apoptosis를 유도하고, p53 발현증가로 cell cycle arrest와 apoptosis를 유도한다. SCFA의 항 염증작용으로는 장 상피세포에서 IL-8 발현 감소, NO합성과 NF-${\kappa}B$ (nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$)의 활성을 억제하여 염증으로 인한 암 발생을 억제한다. Butyrate는 장 점막의 생리적 기능을 유지하는데 중요한 역할을 하며 IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) 치료법으로 이용되고 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.351-355
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• 2005

식이섬유의 기능을 가지는 저항전분(HM: HI-MAIZE)과 저항전분에 차전자피를 포함한 탄수화물로 구성된 D-factor를 10% 가하여 제조한 식이섬유(HM-D: HI-MAIZE DIET)의 특성을 비교하기 위하여 glucose 및 bile acid 흡수저해효과 및 장내 세균에 의한 혐기적 발효산물인 단쇄지방산의 함량을 각각 비교하였다 반투막을 이용하여 glucose흡수저해효과를 측정한 결과, HM에 비하여 HM-D의 경우 glucose 저해효과가 다소 우세한 것으로 나타났으며, 투석 막을 통한 glucose 투과는 4시간 경과 시 HM은 77%와 HM-D는 68%를 보였으며, 24시간까지 연장시 glucose는 거의 전부 투과되었다. 투석 막을 이용한 bile acid 흡수저해효과는 HM시료에 비하여 D-factor가 첨가된 저항전분의 경우 bile acid 흡수저해효과가 우수함을 알 수 있었으며, 투석막을 통한 bile acid 투과는 서서히 일어났으며 24시간 경과 시 HM과 HM-D의 경우 65%와 62.3%의 bile acid 투과가 이루어 졌다. 장내 세균에 의한 단쇄지방산 생성은 HM의 경우 217.8mM, HM-D는 264.0mM로 HM-D의 경우 더 많은 양의 단쇄지방산의 생성량을 보였으며, butyric acid 생성 양은 HM-D가 32.7mM로 26.9mM생성량을 보인 HM에 비하여 높았다. 따라서 D-factor첨가에 의해 glucose와 bile acid의 흡수저해 효과가 증가하였을 뿐만 아니라 단쇄지방산의 함량과 butyric acid함량 증가를 보임에 따라 D-factor첨가에 의해 저항전분이 지니는 식이섬유의 기능이 강화되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.927-937
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• 2022

To confirm the therapeutic effect of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE) against PM_2.5 induced systemic health damage, we evaluated gut health with a focus on the microbiota and metabolites. Systemic damage in mice was induced through PM_2.5 exposure for 12 weeks in a whole-body chamber. After exposure for 12 weeks, body weight and food intake decreased, and WEE at 200 mg/kg body weight (mpk) alleviated these metabolic efficiency changes. In addition, PM_2.5 induced changes in the length of the colon and fecal water content. The administration of the WEE at 200 mpk oral dose effectively reduced changes in the colon caused by PM_2.5 exposure. We also attempted to confirm whether the effect of the WEE is mediated via regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in mice with PM_2.5 induced systemic damage. We examined changes in the fecal microbiota and gut metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and kynurenine metabolites. In the PM_2.5 exposed group, a decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus (Family: Lactobacillaceae) and an increase in the abundance of Alistipes (Family: Rikenellaceae) were observed, and the administration of the WEE showed a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota. In addition, the WEE effectively increased the levels of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Furthermore, kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is a critical neuroprotective metabolite in the gut-brain axis, was increased by the administration of the WEE. Our findings suggest that the WEE could be used as a potential therapeutic against PM_2.5 induced health damage by regulating gut function.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.471-476
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• 2011

Nowadays biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) has been becoming an important issue as a desired alternative of energy products because of non-toxic, biodegradable properties, and lower exhaust emissions. During esterification of fatty acids or transesterification of oils and fats with short chain alcohols by the alkali-catalyzed methanolysis, FAME and unrefined glycerol are generated. Quantification of glycerol as a by-product is important because of a determinant of biodiesel quality. However, the glycerol analysis by gas chromatography (GC) method has laborious works with sample preparation, long time and cost of sample analysis. Thus, there is a need to analyze glycerol more simply. Herein we demonstrate that the colorimetric assay for glycerol analysis conducted by UV-vis spectrophotometer at the wavelength 617 nm whose peak is maximum intensity of malachite green, resulting in the red-shift occurred proportionally as a function of glycerol amount. Thus, it is considered the solvent media for malachite green fading for biodiesel production: (1) water, (2) MeOH, and (3) EtOH. The resulting findings show that the peak intensity at 617 nm in glycerol-malachite green mixture had a relationship between glycerol concentration and degree of peak shift as increase in pure glycerol concentration approximately at pH 7.0. However, when it was measured the unrefined glycerol concentration by diluting and adjusting with water to buffer (pH 7.0), it was not observed the absorption peak at 617 nm because of impurities and OH ions. In case of glycerol from biodiesel production factories, glycerol concentration could be successfully measured.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.332-345
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• 2002

It is a recent observation that about 80 per cent of the body's immune system is localized in the gastrointestinal tract. This explains to a large extent why eating right is important for the modulation the immune response and prevention of disease. In addition it is increasingly recognized that the body has an important digestive system also in the lower gastrointestinal tract where numerous important substances are released by microbial enzymes and absorbed. Among these substances are short chain fatty acids, amino acids, various carbohydrates, poly-amines, growth factors, coagulation factors, and many thousands of antioxidants, not only traditional vitamins but numerous flavonoids, carotenoids and similar plant- and vegetable produced antioxidants. Also consumption of health-promoting bacteria (probiotics) and vegetable fibres (prebiotics) from numerous sources are known to have strong health-promoting influence. It has been calculated that the intestine harbours about 300,000 genes, which is much more than the calculated about 60,000 for the rest of the human body, indicating a till today totally unexpected metabolic activity in this part of the GI tract. There are seemingly several times more active enzymes in the intestine than in the rest of the body, ready to release hundred thousand or more of substances important for our health and well-being. In addition do the microbial cells produce signal molecules similar to cytokines but called bacteriokines and nitric oxide, with provide modulatory effects both on the mucosal cells, the mucosa- associated lymphoid system (MALT) and the rest of the immune system. Identification of various fermentation products, and often referred to as synbiotics, studies of their role in maintaining health and well-being should be a priority issue during the years to come.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2015

Organic wastes such as food waste (FW), livestock wastewater (LW), and sewage sludge (SWS) can produce hydrogen ($H_2$) by anaerobic acid fermentation. Expecially, FW which has high carbohydrate content produces $H_2$ and short chain fatty acids by indigenous $H_2$ producing microorganisms without adding inoculum, however $H_2$ production rate (HPR) and yield have to be improved to use a commercially available technology. In this study, LW was mixed to FW in different ratios (on chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis) as an auxiliary substrate. The mixture of FW and LW was pretreated at pH 2 using 6 N HCl for 12 h and then fermented at $37^{\circ}C$ for 28 h. HPR of FW, 254 mL $H_2/L/h$, was increased with the addition of LW, however, mixing ratio of LW to FW was reversely related to HPR, exhibiting HPR of 737, 733, 599, and 389 mL $H_2/L/h$ at the ratio of FW:LW=10:1, 10:2, 10:3, and 10:4 on COD basis, respectively. Maximum HPR and $H_2$ production yield of 737 $H_2/L/h$ and 1.74 mol $H_2/mol$ hexoseadded were obtained respectively at the ratio of FW:LW=10:1. Butyrate was the main organic acid produced and propionate was not detected throughout the experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2008

The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical and sensory properties of regular cream cheese (control) and cholesterol-reduced cream cheese manufactured using crosslinked ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CD) or powdered ${\beta}$-CD. Crosslinked ${\beta}$-CD was made using adipic acid. The composition of cream cheese treated by the crosslinked ${\beta}$-CD was similar to the regular cream cheese. Approximately 91% of cholesterol-reduction was observed in the cheeses that were treated using ${\beta}$-CD, which was not significantly different between powdered vs. crosslinked ${\beta}$-CD treatments. Total amount of short-chain free fatty acids was significantly lower in both ${\beta}$-CD-treated cheeses than in the control cheese throughout the storage. The cheeses made by ${\beta}$-CD-treated cream produced much lower amounts of individual free amino acids than the control in all periods. Most rheological characteristics, except cohesiveness, decreased dramatically in the control compared with the cholesterol-reduced cream cheeses. In sensory attributes, both wateryness and spreadability in ${\beta}$-CD-treated cheeses were significantly higher than in the control during 8 wk storage. Sensory scores for sourness increased significantly in the control from 4 to 8 wk storage, however, those in the cream cheese made by crosslinked-${\beta}$-CD treated cream increased slowly during 8 wk storage, which was shown in the control during a 4 wk period. Therefore, the present study showed the possibility of cholesterol-reduced cream cheese manufacture.