• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1989

The distribution of portal veins within the liver in 30 Korean native cattle were observed. Vinylite solution was injected into portal veins of eighteen specimens for cast preparation. The angiography was prepared in twelve specimens by injecting 30% barium sulfate solution into portal veins, and then radiographed on a X-ray apparatus(Shimadzu 800MA 120Kvp). The results were summarized as follow: 1. The Vena portae was divided immediately upon entering the liver into a very short Truncus dexter venae portae($14.75{\pm}4.86$ : 6.9~23.1mm) and a long Truncus sinister venae portae($94.16{\pm}9.62$ : 110~150mm). 2. The Truncus sinister venae portae runs of first in the long axis of the liver from the Porta hepatis toward the left lobe. At the boundary between the quadrate and left lobes it bends sharply 50 to 80 degrees toward the Incisura ligamentum teretis, and after a course of 36. 5 to 54.mm between the quadrate and left lobes, ends abruptly. The Truncus sinister venae portae is divided for description into the Pars transversa, from the Porta hepatis to the flexure, and the Pars umbilicalis, from the flexure to the end. 3. The branches of Venae portae were Ramus ventralis lobi sinistri, Ramus intermedius lobi sinistri, Ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri, Ramus lobi quadratii, Ramus ventralis lobi dextri, Ramus intermedius lobi dextri, Ramus dorsalis lobi dextri, Rami processus caudatorum and Rami processus papillarum. 4. The Ramus intermedius lobi sinistri was arised from the left surface of the Pars umbilicalis, and was origined on the common trunk with Ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri(3 cases, 10%) or Ramus ventralis lobi sinistri(3 cases, 10%). 5. The Rami lobi quadratii consisted of the vein(15 cases, 50%) or two veins(15 cases, 50%), and was observed on the arched-shaped at 2 cases (6.6%) of the liver. 6. The Rami processus caudatorum consisted of one vein(28 cases, 93.3%) or two veins(2 cases, 6.6%). The former were formed common trunk with R, dorsalis lobi dextri(7 cases, 23.3%) or R. ventralis lobi dextri (2 cases, 6.6%). 7. The Rami processus papillarum were arised from the dorsal border of Pars transversa, and also gave off many small branches supplied papillary process of the caudate lobe. 8. The anastomosis on the branches of Vena portae was observed in the intralobar and interlobar areas. 9. The Truncus dexter venae portae and Truncus sinister venae were ramified many secondary branches that were radiated within the liver. 10. On the diaphragmatic surface, small vessels of the portal veins were observed, while there were big ones on the visceral surface. 11. The ramified angles at Ramus dorsalis lobi dextri, Rami processus papillarum, Ramus dorsalis lobi sinistri, Ramus intermedius lobi sinistri, Ramus ventralis lobi sinistri, Rami lobi quadratii, Rami processus caudatorum, Ramus ventralis lobi dextri and Ramus intermedius were 10~50, 70~110, 100~150, 140~170, 185~220, 270~330, 240~300, 270~320 and 340~10 degrees, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3825-3830
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• 2013

More studies are needed to clarify treatments and prognosis of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This retrospective study was designed to review the outcome of surgical treatment for early ESCC, evaluate the results of a left thoracotomy for selected patients with early ESCC, and identify factors affecting lymph node metastases and survival. The clinicopathological data of 228 patients with early ESCC who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy without preoperative adjuvant treatment were reviewed. The ${\chi}^2$ test or Fisher's exact test were used to detect factors related to lymph node metastasis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. There were 152 males and 76 females with a median age of 55 years. Two hundred and eight patients underwent a left thoracotomy, and the remaining 20 patients with lymph nodes in the upper mediastinum more than 5 mm in short-axis diameter by computed tomography scan underwent a right thoracotomy. No lymph node metastasis was found in the 18 patients with carcinoma in situ, while lymph node metastases were detected in 1.6% (1/62) of patients with mucosal tumours and 18.2% (27/148) of patients with submucosal tumours. Only 7 patients showed upper mediastinal lymph node metastases in the follow-up. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 81.4% and 70.1%, respectively. Only histologic grade (P<0.001) and pT category (P=0.001) significantly correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases. In multivariate analysis, only histologic grade (P=0.026) and pT category (P=0.008) were independent prognostic factors. A left thoracotomy is acceptable for selected patients with early ESCC. Histologic grade and pT category affected the presence of lymph node metastases and were independent prognostic factors for early ESCC.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.17 no.9 s.112
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• pp.900-912
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• 2006

A GPS receiving antenna installed in the missile's warhead is designed and fabricated at a center frequency 1.575 GHz. The circular shaped antenna is installed in the middle of the warhead where the antenna's patch and the ground plane are connected with a hollow cylindrical shaped short pin. Using the dual feeding and phase difference method, an omni-directional radiation pattern which direction is normal to the missile's axis(H-plane) is obtained. The optimized diameters of the circular patch and the cylindrical ring typed shorting pin of the GPS receiving antenna which use the FR4.material(dielectric constant $\varepsilon_r=4.6$) are 59.5 mm and 14 mm, respectively. The cylindrical body with diameter 100 mm and height 500 mm is attached to the lower part of the warhead in order to complete the missile figure. The radiation patterns are measured by changing the angle and phase between the dual feeding points. When the phase difference of dual feeding is $100^{\circ}$ and the angle between the dual feeding points is $100^{\circ}$, the nearly omni-directional radiation pattern in the H-plane is obtained. In this case, the antenna gain is -5.55 dBd and the relative level difference between the maximum and the minimum radiation intensity is 3.98 dB.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1883-1886
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• 2005

In this paper, a decoupled dual servo (DDS) stage for ultra-precision scanning system with large working range is introduced. In general, dual servo systems consist of a fine stage for short range and a coarse stage for long range. The proposed DDS also consists of a $XY\theta$ fine stage for handling and carrying workpieces and one axis coarse stage. Its coarse stage consists of air bearing guide system and a coreless linear motor with force ripple. The fine has four voice coil motors(VCM) as its actuator. According to a VCM's nature, there are no mechanical connections between coils and magnetic circuits. Moreover, VCM doesn't have force ripples due to imperfections of commutation components of linear motor systems - currents and flux densities. However, due to the VCM's mechanical constraints the working range of the fine is about $25mm^2$. To break that hurdle, the coarse stage with linear motors is used to move the fine about 500mm. Because of the above reasons, the proposed DDS can achieve higher precision scanning than other stages with only one servo. With MATLAB's Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), the VCMs are optimally designed for the highest force under conditions and constraints such as thermal dissipations due to its coil, its size, and so on. And for their movements without any frictions, guide systems of the DDS are composed of air bearings. To get precisely their positions, a linear scale with 5nm resolution are used for the coarse stage's motion and three plane mirror laser interferometers with 5nm for the fine's $XY\theta$ motions. With them, on scanning the two stages have same trajectories. The control algorithm is named Parallel method. The embodied ultra-precision scanning system has sub 100nm following error and in-positioning stability.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Grafted tissues were investigated using various microscopic techniques. Pinus thunbergii was used as stock and scion and autografted by cleft graft method. Histochemically, grafting processes can be proceeded by four stages: 1) formation of necrotic layer, 2) proliferation of callus, 3) development of neo-cambium from callus, and 4) restoration of new vascular xylem. Necrotic la yer composed of pectin and lignin was gradually degraded during grafting process and disappeared when new union was formed between stock and scion. A large number of starch and lipid bodies in the cytoplasm were also gradually degraded during grafting process and disappeared at the grafting interface. Nucleus and plasmodesmata were not changed. Bubble-like callus was generated from all living parenchyma cells and from the callus. The tracheary elements differentiated from the callus had either reticulate or pit-like thickenings in the secondary walls with bordered pits. Secondary cell wall thickening occurred toward filing to the void parts between reticulated secondary wall. Tracheids formed in the secondary xylem were short with irregular wall thickness. New secondary xylem cells with swirled shapes, which developed in graft union were oriented horizontally and obliquely to axis of the stem.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2005

There are several characteristics of the nose of orientals. The dorsum of nose is flat and low, the skin is thick with severe tension, the nasal tip is bulbous, the nostril is wide, and the projection of the nose is limited due to a poorly developed alar cartilage with a short columella. In order to improve these untoward characteristics of the nose of Orientals aesthetically, plain augmentation of the dorsum and tip-plasty with conventional methods has been performed by many plastic surgeons. However these conventional rhinoplasty is not enough to obtain satisfactory results when transforming into a more beautiful and aesthetically charming appearance. In order to produce the optimal nasal shape and profile, it is extremely important to consider the aesthetic surgical factors, which are; the position of the nasion, the optimal nasolabial angle(95-100 degree in Orientals), the natural exposure of infra-tip lobule with and columella, the position of the tip defining point in harmony with the dorsal profile and the smooth and natural silhouette of the lateral nasal profile as it descends into the inferior portion of the nose. From April, 2003 to August, 2004, a total of 52 patients underwent open rhinoplasty, adhering to the strict aesthetic principles considered and described priorly. Surgical approach was done through a transcolumella incision and an alar rim incision. The nasal dorsum was augmented with a silicone implant and the shape of the columella and the nasolabial angle were finessed with a silicone strut implant which was placed in between the medial crurae in a manner of a non-visible graft. The nasal tip was corrected by alar cartilage suture technique and onlay graft of shield shaped Alloderm and Gore-Tex. Author obtained the optimal nasal shape and profile aesthetically, and the results, considered satisfactory in all patients without any complications, are as follows; 1. the average increase in nasal length was 2.5 mm, 2. the average decrease in nasal width was 2.1 mm, 3. the average increase in nasal tip projection was 3.2 mm, 4. the changes of nasolabial angles were from 85.5 degree to 94.7 degree, 5. the changes of the angle between the long axis of the external naris was from 101.3 degree to 89.5 degree. In conclusion, this surgical procedure is an effective, reliable and a valuable method in improving the nasal shape, tip projection, nasolabial angle and especially, the lateral facial profile of Orientals aesthetically.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 1998

In order to access the value of computed tomography in mediastinal LN staging of NSCLCa, 581 LN stations of 77 patients were selected from 552 patients who were diagnosed as Lung Ca and operated in Seoul National University Hospital from 1992 to 1995. The selection criteria were as follows ; the patients 1) whose preoperative chest CTs were available; 2) underwent curative resection (lobectomy or more) with complete lymph node dissection; 3) whose final pathologic diagnosis were proven to be non-small cell lung cancer. We adopted Receiver Operating Characteristic curve method to determine a proper size criterion for diagnosing malignant mediastinal adenopathy. From curve analysis, we decided the size criterion of lymph node to 1 cm in their short axis. Using this size criterion, it's sensitivity was 43.9%, specificity was 87.4%, and accuracy was 83.1%. Eventhough we couldn't determine the precise size criterion for the adenoca, it seemed that shorter than 1 cm size criterion should be applied in that particular cell type. Lymph node stations associated with the tuberculosis or bronchiectasis tend to be overestimated in nodal staging and have relatively high false positive rate. The low sensitivity of CT scan suggest that radical and complete dissection or precise mediastinal lymph node evaluation through the surgical approach is mandatory.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2011

Purpose: This review article was written to theoretically compare the depressing force (pressure, adhesion) to the cornea between when the spherical lenses were being tightly and flat fitted. Methods: Mathematical equations and their numerical solution programs (model) were formulated to calculate the depressing (adhesion) force to the cornea by both the tightly and flat fitted contact lenses. Based on this proposed model the effects of parameters characterizing a contact lens such as BCs, diameters, edge shape and corneal shape (ratio of long and short corneal axis, p) on the depressing force to the cornea were predicted/analyzed in both tightly and flat fitting regimes. Results: Corneal adhesion increased as the corneal p-value increased. Adhesion increase caused by the increased p-value was much larger in flat fitted case than in tight fitted one. Corneal adhesion reduced abruptly as the BC increased in flat fitting regimes while the adhesion rise was insignificant in tight fitting ones. Reduction in corneal adhesion due to lens-size increase was predicted to be insignificant in both tight and flat fitting regimes. Both the lens edge shape (edge angle) and thickness were relevant only in tight fitting regime. Corneal adhesion increased as the increased with tight-fitted lenses. As the thickness of tight fitted lenses increased, corneal adhesion inversely decreased. Conclusions: The two most significantly affecting the depressing force to cornea were found to be the degree of corneal bending toward the periphery and the BCs of lenses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2014

The effects of erlotinib combined with celecoxib in a lung cancer xenograft model were here explored with a focus on possible mechanisms. A xenotransplanted lung cancer model was established in nude mice using the human lung cancer cell A549 cell line and animals demonstrating tumour growth were randomly divided into four groups: control, erlotinib, celecoxib and combined (erotinib and celecoxib). The tumor major axis and short diameter were measured twice a week and after 40 days tissues were collected for immunohistochemical analyses of Bcl-2 and Bax positive cells and Western-blotting analyses for the epidermal growth factor recepto (EGFR), P-EGFR, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Tumor size in the combined group was smaller than in the others (p<0.01) and the percentage of Bcl-2 positive cells was fewer in most cases (p<0.01), while that of Bax positive cells was greater than in the erlotinib and celecoxib groups (P>0.05). Western blotting showed decreased expression of P-EGFR and COX-2 with both erlotinib and celecoxib treatments, but most pronouncedly in the combined group (P<0.05). Simultaneous blockage of the EGFR and COX-2 signal pathways exerted stronger growth effects in our human xenotransplanted lung cancer model than inhibition of either pathway alone. The anti-tumor effects were accompanied by synergetic inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis, activation of p-EGFR and expression of COX-2.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.623-630
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• 2020

Objective : A primary degenerative sagittal imbalance has been considered because of unique lifestyles such as the prolonged crouched posture during agricultural work and performing activities of daily living on the floor. Previous papers have reported that sagittal imbalance disease is often seen distinctly in the farming districts of "oriental" countries such as Korea and Japan. However, this finding was only evaluated with the use of X-ray, and other factors such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muscle volume, compression fracture, and laboratory results were not considered. Thus, using these, we evaluate the agricultural work-associated factors for Korean elderly spinal sagittal imbalance. Methods : We recruited 103 Korean participants who had a sagittal vertical axis (SVA) of >5 cm in this Korean Elderly Sagittal Imbalance Cohort Study. The following were evaluated : radiological parameters, MRI, compression fracture, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, C-terminal telopeptide, osteocalcin, bone mineral density and muscle fatty change, muscle volume, and health-related quality of life from patients' survey. Moreover, in this survey, the farmers' annual working hours were investigated. Subsequently, we analyzed the associated factors for spinal sagittal imbalance depending on occupation. Results : A total of 46 participants were farmers, and the others were housewives, sellers, and office workers. The farmer group had more SVA (141 vs. 99 mm, p=0.001) and pelvic tilt (31° vs. 24°, p=0.004) and lesser lumbar lordosis (20° vs. 30°, p=0.009) and thoracic kyphosis (24° vs. 33°, p=0.03) than non-farmer group. A significantly positive correlation was noted between the working hour and SVA in the farmer group (p=0.014). The visual analogue scale score for back pain (8.26 vs. 6.96, p=0.008) and Oswestry Disability Index (23.5 vs. 19.1, p=0.003) in the farmer group were higher than that in the non-farmer group, but the Short Form-36 score was not significantly different between the two groups. The Mini-Mental State Exam score was significantly lower in the farmer group than in the non-farmer group (24.85 vs. 26.98, p=0.002). Conclusion : The farmer group had more sagittal imbalance and back pain in proportion to the working hours even though the muscle and bone factors and general laboratory condition were not significantly different between the two groups. These results supported that the long hours spent in the crouched posture while performing agricultural work were a risk factor for severe sagittal imbalance.