• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.187-189
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• 2022

As the structure and operation method of MASS(Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship) are discussed accroding to the IMO degree, the interest and necessity for remote operators who manage and supervise the operation of MASS are increasing gradually. The form of MASS operation is clearly accompanied by various changes including new technologies and equipment in comparison with the current operation of ship. In IMO Degree 2 and 3, the capabilities that remote operators who will operate them must differ from those of existing seafarers(navigation officers, engineers and ratings). Regarding this remote operation, the NI(Nautical Institute) is the first in the world to present a syllabus and a curriculum of qualification for remote operator. Based on this, the paper introduces and compares the education model of MASS remote control operation and NI model, and further uses it as basic data for the creation of curriculum for future MASS remote operator.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.402-409
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• 2016

Vessel traffic servies (VTS) control movements in ports and coastal areas 24 hours a day using VHF. Thus, we were able to check ship movements and the patterns followed by VTS officers in VTS areas using VHF communication analysis. This study is intended to identify control intervals for dangerous situations and provide VTS officers with basic data and guidelines to prevent these occurrences in advance. We listened to Busan port's VHF communication for seven days and obtained risk values using the Park model with reference to controlled ships. The probability of a dangerous situation arising under a controller's watch per unit of time was confirmed to follow a Poisson distribution. As a result, for each 3.50 hours that VTS directly controls an area, (and in daytime for each 2.85 hours) a ship communicates in a VTS area every 3.84 hours, and some of there communications exceed certain risk values in VTS areas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.20-23
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• 2015

In ports of Korea, the marine traffic flow is congested due to a large number of vessels coming in and going out. In order to improve the safety and efficiency of these vessels, South Korea is operating with a Vessel Traffic System, which is monitoring its waters 24-7. However despite these efforts of the VTS (Vessel Traffic System) officers, marine accidents are occurring in their assigned districts. VTS Officers are controlling subjectively based on their experience due to no VTS guideline. On this paper, we listened to Busan VHF channel for 3days and applied to collision risk model. With collision risk model, We deducted a moment which advise or recommend to vessel in encounter situation, VTSO's career, day&night.. We suggested a collision risk value as guide line of VTSO's control time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 1993

As the trend of ship's automation has spreaded over from 1950's , it caused shipping industries to develop new concept of ship's officer to operate new type of ships with high technologies. As a result, French started the education of Dual Purpose Officer (DPO) from 1967 for mariners who has skills and knowledge in navigation and engineering area. these experiments were concerned mainly with an improved carrier structure for officers, efficiency in ship's operation and subsequent cost saving, and in these years, many advanced countries in shipping business have been interested in the DPO system and adopted it especially in the Northern Europe and Japan. In Jorea there were researches for DPO based on experience of those in foreign countries in the middle of 1980's and established it with revision of relevant domestic regulation in 1990. Korean shipping industry will meet first graduates from DPO program in the near future but it seems that there were not sufficient studies to prepare actual practice. In the paper it was tried to analyze korean DPO system in the structure of education and certification by comparing them with foreign one and found that curriculums of the two maritime universites in Korea are quite suitable under circumstances of domestic shiping industry but some amendments are needed in relevant regulations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.63-70
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• 2006

Now AIS (Automatic Identification System) has been under full operation for ocean-going vessels, and it is expected not only to identify target ships but also to take collision avoidance using AIS information with Radar and ARFA information in restricted waters. AIS information is very useful not only for target identifications but also for taking collision avoidance, but OOW (Officer OF Watch-keeping) should take care of systematic observation of AIS because of miss-operation or malfunction of AIS. In this paper, we propose the application of Onboard Ship Handling Simulator with visual system displayed 3D scene added AIS performance such as blind areas of Island, microwave propagation, ok. and maneuvering simulation using TK models, applied real time AIS information and research the effectiveness of this system for ship handling in restricted waters, and discus the principal issues through the on board experiments. Conclusion will be expected that; 1) systematic observation of ASS information using visual scene simulator with AIS information will be effectively done, 2) observation compared with Radar and ARPA information will be also useful to make a systematic observation, 3) using the recording and replay function of simulation will be useful not only for systematic observation but also to measure and to encourage officers' skill.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.39-44
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• 2006

Ship's collision avoidance is a skill that masters of merchant marine vessels have acquired through years of experience and that makes them feel at ease to guide their ship out from danger quickly compared to inexperienced officers. Case based reasoning(CBR) uses the same technique in solving tasks that needs reference from variety of situations. CBR can render decision-making easier by retrieving past solutions from situations that are similar to the one at hand and make necessary adjustments in order to adapt them. In this paper, we propose to utilize the advantages of CBR in a support system for ship's collision avoidance while using fuzzy algorithm for its retrieval of similar navigational situations, stored in the casebase, thus avoiding the cumbersome tasks of creating a new solution each time a new situation is encountered. There will be two levels within the Fuzzy-CBR. The first level will identify the dangerous ships and index the new case. The second level will retrieve cases from casebase and adapt the solution to solve for the output. While CBR's accuracy depends on the efficient retrieval of possible solutions to be adapted from stored cases, fuzzy algorithm will improve the effectiveness of solving the similarity to a new case at hand.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.527-539
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• 2014

This study establishes the research model and sets up the hypothesis in order to analyze the effect of the type of mixed manning and the ratio of foreign crew on the group cohesiveness, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in ship organizations and the moderating effect of the acceptance and adaptation of cross-culture. For statistical hypothesis testing, it conducts a questionnaire survey targeting mixed manning ships and examines empirically the inter-variables relation through the regression. The result of empirical research is that the group cohesiveness, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the ship organization of Korean master(chief engineer) and foreign officers is higher than that of Korean master and officers. Moreover, it is found that the group cohesiveness of 31~50% foreign crew group is less than that of the others. However, There is no moderating effects of the acceptance and adaptation of cross-culture. Additionally, it demonstrates the higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the stronger cohesiveness groups. The finding suggests the rationale that shipping and ship management companies could raise the group cohesiveness, job satisfaction and organizational commitment by moderating the type of mixed manning and the ratio of foreign crew.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2010

The conning display which is located in the ship bridge shows the various important information such as ship position, ship speed, track data, rate of turn, thruster rpm so on, and is one of the IBSs(Integrated Bridge Systems). In this study, the survey was conducted for ten officers to find the importance and using frequency of the information which were displayed in the conning display. The results showed that the information of drift speed, ship speed, wind direction and wind force, rate of turn, sea water depth, ship position, heading, thrust rpm, alarm, rudder command and angle got high scores and it meant that these information were very important and high frequency of use during the navigation. The optimized contents arrangement in conning display was suggested based on importance and using frequency of information. The experiment using eye-tracking system was conducted to compare the performance time and error rate of nine different scenarios for suggested arrangement display and three other existing displays. The results showed that the suggested arrangement was the best in performance time and error rate. The scenario concerning the direction and speed of wind showed faster performance time and lower error rate than other scenarios. The movement of subject's eye tended to search from the center and to avoid the comer, called 'the comer effect.' It is expected that the results of this study could help for the bridge staff to grasp the sailing information easily and to cope with the given situations promptly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2014

Seasickness not only makes persons on board vessels to vomit but also causes vertigo, headache, sleepiness, fatigue, lethargy and other discomforts. This ailment leads to disturbance of biorhythm and decline of perception which would eventually cause reduction of situational awareness among ship's operators that leads to marine accident. This study is about the sensitivity of people onboard ships to seasickness and focused on deck or navigation officer cadets(apprentice officers) and engine officer cadets(apprentice engineers) who have no previous experiences on board. It is conducted by using motion sensor that can measure ship's X, Y, Z-axis motions and through the questionnaire survey, and evaluated each students' degree of seasickness symptoms. Through this study, in same circumstance, we have known that there are different degrees of motion sickness for wheel house worker and engine room worker, It also confirmed that seasickness have high relationship with degree of hull motion and also, with cycle of hull motion. In addition, we have confirmed that Z-axis hull movement has higher relationship with seasickness than X-axis and Y-axis hull movements. This study aims to initiate additional researches about X-axis and Y-axis of the ship's motion which it expects to greatly enhance safety of wheelhouse and engine room personnel, ship's livability and comfortable sailing.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.33-46
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• 2023

The Autonomous ships are equipped with a function to judge and navigate the sea conditions on their own, so the job of the ship officer who operates it changes. The educational curriculum to nurture ship officer with the ability to operate and manage autonomous ships must also be changed. This study aimed to develop the curriculum for training autonomous ship officer by using the Delphi survey method suitable for predicting the uncertain future. Among the current 61 subjects for training ship officer identified in the Delphi survey, 32 subjects with high importance should be maintained in the training for autonomous ship officer, and subjects with low importance should be abolished or integrated into other subjects. These subjects were collectively referred to as 'general courses'. The expert panel of the Delphi survey suggested 42 items as new subjects, with 18 items of 'high', 14 items of 'middle', and 10 items of 'low'. Through in-depth analysis of these items by experts, 27 subjects were adjusted and three courses were proposed : 1)'Basic course(10 courses)' for developing basic capabilities such as basic theories for understanding advanced technology and information applied to autonomous ships, 2)'Job course(10 courses)' for practical competency directly related to autonomous ship operation, 3)'Intensive course(7 subjects)' for fostering land remote operators of autonomous ships. Since the introduction and spread of autonomous ships will progress rapidly, research to develop and supplement autonomous ship pilot training courses should be continued by reflecting the level of autonomous navigation of autonomous ships.