• 한국항해학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.71-84
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• 1988

For traffic proceeding in random directions on a plane surface the frequency of collision, if no avoiding action in taken ,is approximately proportional to the square of the traffic density and directly proportional to the size and speed of the ship, Avoiding is normally taken and the rte of collisions is therefore also governed by additional factors such as the visibility, the effectiveness of the collisionavoidance rules, the competence of personnel or watchkeeping attitude, the maneuverability of the ship and the efficiency of radar and other equipments. From the viewpoint of watchkeeper who is responsible for maneuvering, watchkeeping attitude such as lookout and action to avoid collision is the most controllable factor among those mentioned above. In practice, according to the investigation of the institution of marine courts, about 50% co collisions occurred is caused by disorbedience to steering and sailing rules of international regulations for preventing collision at sea including lookout. So we classify the process of collisions with first sight of another ship , assessment of risk of collisions and action to avoid collisions and make a factural survey about lookout and action to avoid collisions from the point on "time" and " distance", namely relationship among ship's size, speed, first sight time of another ship, action to avoid collisions ,and distance from sight of another ship to collision occurred. According to the results of the actual survey , we come to conclude that most of collisions occurred are due to improper lookout and ineffective action to avoid collision which means time lag from first sight of another ship to time of action taken to avoid collision is relatively long. is relatively long.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.416-419
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• 2004

The kinetic energy during ship collision with bridge piers is released as the permanent deformations of structure and friction between the impact surfaces. So the ship collision energy is estimated from the equations of motions for ship-pier collisions which include the influence of the surrounding water, different impact angles and impact locations. The normal impact energy and tangent impact energy at a collision location and angle can be transformed into the normal impact force and friction force acting on the structure. Also the kinetic energy after collisions is calculated from the linear and angular impulse of ship collisions. The collision energy absorption system such as the protective structures for bridges is designed by evaluating the damage portions of ship and structure during the ship-structure collisions varying from the soft impact to hard impact and then the estimation of it will be suited for the design of protective measures.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2022

A report released by the Chinese Maritime Court found that the natural environment and other objective factors have greatly reduced the risk of ship collision accidents with the advancement of technologies. However, collisions between merchant ships and fishing boats occur frequently along the coast during fishing seasons, which should be highly valued. International conventions and domestic legislation in China comprise detailed laws with respect to ship collisions, but the theory of ship collision infringement needs to be improved, enriched, and developed. Meanwhile, the development of the tort liability law provides theoretical support for ship collision infringement. As far as China's ship tort legal system is concerned, the research on ship collision tort damage compensation is relatively extensive, and the constitutive elements and causality of ship collision tort liability have also been studied in depth. The purpose of this paper is to explore the domestic legislation applicable to disputes related to ship collisions in China. As these laws are unclear on the resolution of disputes resulting from ship collisions, significant attention has been focused on the final judgments by the Supreme Court of China (SPC), as well as the judicial judgments set by the Maritime Court of China.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2018

Sunrise and sunset times differ depending on location and date. Previous studies conveniently but monotonously applied day and night times set up. This research defined the daytime and nighttime while considering the time of twilight according to the date and the location of ship collision accidents. Classifying the frequency of ship collision accidents with this standard, we conducted a chi-squared test for the difference between daytime and nighttime. The frequencies of ship collision accidents according to daytime and nighttime was compared by season, month, and time, and all of them showed statistically significant differences. The highest number of daytime ship collisions was 11.6 %, in June, and nighttime collisions peaked at 13.7 %, in December. The most frequent hour for daytime ship collisions was 0700h-0800h, at 10.2 %, and nighttime collisions peaked between 0400h-0500h, at 16.9 %. It is clear that the criteria used in previous studies cited was applied without any theoretical basis and likely only for the convenience of the researchers. It was found that results depend on what criteria are applied to the same research data. This study shows that statistical analyses of marine accidents, traffic volume, and congestion density should be carried out quantitatively while considering daytime and nighttime hours for each particular location and date.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.577-586
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• 2022

한·중 무역거래가 날로 증가함에 따라 한·중 양국의 해상운송 규모가 빠르게 확대되고 있다. 하지만 이는 선박충돌문제를 초래하고 있으며, 특히 한·중 양국 선박이 밀집한 황해와 동해 수역에 집중되어 있다. 선박충돌 사고가 해상 교통안전과 해상 환경에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 동시에 선적국, 충돌발생지 등 섭외적 요인으로 인한 복잡한 법적 문제를 야기하고 있다. 한·중 양국의 국내법 규정이 서로 다르기 때문에 양국은 같은 문제에 대해 서로 다른 의견을 보이고 있다. 국제적으로도 일부 관련 선박충돌에 관한 국제조약들이 있으며 이러한 국제조약들은 모두 각국의 이익균형의 결과물이며 궁극적인 목적은 글로벌 선박충돌과 관련한 법률의 통일에 있다. 한중 양국은 선박충돌 방면에서 모두 국제조약을 참조하여 국내법을 국제조약에 접목하였으며 이는 동시에 해사국제법의 통일에도 적극적인 작용을 하였다. 침권책임법의 발전은 선박충돌의 침해에 대한 이론적 뒷받침을 제공하였다. 중국 해사법원이 발표한 보고서에 따르면 과학기술 수준의 제고에 따라 자연환경과 객관적 영향요인이 선박 충돌사고 위험을 크게 낮췄으나 해안에서 상선과 어선이 충돌하는 사고가 자주 발생하므로 이를 중시해야 한다. 국제조약과 중국국내의 입법에서는 선박충돌에 대한 세부적인 법적 규정을 두고 있지만 선박충돌침해이론에 대하여 여전히 이를 보완하고 발전해 나가야 한다. 본 글은 선박충돌 적용에 있어서 중국입법 및 사법사례의적용을 검토하는 동시에 한국의 법률규정을 참조하여 선박충돌문제에 대한 한중 양국의 법률규정에 대하여 비교하고자 한다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.333-338
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 선박충돌사고의 주요한 원인이 되는 인적운항과실의 감소 및 효과적인 선박충돌회피를 지원하기 위해 새로이 제안된 '속력을 고려한 선박충돌회피지원 모델'을 기반으로 한 선박충돌회피지원 프로그램 개발에 관하여 연구하였다. 이 프로그램은 선행 연구에서 고려되지 않은 상대선박의 속력이 고려되었으며, 자선의 선회특성을 이용하여 상대선박의 침로, 속도에 대한 충돌회피 가능영역과 방법을 표시함으로써, 근접상황에서도 효과적인 충돌회피 조종을 지원할 것이다.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2000

The collisions at sea among marine casualties are not reduced as the tonnage and speed of ship's increase as well as the traffic quantity increase at sea, in spite of the improvement of nautical equipment, enforcement of crew's education and training as well as improvement of quality standard according to the implementation of ISM code. The measures to prevent the collisions at sea are simple, and are composed of six stage.: The first stage is that the officer on duty detect the target from his eye or radar information. The second stage is determining the type and kind of target-ship. The third stage is target tracking; calculation of target speed, course, CPA and TCPA from radar information or visual check. The fourth stage is determination of vessel in danger after calculation of third stage. The fifth stage is the judgement of situation if own ship is stand-on or give way vessel according to the 1972 COLREG. The last stage is to carry out proper action according to 1972 COLREG, under the circumstances. But by the case, the situations are so different under the different external conditions; for example, natural/navigational conditions, crew's human factors, ship's particular, rule or regulation, management system on board, the condition of watch keeping. Therefore the reasons and casualties are so complicated. This study aims to investigate the collision casualty at sea which needs to clarity all these causal factors of afore-mentioned, and to analyze the causes of problems so as to utilize them to establish the measures of preventing marine accidents. This study, described the concepts of causal factors into three groups; environmental factor, and company/on board management system and navigator's act. Also described how to investigate and analyzes the casual factors. Even though it was described in this paper how to detect the causal factors and reasons of collisions, and how to analyze the inter-relation of each causal factors, it is necessary to do further study how to analyze between the liability of concerned parties and the casual factors involved.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.290-295
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• 2011

최근접점과 최근접시간에 기초를 둔 종래 선박충돌회피 알고리즘은 국제해상충돌예방규칙(COLREG, International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972)에 의한 선박간의 항법규정을 고려하지 않는다는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘은 조우선박의 상대방위를 측정함으로써 자선이 피항선인가 유지선이 될 것인가를 판단한다. 피항시점을 결정하기 위하여 타원형의 선박안전영역 모델을 이용하여 타선과 위험한 위치에 도달하는 지점과 시간을 계산함으로써 피항을 수행한다. 두 선박의 위치, 속도 및 방위를 임의로 생성하여 타원모델에 의한 충돌회피 과정을 시뮬레이션 한다. 또한 실제적인 해양사고 발생 자료를 이용하여 충돌위험 분석 및 선박간 충돌회피를 위한 방안을 제시한다. 제안한 알고리즘은 안개 및 기상악화의 경우 시계가 제한되거나 야간항해 중 항해등의 식별이 어려워 피항선과 유지선의 판단이 불확실한 경우에도 국제해상충돌예방규칙에 의한 충돌회피 동작에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.99-111
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• 1999

The object of this study is to get the superior double hull structure to its crashworthiness against collision comparing absorbed energy capacities of its various types with each other, varying material properties, collision positions and velocities, and structural arrangements such as double hull width, web and stringer spaces, etc. Local absorbed energy capacities, failure behaviors and damage extents of their members are also considered during collision in addition to the estimations of their global ones. This paper describes a series of numerical simulations of collisions between DWT 45,000 oil tanker(struck ship) and DWT 10,500 rigid one(striking ships) using Hydrocode LS/DYNA3D. Collisions are assumed to occur at the middle of struck ship with striking one moving at right angle to its centerline. The following remarks were obtained through this study: More flexible the double hull structure is, much superior its crashworthiness against collision is. The increment of double hull width does not give much influence than other factors do. The exact use of material property such as failure strain is also important on the numerical simulation of collision.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 공동학술발표회
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• pp.84-84
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• 2017