• 턱관절균형의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2017

In order to understand Changeologically on the meaning of FCST's TMJ (temporo-mandibular joint) treatment procedure, Yi, Shike, Bi, Gen trigrams concerning the jaw and change by treatment were analyzed from the viewpoint of semiotic context of hexagon and holistic interpretation on disease. Yi is meant by jaw but actually indicates mouth made by maxilla and mandible, and it's characters are related with nourishing by aliment and words. But when we eat and speak in the daily life, jaw does not nourish properly it's own body by bad habit or postures. For the treatment of this ill state, there needs punishment and correction symbolized with Shike. Shike has fourth nine meaning obstacles between the two strong lines in the upper and lower end, and so it has the function of mastication and get rid of the fourth nine metaphorically indicating subluxation of axis using CBA and auxiliary measures of four movement or laughing methods. Bi expresses the achievement and effects of consecutive mastication process implicating normalized manifestation of jaw and its linked spinal function. Gen symbolizes removing selfish motive or partiality in advance and reaches the best state of the saint righteously self-nourishable human being.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2013

Objectives: As quality of work-life (QWL) among nurses affects both patient care and institutional standards, assessment regarding QWL for the profession is important. Work-related Quality of Life Scale (WRQOLS) is a reliable QWL assessment tool for the nursing profession. To develop a Chinese version of the WRQOLS-2 and to examine its psychometric properties as an instrument to assess QWL for the nursing profession in China. Methods: Forward and back translating procedures were used to develop the Chinese version of WRQOLS-2. Six nursing experts participated in content validity evaluation and 352 registered nurses (RNs) participated in the tests. After a two-week interval, 70 of the RNs were retested. Structural validity was examined by principal components analysis and the Cronbach's alphas calculated. The respective independent sample t-test and intra-class correlation coefficient were used to analyze known-group validity and test-retest reliability. Results: One item was rephrased for adaptation to Chinese organizational cultures. The content validity index of the scale was 0.98. Principal components analysis resulted in a seven-factor model, accounting for 62% of total variance, with Cronbach's alphas for subscales ranging from 0.71 to 0.88. Known-group validity was established in the assessment results of the participants in permanent employment vs. contract employment (t = 2.895, p < 0.01). Good test-retest reliability was observed (r = 0.88, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The translated Chinese version of the WRQOLS-2 has sufficient validity and reliability so that it can be used to evaluate the QWL among nurses in mainland China.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.381-393
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• 2017

The inorganic components in tobacco sheet extract have significant influence on the sensory taste of the cigars and the harmful component delivery in cigarette smoke. To identify the contributions of the divalent inorganic components on harmful components delivery in cigarette smoke, a self-made selective electrodialysis was assembled with monovalent ion-selective ion exchange membranes. The influences of current density and extract content on the desalination performance were investigated. Result indicates that the majorities chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions were removed, comparing with 50-60% of potassium and only less than 10% of magnesium and calcium ions removed in the investigated current density. The permselectivity of the tested cations across the Selemion CSO cation exchange membranes follows the order: $K^+>Ca^{2+}>Mg^{2+}$. A current density of $15mA/cm^2$ is an optional choice by considering both the energy consumption and separation efficiency. When the extract contents are in the range of 7%-20%, the removal ratios the potassium ions are kept around 60%, while the removal ratios of the calcium and magnesium ions fluctuate in the range of 16-27% and 8-14%, respectively. The tobacco smoke experiments indicated that the divalent metal ions have dual roles for the harmful component delivery in cigarette smoke. The divalent potassium and calcium ions were unfavorable for the total particulate matter emission but beneficial to decrease the HCN delivery in the mainstream cigarette smoke. The selective electrodialysis is a robust technology to decrease the harmful component delivery in cigarette smoke.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제43집
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• pp.179-209
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• 2022

혜교(慧皎)는 중국에 불교가 전래되어 널리 퍼지고 자리를 잡는 과정에서 큰 기여를 한 고승들의 업적을 기리기 위해서 『고승전(高僧傳)』을 저술했다. 혜교는 열 개의 과목을 설정해 행적들을 세분했는데, 이른바 '십과(十科)' 체재다. 이 십과는 고승전이 불교사서로서 의의를 갖게 해주는 중요한 틀이다. 『고승전』을 이어 저술된 『속고승전(續高僧傳)』, 『송고승전(宋高僧傳)』, 『대명고승전(大明高僧傳)』 등이 십과 체재를 따른 데서 확인된다. 그러나 십과는 고승전 저자들의 인식과 의도에 따라 형태에서 변화를 겪었다. 도선은 『속고승전』에서 일부 과목들의 명칭을 바꾸고 새로운 과목을 추가했으며, 찬녕은 『송고승전』에서 『속고승전』의 십과를 그대로 이으면서 각 과목에 새로운 의미를 부여했다. 뒤늦게 『대명고승전』을 편찬한 여성은 세 과목만 남기고 일곱 과목을 없앴다. 십과의 체재는 형태뿐만 아니라 의미에서도 변화가 있었다. 혜교가 교화를 중시했다면, 도선은 '수행'과 '실천'을 강조했고 찬녕은 '지혜' 와 '깨달음'을 강조했다. 여성은 십과의 붕괴를 보여주면서 불교가 쇠퇴하고 있었던 상황을 담아냈다. 이렇게 각 고승전의 십과에 각기 다른 의미가 부여되었다는 것은 저자들이 불교사를 각기 다르게 인식했다는 뜻이기도 하다. 따라서 중국 불교사의 전개 과정이 일부 반영되었으리라고 생각된다. 물론 각 고승전의 내용을 다양한 측면에서 심도 있게 분석해 비교하는 작업이 뒤따라야 한다