• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2007

Shigellosis is the most common bacterial gastroenteritis both in developing and developed countries, but bacteremia due to Shigella spp. is very rare. In developed countries recent shigellosis is mostly caused by S. sonnei, but S. flexeri infection is rare. We had rare cases of S. flexeri infections in a family in the Jeonbuk Province: an 8-year-old boy with bacteremic shigellosis and 10- and 12-year-old brothers with diarrhea. The isolates had identical biochemical characteristics, and were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. PFGE pattern of Not I-restricted genomic DNA suggested that the isolate from blood was closely related to the two strains isolated from stool which had an identical PFGE pattern.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1301-1305
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• 2006

The development of rapid, infallible, and sensitive methods of detecting foodborne pathogens has received much impetus in recent years owing to an increased public awareness of the health hazards. For the rapid and simultaneous detection of these foodborne pathogens, a multiplex PCR method was developed. Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella spp. are bacteria of concern because of their specific growing condition that enables them to live at low temperatures. In order to detect each pathogenic bacterium, specific primers from Y. enterocolitica, St. aureus, and Sh. flexneri were selected and validated successfully. To apply this method to food stored at low temperature, Y. enterocolitica, St. aureus, and Sh. flexneri were artificially inoculated in lettuce and incubated for enrichment. The multiplex PCR assays were able to simultaneously detect three pathogens, and the presence of three bands was observed at initial inoculation levels of approximately 1$\times$10$^1$ CFU/g in lettuce. Therefore, this method could be used for simultaneous detection of Y. enterocolitica, St. aureus, and Shigella spp. contaminated in lettuce during cultivation, transportation, preservation, and storage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.610-615
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• 2017

When Shigella infect host cells, various effecter molecules are delivered into the cytoplasm of the host cell through the type III secretion system (TTSS) to facilitate their invasion process and control the host immune responses. Among these effectors, the S. flexneri effector OspF dephosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinases and translocates itself to the nucleus, thus preventing histone H3 modification to regulate expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Despite the critical role of OspF, the mechanism by which it localizes in the nucleus has remained to be elucidated. In the present study, we identified a potential small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification site within OspF and we demonstrated that Shigella TTSS effector OspF is conjugated with SUMO in the host cell and this modification mediates the nuclear translocation of OspF. Our results show a bacterial virulence factor can exploit host post-translational machinery to execute its intracellular trafficking.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.655-661
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the Pulsatilla koreana extracts against food-borne pathogens. First, the Pulsatilla koreana was extracted with methanol at room temperatures, and fractionation of the methanol extracts from Pulsatilla koreana was carried out by using petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, and methanol respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the Pulsatilla koreana extracts was determined using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. The ethyl acetate extracts of Pulsatilla koreana showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis and Shigella dysenteriae. The Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae were inhibited by petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of Pulsatilla koreana as well as ethyl acetate extracts of Pulsatilla koreana. The synergistic effect has been found in combined extracts of Pulsatilla koreana and Portulaca oleracea as compared to each extracts alone. Finally, the growth inhibition curve was determined using ethyl acetate extracts of Pulsatilla koreana against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae. The ethyl acetate extract of Pulsatilla koreana showed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at the concentration of 2,000 ppm. The 2,000 ppm of ethyl acetate extract from Pulsatilla koreana retarded the growth of S. aureus more than 12 hours and Shigella dysenteriae up to 9 hours.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.182-187
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the Viscum album var. coloratum extracts against food-borne pathogens. First, the Viscum album var. coloratum was extracted with methanol at room temperature and the fractionation of the methanol extracts was carried out by using petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the Viscum album var. coloratum extracts was determined by using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. The petroleum ether extracts of Viscum album var. coloratum showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysenteriae. Synergistic effect in inhibition was observed when Viscum album var. coloratum extract was mixed with Perillae folium extract as compared with each extract alone. Finally, the growth inhibition curves were determined by using petroleum ether extracts of Viscum album var. coloratum against Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysenteriae. The petroleum ether extract of Viscum album var. coloratum had strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus at the concentration of 5,000 ppm. At this concentration, the growth of Bacillus cereus was retarded more than 24 hours and up to 12 hours for Shigella dysenteriae. In conclusion, the petroleum ether extracts of Viscum album var. coloratum inhibit efficiently Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysenteriae.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1980

Shigella remains to be an important enteric pathogen in this country for the moment. Moreover, since 1978, most of the isolates have become resistant to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, which used to be the drugs of choice for shigellosis. Since a disc diffusion technique alone has been used in our routine susceptibility test, the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of both ampicillin and co-trimoxazole to Shigella have never been known. In order to determine these, 195 isolates were tested by an agar dilution method, all of which were isolated at Yonsei Medical Center during the period of June 1978 to July 1980. The following results were obtained. 1. Sixty cultures(29.7%) were susceptible to ampicillin, being the MIC of 8 ${\mu}g/ml$ or less and 53(27.2%) were susceptible to co-trimoxazole, being the MIC of TMP/SMZ 4/76 ${\mu}g/ml$ or less. S. flexneri type 2 was often resistant to both antimicrobic agents. 2. An increasing rate of resistant isolates was noted, particularly in the year of 1979. 3. Many isolates were resistant to both agents. Somewhat more cultures. were ampicillin susceptible and co-trimoxazole resistant than the other way around. It seems that the determination of species or even serotypes might be of help sometimes to select proper antimicrobic agent to control the infection. A routine antimicrobic susceptibility test of Shigella to both ampicillin and co-trimoxazole would be advisable for a better selection of chemotherapeutic agent.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 1978

1977년(年) 대구지방(大邱地方)에서 분리(分離)한 20주(株)의 Salmonella paratyphi A, 55주(株)의 S. typhi, 7주(株)의 Shigella flexneri, 14주(株)의 Sh. sonnei에 대(對)하여 항균제감수성(抗菌劑感受性)을 실험(實驗)하였다. S. paratyphi A는 전부(全部)가 salfisomidine(Sa)에 내성(耐性)이었으나 기타공시약제(其他供試藥劑)에는 전부(全部)가 감수성(感受性)이었고 특(特)히 gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin에 감수성(感受性)이 강(强)하였다. S. typhi는 1주(株)가 chloramphenical(Cm), tetracycline(Tc), streptomycin(Sm) 및 Sa에 내성(耐性)이었고 R(Cm Tc Sm Sa)를 보유(保有)하고 있었으나 기타(其他) 균주(菌株)는 모든 약제(藥劑)에 감수성(感受性)이었고 특(特)히 ampiallin에 감수성(感受性)이 강(强)하였다. Shigella는 1주(株)를 제외(除外)한 20주(株)가 Cm, Tc, Sm 및 Sa에 고도내성(高度耐性)이었으며 기중(其中) 19주(株)가 plasmid R(Cm Tc Sm Sa)를 보유(保有)하고 있었다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 1979

1978년(年)에 분리(分離)한 9주(株)의 Shigella, 70주(株)의 Salmonella paratyphi A 및 230주(株)의 S. typhi의 약제내성(藥劑耐性), 내성화방지(耐性化防止) 및 제거(除去)에 대(對)하여 실험(實驗)하여 다음과 같은 성적(成績)을 얻었다. Shigella는 79주(株)가 Sh. flexneri, 16주(株)가 Sh. sonnei였는데 1주(株)를 제외(除外)한 94주(株)가 chloramphenicol tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfisomidine에 다약제내성(多藥劑耐性)이었으며 그중(中) 70주(株)는 ampicillin과 carbenicillin에, 80주(株)는 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole에, 22주(株)는 nalidixic acid에, 1주(株)는kanamycin에도 내성(耐性)이었다. Gentamicin, amikacin, cephaloridine, rifampin에 내성(耐性)인 균주(菌株)를 없었다. S. paratyphi A와 S. typhi는 공시약제(供試藥劑)에 감수성(感受性)이었으나 다만 rifampin, 또는 sulfisomidine에 약(弱)한 내성(耐性)을 가진 것이 있었다. 다약제내성(多藥劑耐性)인 shigella의 약(約) 80%가 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid를 가지고 있어서 그 내성(耐性)을 E. coli에 전달(傳達)시킬 수 있었다. 내성전달빈도(耐性傳達頻度)는 공시균주(供試菌株) 및 피전달균(被傳達菌)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있었다. 보존(保存)한 내성균주(耐性菌株)는 그 비율(比率)은 균주(菌株)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있으나 내성균(耐性菌)과 감수성균(感受性菌)으로 구성(構成)되어 있었으며 계대배양(繼代培養)에 의하여 내성(耐性)이 쉽게 탈락(脫落)되지는 안하였다. Acriflavine은 내성(耐性)을 탈락(脫落)시키는 효과(效果)는 있었으며 균주(菌株)에 따라 그 차이(差異)가 심(甚)하였고 atabrine은 효과(效果)가 없었다. 약제(藥劑)의 병용(倂用)은 Shigella에 대(對)한 작용(作用)을 증강(增强)시키는 경우(境遇)가 많으며 대체(大體)로 상승작용(相乘作用)을 나타냈고 상가작용(相加作用)을 나타내는 경우(境遇)가 있었으나 길항작용(拮抗作用)은 볼 수 없었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.2224-2227
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• 2016

Shigella sonnei harboring $bla_{CTX-M-55}$ was isolated outside of Asia for the first time. The $bla_{CTX-M-55}$ gene was found to be downstream of ISEcp-1 and located in a ~130 kb conjugative plasmid belonging to the I1 incompatibility group. The strain was recovered from a 7-year-old Ecuadorian girl with watery diarrhea who had not travelled abroad. Recent local data describe the emergence of $bla_{CTX-M-55}$ and other variants typically found in Asia in the Andean Region, suggesting that increased travel of humans and trade relationships with Asian countries are influencing the current Ecuadorian bacterial resistance situation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.306-311
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Portulaca oleracea extracts against food-borne pathogens. First, the Portulaca oleracea was extracted with methanol at room temperature, and then further fractionated by using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the Portulaca oleracea extracts was determined using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. The ethyl acetate extracts of Portulaca oleracea showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae. There was also a synergistic effect of the combined extracts of Portulaca oleracea and Indigofera kirilowii as compared to each extract alone. Finally, the growth inhibition curve of ethyl acetate extracts of Portulaca oleracea against Staph­ylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae was determined The ethyl acetate extract of Portulaca oleracea showed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at the concentration of 4,000 ppm. The 4,000 ppm of ethyl acetate extract from Portulaca oleracea, retarded the growth of S. aureus by more than 24 hand Shigella dysenteriae up to 12 h at $37^{\circ}C$.