• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.663-670
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• 1998

Most of feedback shift controllers developed in the past have fixed control parameters tuned by experts using a trial and error method. Therefore, those controllers cannot satisfy the best control performance under various driving conditions. To improve the shift quality under various driving conditions, a new self-organizing controller(SOC) that has an optimal control performance through self-learning of driving conditions and driver's pattern is designed in this study. The proposed SOC algorithm for the shift controller uses simple descent method and has less calculation time than complex fuzzy relation, thus makes real-time control passible. PCSV (Pressure Control Solenoid Valve) control current is used as a control input, and turbine speed of the torque converter is used indirectly to monitor the transient torque as a feedback signal, which is more convenient to use and economic than the torque signal measured directoly by a torque sensor. The results of computer simulations show that an apparent reduction of shift-transient torque is obtained through the process of each run without initial fuzzy rules and a good control performance in the shift-transient torque is also obtained.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to investigate whether the stress caused by day/night shifts on industrial workers can be affected through nutritional status. A sample of 573 female industrial workers, aged 17 through 23 years, from 4 different industries (2 in normal, 2 in 3 shift work pattern) were surveyed by questionaire examining their nutritional status, food intake, dietary habit, sleep complaint, performance of digestive organs, and degree of fatigue. Shift workers were surveyed during night work. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Sleep complaints and degree of fatigue in shift workers were higher than normal workers, whereas the performance of digestive organs were as lower than normal workers. These results showed that shift workers were more stressed than normal workers. 2. The workers who were surveyed were all poor in nutritional status. The intakes of calorie, protein, Ca, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid were lower than Korean Recommanded Dietary Allowences (RDA). Dietary habit of the shift workers was irregular. 3. There was a negative correlation between nutritional status and degrss of fatigue. The intakes of energy nutrients, ascorbic acid, and niain were significantly related to the degree of fatigue in which protein intake was found to be most influential. Among workers with the same level of protein intake, shift workers showed higher degree of fatigue. When the protein intake of shift workers was 100-125% of R.D.A., they showed the same degree of fatigue to the average normal workers.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2011

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between sleep quality, fatigue, depression and health promoting behavior by shift-work patterns in university hospital nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted using a convenient sample. The self-administered questionnaires were given to 165 nurses (shift workers 91, non-shift workers 74) employed in two university hospital located in Seoul and Gyeunggi-do. Data were collected from February to March, 2010. Results: The shift workers showed significantly lower sleep quality and health promoting behavior, and higher fatigue than non-shift workers. There were significant correlations between fatigue, depression and health promoting behavior in shift workers. There were significant correlations between sleep quality, fatigue, depression and health promoting behavior in non-shift workers. In multiple linear regression analysis, after controlling for total work experiences, predictor of health promoting behavior in shift workers was only fatigue (${\beta}$=-.29, p<.001). Predictors of health promotion behavior in non-shift workers were depression (${\beta}$=-.37, p=.002) and fatigue (${\beta}$=-.27, p=.023). Conclusion: This study failed to provide a clear explanation why sleep quality does not have a comparable effect on health promotion behaviors of shift-workers as well as non-shift workers. However, future research is needed to determine the various risk factors influencing on health promotion behaviors by which shift-work pattern exacerbates fatigue.

• 한국광학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광학회 1996년도 Advance Program of 13th optics andquantum Electronics conference, 1996제13 회 광학 및 양자전자 학술 발표회 논문 요약집
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• pp.21-21
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• 1996

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.198-205
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify sleep patterns, alertness, and fatigue of shift nurses according to circadian types. Methods: The researchers' enrolled 17 nurses doing shift work in a tertiary hospital. To evaluate circadian types, a morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) was administered. Sleep patterns were examined using an actigraph for 14 days. To assess alertness and fatigue, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test with a SPSS 21.0 program. Results: The researchers found that 17.6% of participants reported morning type, 47.1% neither type, and 35.3% evening type. Mean total sleep time (TST) was 6.8 h, mean sleep efficacy was 82%, level of alertness was 6.54, and level of fatigue was 5.49, regardless of the type of shift work. Evening type nurses had higher variation in TST and alertness, according to the shift patterns than other circadian type nurses. Evening type nurses also had higher fatigue levels than other circadian type nurses. Conclusion: Sleep, alertness, and fatigue were related with circadian types. These results suggest that circadian rhythm management in shift work nurses, particularly in evening type nurses is urgently needed to improve sleep patterns, alertness, and to decrease the level of fatigue.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.276-280
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• 2017

Purpose: This study examined the effects of trunk side shift exercise on the Cobb's angle. Methods: Fifty-eight subjects (control group=30, scoliosis group=28) were enrolled in this study. The idiopathic scoliosis groups were divided randomly into two groups, a side shift exercise (SSE) group, and a trunk stabilization exercise (TSE) group. The SSE group performed side shift exercise on the developed chair training for eight weeks. The TSE group performed trunk stabilization exercise. A oneway ANOVA test was carried out to compare the results within the idiopathic scoliosis patient group before and after the exercises based on the different exercise methods. Results: The Cobb's angles were compared among control group and SSE group and TSE group. As a result, there was a significant difference from SSE group and TSE group(p=0.000), but there were no significant differences between the SSE and TSE groups (p=0.085). Conclusion: Side shift exercises are effective in improving the Cobb's angle. Therefore, the use of the side shift exercise chair designed in this study can replace general exercise either at work or during studies. Therefore, this method is easily accessible for busy modern students who are exposed to scoliosis or spinal disorders due to a pattern of inactivity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.622-636
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• 1997

Glass ionomer cements, which had been developed in 1972, were widely used as an agent for cementation, base, pit and fissure sealant, and esthetic filling material with the advantages of excellent biocompatibility, anti-cariogenic fluoride release. Specimens were made to evaluate the color change of Glass ionomer cement with a newly developed improved Fuji II Le. Specimens for color change study with cement thickness of 1, 2, 3mm were made and those for the study of color shift pattern were made with the assumption that new mid-shade can be made by mixing of equal amount of both shades in 2mm thickness. After 24 hours in a $37^{\circ}C$ incubator, CIELAB color spaces were evaluated with a spectrophotometer. The results were as follows ; 1. All specimens discolored to dark and blue with an increased thickness in all shades (p<0.05). 2. There were significant $a^*$ space (red-green direction) changes in every A, B, C, D shade series except the relationship between 1mm and 2mm thickness groups in B shade series. But the changes were irregular, i.e., each shade series has its own pattern. 3. Each shade series showed its own specific color shift pattern in all $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ spaces. 4. B shade series showed less amont of changes in ${\Delta}{\pm}E$ than those of A and C shade series (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in ${\Delta}E$ within each shade series.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

The production processes were reviewed through the injection analysis of the shift lever as a core component of an auto lever installed in the automatic transmission of cars. The injection analysis was carried out for the shift lever and rod among the components in a shift lever module. The shift lever and rod are designed for injection molding with the insertion of a tube, a pin cable plate, and a steel rod for securing the strength of the product. The charging time, failure of injection molding, weld line, air trap, and deformation were reviewed according to this insert. Analyses on various gate positions were carried out for reviewing the cultivation and deformation of fiber around major components, such as the generation section of manipulation feeling and assembly section, so that optimal gate conditions might be reviewed and reflected in the mold design. Finally, we plan to compare the analysis results with the production of trial products.

• 정형스포츠물리치료학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2018

Purpose: This study investigated scoliosis muscle activity after the trunk side shift exercise. Methods: Fifty-eight subjects (control group=30, scoliosis group=28) participated in this study. The patients with idiopathic scoliosis were randomly divided into two groups: the side shift exercise (SSE) group and the trunk stabilization exercise (TSE) group. The SSE group performed SSE with chair training for eight weeks. A one-way ANOVA test was carried out to compare the results within the idiopathic scoliosis patient group prior to and after different exercise methods. Result: The muscle activity differences of the TPS, LPS, and latissimus dorsi muscles significantly decreased in all idiopathic scoliosis exercises groups after training. According to the exercise method, the TPS differed between the control group (CG) and TSE group and between the SSC and TSE groups. The LPS and latissimus dorsi muscles showed differences between the CG and TSE groups. Conclusions: This study found that the side shift exercise effectively improve spine muscles. The side shift exercise was performed using chairs that were designed for this study. Thus, this method is easily accessible for busy students who are exposed to scoliosis or spinal disorders that are caused by a pattern of inactivity.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2014

Ant communities are well suited for monitoring changes in ecosystems. Although numerous studies have examined the responses of ant communities to environmental disturbance, relatively few long-term studies on ant communities have been undertaken in urban environments. We examined species richness in nine urban parks in Hiroshima, Japan, and compared the survey results with data collected at the same sites by using the same methods in 1999. In both surveys, total of 25 species was recorded: 23 species in 1999 and 20 species in 2012. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the ant communities consisted of two distinct groups, which could in turn be characterized by three patterns of ant community changes in between the two groups. The first of these community change patterns was characterized by a shift within group 1, but the number of species remained constant (approx. 10 species). The second pattern was characterized by a shift within group 2, but the number of species remained low (approx. 4 species). The third pattern was characterized by a shift from group 1 to group 2 as the abundance of Linepithema humile (Mayr) increased over time. Unlike the first and second patterns, the number of ant species in communities of the third type decreased significantly. These findings suggest that L. humile has a marked effect on the species diversity of indigenous ant communities in urban environments.