• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제82권4호
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• pp.477-490
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• 2022

This article investigates the nonlinear behavior of two-directional functionally graded materials (TDFGM) doubly curved panels with porosities for the first time. An improved and effectual approach is established based on the improved first-order shear deformation shell theory (IFSDST) and von Karman's type nonlinearity. The IFSDST considers the effects of shear deformation without the need for a shear correction factor. The composition of TDFGM constitutes four different materials, and the modified power-law function is employed to vary the material properties continuously in both thickness and longitudinal directions. A nonlinear finite element method in conjunction with Hamilton's principle is used to obtain the governing equations. Then, the direct iterative method is incorporated to accomplish the numerical results using the frequency-amplitude, nonlinear central deflection relations. Finally, the influence of volume fraction grading indices, porosity distributions, porosity volume, curvature ratio, thickness ratio, and aspect ratio provides a thorough insight into the linear and nonlinear responses of the porous curved panels. Meanwhile, this study emphasizes the influence of the volume fraction gradation profiles in conjunction with the various material and geometrical parameters on the linear frequency, nonlinear frequency, and deflection of the TDFGM porous shells. The numerical analysis reveals that the frequencies and nonlinear deformations can be significantly regulated by changing the volume fraction gradation profiles in a specified direction with an appropriate combination of materials. Hence, TDFGM panels can overcome the drawbacks of the functionally graded materials with a gradation of properties in a single direction.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2023

The vibration of microtubule in human cells is the source of electrical field around it and inside cell structure. The induction of electrical field is a direct result of the existence of dipoles on the surface of the microtubules. Measuring the electrical fields could be performed using nano-scale sensors and the data could be transformed to other computers using internet of things (IoT) technology. Processing these data is feasible by artificial intelligence-based methods. However, the first step in analyzing the vibrational behavior is to study the mechanics of microtubules. In this regard, the vibrational behavior of the microtubules is investigated in the present study. A shell model is utilized to represent the microtubules' structure. The displacement field is assumed to obey first order shear deformation theory and classical theory of elasticity for anisotropic homogenous materials is utilized. The governing equations obtained by Hamilton's principle are further solved using analytical method engaging Navier's solution procedure. The results of the analytical solution are used to train, validate and test of the deep neural network. The results of the present study are validated by comparing to other results in the literature. The results indicate that several geometrical and material factors affect the vibrational behavior of microtubules.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.393-398
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• 2023

This paper provides the free vibrations of chiral carbon nanotubes. The governing equations of Flügge theory is considered for vibration frequencies of chiral single walled carbon nanotubes. The solution of frequency equation is obtained from a novel model for better representation of stubby and short vibration characteristics of chiral tubes with clamped-clamped and clamped-simply supported end conditions. For the harmonic response of this tube, the model displacement function is adopted. The variational approach Rayleigh-Ritz method with kinetic and strain energies are used. The Lagragian function is differentiated with respect to unknown functions. The frequency equation is written in compact form to solve with MATLAB software. The frequencies of chiral SWCNTs for first ten aspect ratios as small level are investigated. The results shown as for decreasing the aspect rations, the frequencies are increases. The presented results of this model are verified with experimental and numerical results, which found as an excellent agreement.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.347-368
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• 2023

In the first part of this study, a numerical simulation model was developed using the mechanical APDL software to validate the results of the 3D-elastisity theory on the laminated sandwich plate developed by Panago. The numerical simulation model showed a good agreement to the results of Pagano's theory in terms of deflection, normal stresses, and shear stresses. In the second part of this study, the developed numerical simulation model was used to define different plates dimensions and fibers layup orientations to examine the load response in terms of deflection and stresses. Further analysis was implemented on the natural frequencies of laminated xxx plates of the plates. The layup configurations include Unidirectional (UD), Cross-Ply (CP), Quasi-Isotropic (QI), the linear bio-inspired known as Linear-Helicoidal (LH), and the nonlinear bio-inspired known as Fibonacci-Helicoidal (FH). The following numerical simulation model can be used for the design and study of novel, sophisticated bio-inspired composite structures in a variety of configurations subjected to sinusoidal or constant loads.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제9권
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• pp.127-138
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• 2000

잠양법(潛陽法)은 평간치법(平肝治法)의 일종으로 간양(肝陽)이 상항(上亢)해서 나타나는 두목혼훈(頭目昏暈), 수족추휵, 구안괘사, 설건어삽(舌乾語澁), 두통불지(頭痛不止), 졸연도지(猝然倒地) 등의 증상(症狀)에 쓰는 치법(治法)이며 중풍(中風)의 표실증(標實證)을 다스리는 목적으로 다용(多用)되고 있다. 중풍(中風)에서의 활용(活用)은 청대(淸代)에 이르러 본격화되었는데, 엽천사(葉天士)는 "자액식풍(滋液熄風), 유양영락(濡養營絡), 보음잠양(補陰潛陽)"을 사용하였고, 장백룡(張伯龍)은 "잠진섭납(潛鎭攝納)"하는 치료법을 사용하였다. 중풍(中風)의 병리(病理)가 본허표실(本虛標實)하므로 항상 자음(滋陰), 보수(補水)하는 치법(治法)과 상호보완적(相互補完的)으로 사용되고 있다. 잠양법(潛陽法)이 다용(多用)된 병증은 간신음허(肝腎陰虛), 풍양상요(風陽上擾)로 인한 중경락증(中經絡證)과 중장부증(中臟腑證) 중에서 양폐증(陽閉證)이며, 탈증(脫證)의 일부와 중풍일구(中風日久)로 인(因)한 전간(癲癎)에도 사용되었다. 잠양락(潛陽樂) 중 진주모(珍珠母), 석결명(石決明), 대모(玳瑁), 모려(牡蠣), 패치(貝齒), 구판(龜板), 별갑(鱉甲) 등 개류(介類)의 효력이 뛰어나고, 치방(治方)으로는 진간식풍탕(鎭肝熄風湯), 호잠환(虎潛丸), 고본단(固本丹), 복맥탕(復脈湯), 천마구등음(天麻鉤藤飮), 영양각탕(羚羊角湯) 등이 활용되고 있다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2000

The bifurcation problem of thin walled structures in contact with rigid surfaces is formulated by adopting the multiple scales asymptotic technique. The general theory developed in this paper is very useful for the bifurcation analysis of waviness instabilities in the sheet metal forming. The formulation is presented in a full Lagrangian formulation. Through this general formulation, the bifurcation functional is derived within an error of O($(E^4)$) (E: shell's thickness parameter). This functional can be used in numerical solutions to sheet metal forming instability problem.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제6권7호
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• pp.785-800
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• 1998

This paper deals with the nonlinear finite element analysis of fibre-reinforced plastic poles. Based on the principle of stationary potential energy and Novozhilov's derivations of nonlinear strains, the formulations for the geometric nonlinear analysis of general shells are derived. The formulations are applied to the fibre-reinforced plastic poles which are treated as conical shells. A semi-analytical finite element model based on the theory of shell of revolution is developed. Several aspects of the implementation of the geometric nonlinear analysis are discussed. Examples are presented to show the applicability of the nonlinear analysis to the post-buckling and large deformation of fibre-reinforced plastic poles.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.583-593
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• 2003

The effect of liquid confined in a pipe on elastic waves propagating in the pipe wall was studied theoretically and experimentally. The axisymmetric motion of the wave was modeled with the cylindrical membrane shell theory. The liquid pressure satisfying the axisymmetric wave equation was included in the governing equation as a radial load. The phase speed of the wave propagating in the axial direction was calculated, accounting for the apparent mass of the liquid. Experiments were performed in a pipe equipped with ring-shaped, piezoelectric transducers that were used for transmitting and receiving axisymmetric elastic waves in the pipe wall. The measured wave speeds were compared with the analytical ones. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using pipe waves for the determination of the density and, eventually, the flow rate of the liquid in a pipe.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.2245-2252
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• 2002

Design sensitivity analysis scheme is proposed in an elasto -plastic finite element method with explicit time integration using a direct differentiation method. The direct differentiation is concerned with large deformation, the elasto-plastic constitutive relation, shell elements with reduced integration and the contact scheme. The design sensitivities with respect to the process parameter are calculated with the direct analytical differentiation of the governing equation. The sensitivity results obtained from the present theory are compared with that obtained by the finite difference method in a class of sheet metal forming problems such as hemi-spherical stretching and cylindrical cup deep-drawing. The result shows good agreement with the finite difference method and demonstrates that the preposed sensitivity calculation scheme is a pplicable in the complicated sheet metal forming analysis and design.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.140-148
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• 1993

When a large automobile sheet metal part is formed in a draw die, the binder wrap is first calculated to predict the initial punch contact location for avoiding wrinkles and severe stretching of its thin blank sheet. Since the boundary of a pseudo blank in calculating a binder wrap by means of a geometrically nonlinear finite element method is unknown in advance, an iteration method is generally used. This paper presents an effective iteration method for correction of the pseudo blank in a binder wrap calculation. For the performance test, two examples are adopted. The calculated results for both examples show the good convergence which wasted solutions are obtained in the second iteration step.