• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-27
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• 1982

The use of fumigation of Neo-PPS was tested for the larval disinfection and at the same time for easy handling and effective chemicals for larval disinfection. The results obtained are as follows: 1. There was no decrease of cocoon yield in spring season due to chemical damage by application of Neo-PPS fumigation to the disinfection of the silkworm except 2,4 and 6 hours' treatment everyday and 6 hours'/ twice/instar treatment as compared with the control. 2. There was no significance in pupal percent between treatments and control in spring season except 6 hours' treatment everyday. 3. No chemical damage seemed to give rise to percentage of cocoon shell in all treatments.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.515-526
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• 2017

Dynamic response of functionally graded Carbon nanotubes (FG-CNT) reinforced pipes conveying viscous fluid under accelerated moving load is presented. The mixture rule is used for obtaining the material properties of nano-composite pipe. The radial force induced by viscous fluid is calculated by Navier-Stokes equation. The material properties of pipe are considered temperature-dependent. The structure is simulated by Reddy higher-order shear deformation shell theory and the corresponding motion equations are derived by Hamilton's principal. Differential quadrature (DQ) method and the Integral Quadrature (IQ) are applied for analogizing the motion equations and then the Newmark time integration scheme is used for obtaining the dynamic response of structure. The effects of different parameters such as boundary conditions, geometrical parameters, velocity and acceleration of moving load, CNT volume percent and distribution type are shown on the dynamic response of pipe. Results indicate that increasing CNTs leads to decrease in transient deflection of structure. In accelerated motion of the moving load, the maximum displacement is occurred later with respect to decelerated motion of moving load.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 2012

An experiment was carried out to boost the production of tasar crops through application of secondary nutrients. Different combinations of secondary nutrients were prepared and its effect was studied on the yield and quality of leaves of tasar food plant Terminalia tomentosa W & A with 2.4 m ${\times}$ 2.4 m spacing and cocoon characters of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury reared on them. Among different combinations of secondary nutrients, foliar application of magnesium sulphate (2%, w/v) and basal application of 3 quintal/ha of calcium carbonate (secondary nutrient combination SM5) was found to be the best in crop improvement. It improves the quantity and quality of leaves as well as the commercial characters of cocoons. As a result, silk production improves. Under this combination, leaf yield increased by 26.55% in comparison to control. Average increase in moisture, total mineral, crude protein and total carbohydrate was 3.26%, 20.84%, 15.39% and 17.85% respectively as compared with control. Further, bio assay studies revealed that average larval weight, E.R.R., cocoon weight, shell weight and silk ratio percent increased by 11.25%, 25.71%, 20.05%, 35.14% and 12.17% respectively over control which indicates that secondary nutrient combination $SM_5$ has significant role in improving the production of tasar crops.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.8-12
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• 1974

1. If one unity is given to the prongs whose ends touch each other for estimating the internal stresses occuring in it, the internal stresses which are developed in the open prongs can be evaluated by the ratio to the unity. In accordance with the above statement, an equation was derived as follows. For employing this equation, the prongs should be made as shown in Fig. I, and be measured A and B' as indicated in Fig. l. A more precise value will result as the angle (J becomes smaller. $CH=\frac{(A-B') (4W+A) (4W-A)}{2A[(2W+(A-B')][2W-(A-B')]}{\times}100%$ where A is thickness of the prong, B' is the distance between the two prongs shown in Fig. 1 and CH is the value of internal stress expressed by percentage. It precision is not required, the equation can be simplified as follows. $CH=\frac{A-B'}{A}{\times}200%$ 2. Under scheduled drying condition III the kiln, when the weight of a sample board is constant, the moisture content of the shell of a sample board in the case of a normal casehardening is lower than that of the equilibrium moisture content which is indicated by the Forest Products Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture. This result is usually true, especially in a thin sample board. A thick unseasoned or reverse casehardened sample does not follow in the above statement. 3. The results in the comparison of drying rate with five different kinds of wood given in Table 1 show that the these drying rates, i.e., the quantity of water evaporated from the surface area of I centimeter square per hour, are graded by the order of their magnitude as follows. (1) Ginkgo biloba Linne (2) Diospyros Kaki Thumberg. (3) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (4) Larix kaempheri Sargent (5) Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. It is shown, for example, that at the moisture content of 20 percent the highest value revealed by the Ginkgo biloba is in the order of 3.8 times as great as that for Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc. which has the lowest value. Especially below the moisture content of 26 percent, the drying rate, i.e., the function of moisture content in percentage, is represented by the linear equation. All of these linear equations are highly significant in testing the confficient of X i. e., moisture content in percentage. In the Table 2, the symbols are expressed as follows; Y is the quantity of water evaporated from the surface area of 1 centimeter square per hour, and X is the moisture content of the percentage. The drying rate is plotted against the moisture content of the percentage as in Fig. 2. 4. One hundred times the ratio(P%) of the number of samples occuring in the CH 4 class (from 76 to 100% of CH ratio) within the total number of saplmes tested to those of the total which underlie the given SR ratio is measured in Table 3. (The 9% indicated above is assumed as the danger probability in percentage). In summarizing above results, the conclusion is in Table 4. NOTE: In Table 4, the column numbers such as 1. 2 and 3 imply as follows, respectively. 1) The minimum SR ratio which does not reveal the CH 4, class is indicated as in the column 1. 2) The extent of SR ratio which is confined in the safety allowance of 30 percent is shown in the column 2. 3) The lowest limitation of SR ratio which gives the most danger probability of 100 percent is shown in column 3. In analyzing above results, it is clear that chestnut and larch easly form internal stress in comparison with persimmon and pine. However, in considering the fact that the revers, casehardening occured in fir and ginkgo, under the same drying condition with the others, it is deduced that fir and ginkgo form normal casehardening with difficulty in comparison with the other species tested. 5. All kinds of drying defects except casehardening are developed when the internal stresses are in excess of the ultimate strength of material in the case of long-lime loading. Under the drying condition at temperature of $170^{\circ}F$ and the lower humidity. the drying defects are not so severe. However, under the same conditions at $200^{\circ}F$, the lower humidity and not end coated, all sample boards develop severe drying defects. Especially the chestnut was very prone to form the drying defects such as casehardening and splitting.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.3-57
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• 1985

This research was conducted to examine the feasibility of developing fire retardant particleboard and complyboard. Particleboard were manufactured using meranti particle(Shorea spp.)made with Pallmann chipper, and complyboard meranti particle and apitong veneer (Dipterocarpus spp.). Particles were passed through 4mm (6 mesh) and retained on 1mm (25 mesh). Urea formaldehyde resin was added 10 percent on ovendry weight of particle. Face veneer for complyboard was 0.9, 1.6 and 2.3mm in thickness and spread with 36 g/(30.48 cm)$^2$ glue on one side. Veneers were soaked with 10 percent solution of five fire retardant chemicals (diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, Pyresote and Minalith), and particles with 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent solution of five chemicals. Particleboard and complyboard were evaluated on physical and mechanical properties, and fire retardancy. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Among five fire retardant chemicals treated to particleboard and complyboard, the retention of ammonium sulfate in 5 percent solution showed the lowest as 1.39 kg/(30.48 cm)$^3$ exceeding the minimum retention of 1.125 kg/(30.48 cm)$^3$ recommended by Forest Products Laboratory and Koch. 2. Particleboard and complyboard treated with diammonium phosphate showed higher modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond strength and screw holding power than those with the other chemicals. 3. MOR and MOE of complyboard treated with fire retardant chemicals were greater than those of fire retardant particleboard. 4. Thickness swelling of fire retardant complyboard was lower than that of fire retardant particleboard. 5. The moisture content of the boards treated with Pyresote and Minalith increased and with monoammonium phosphate reduced. 6. Fire retardant particleboard showed no ignition, and fire retardant complyboard started ignition, but time required to ignite was prolonged comparing the controlboard. Complyboard with only shell veneer treated showed ignition and lingering flame, but lingering flame time was shorter than controlboard. Complyboard with treated both core and veneer showed ignition but not lingering flame. 7. Flame length, carbonized area and weight loss were smaller than controlboard but had no significant difference among chemicals treated. 8. Temperature of unexposed surface of fire retardant particleboard was lowered with the increasing concentration of five chemicals. 9. Temperature of unexposed surface of fire retardant particleboard was lowered with the highest in Pyresote and the lowest in Minalith. 10. Temperature of unexposed surface of fire retardant complyboard was lower than that of controlboard.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.102-112
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• 1989

Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed on the nine quantitative characters of the one hundred and forty eight silkworm genetic stocks. The six major quantitative characters such as cocoon yield, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell percentage, larval period of the 5th instar silkworm, and total larval period showed significantly positive correlation between them. The first three principal components extracted form the initial nine variables by principal component analysis accounted for about eighty percent of original information. The first and second principal components were characterized as factors related to silk productivity, and cocoon productivity, respectively. On the basis of multivariate analysis using city block distance determined from the first three principal components to measure the phenotypic diversity, the one hundred and forty eight silkworm genetic stocks could be clustered into seven varietal groups, and the phenotypic diversity between the varietal groups was partly related to their geographical origins. Among 7 varietal group, group II and IV revealed higher silk and cocoon productivity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.213-219
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• 2004

Soybean plants were exposed to HTO vapor in an exposure box for 1 hour at different growth stages. Relative concentrations of TFWT at the end of exposure (percent ratios of TFWT concentrations to mean HTO concentrations in air moisture in the box during exposure) decreased on the whole in the order of leaf > shell > seed > stem with the highest values of 40.2% and 6.4% for leaf and stem, respectively. TFWT concentrations reduced by factors of several thousands to several hundred-thousands from the end of exposure till the harvest. The reduction factor decreased in the order of leaf > shell > seed > stem. Relative OBT concentrations at harvest (ratios of the OBT concentration in the dry plant part at harvest to the initial leaf TFWT concentration, ml $g^{-1}$) were in the range of $2.2{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}9.5{\times}10^{-3}$ for seeds being the highest when the exposure was performed at the actively seed-developing stage. The exposure time-dependent variation in the OBT concentration was much greater in seeds and shells than in leaves and stems. It was indicated that OBT would contribute to almost all the radiation dose due to the consumption of soybean seeds in most cases after an acute exposure of growing plants to HTO vapor. Present results are applicable to establishing and validating soybean $^3H$ models for an acute accidental release of HTO.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2002

Concentration of welding fumes and their components is known to be hazardous to welder and adjacent worker. To determine the generation rates of metals in fumes, $CO_2$ flux cored arc welding on stainless steel was performed in well designed fume collection chamber. Variables were different products of flux cored wire(2 domestic products and 4 foreign products) and input energy(low-, optimal- , high input energy). Mass of welding fumes was determined by gravimetric method(NIOSH 0500 method), and 17 metals were analysed by inductively coupled plasm-atomic emission spectroscopy(NIOSH 7300 method). Flux cored wire tube and flux were analysed by scanning electron microscopy to determine their metal composition. 17 metals were classified by their generation rates. Generation rates of iron, manganese, potassium and sodium were all above 50mg/min at optimal input energy level. Generation rates of chromium and amorphous silica were 25~50mg/min. At 1~25mg/min level, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum were included. Copper, zinc, calcium, lead, magnesium, lithium, and cobalt were generated below 1 mg/min. Generation rates of metal components in fumes were influenced by input energy, types of flux cored wire. Flux cored wire was consisted of outer shell tube and inner flux. Iron, chromium, and nickel were the major components of outer tube. Flux contained iron, chromium, nickel, potassium, sodium, silica, and manganese. The use of flux cored wire can increase the hazards by increasing the amounts of fumes formed relative to that of solid wire. The reason might be the direct transfer of elements from the flux, since the flux is fine power. Ratio of metals to the fume of flux cored wire was lower than that of solid wire because non-metal components of flux were transferred. Total metal content of fumes in flux cored arc welding was 47.4(24.3~57.2) percent that is much lower than that of solid wire, 75.9 percent. We found that generation rates of iron, manganese, chromium and nickel, all well known to cause work related disease to welder, increased more rapidly with increasing input energy than those of fumes. To reduce worker exposure to fumes and hazardous component at source, further research is needed to develop new welding filler materials that decrease both the amount of fumes and hazardous components.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.90-100
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• 1975

The estimation of the pre-processing condition of oyster is of great importance for distributors and processors. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating the processing suitability of oyster, which is the most important shellfish for domestic use and export. The data were analysed by measuring the condition index, chemical composition and heavy metal content of oysters. In order to eliminate the manual work that has to be done on a tightly closed oyster shell and avoid shrinkage in the oyster meat which is attendant on the steaming process, chemical means to open oyster were examined. finding the method of pretreatment of polyphosphate for frozen oysters were attempted to improve the product quality. The prevention of undesirable color change of the canned oyster meat is another problem to solve. The important results are as follows : 1. The ratio of meat volume and meat weight to the holding capacity by shells may be useful as an index to measure the condition index of oysters. 2. As a whole, monthly changes of moisture and fat content in oysters were reversely correlated. Protein content slightly decreased from April and rapidly decreased in July, and again rapidly increased in August but from September to November decreased slightly. In April, the content of glycogen was 4 percent. From this period to September, glycogen was rapidly decreased. From July to September, it was only 0. 7 to 1 percent but increased from October. There were little seasonal changes in pH value. The pH value of oyster meat was 6.0 to 6.2. The crude ash content was slightly decreased from June to August. 3. The range of monthly change of heavy metal content are as follows: Total mercury was 0 to 0.019 ppm, cadmium was 0.026 to 0.053 ppm, copper was 0.111 to 0.594 ppm, and lead_was 0.061 to 0.581 ppm. 4. By the results of condition index, chemical composition and heavy metal content of oysters, the suitable harvest season as raw materials for processing was the end of December to the end of May of next year. 5. The pretreatment of 10 percent polyphosphate in 5 percent salt solution of oyster meat appeared effective to reduce thawing drip during cold storage. 6. The pretreatment of $Na_2EDTA$ and BHA did not show the color prevention effect to the canned oyster meat during storage. 7. Magnesium chloride affected to open the valves of oysters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to classify the upper body of women into several kinds of somatotypes, using the method of Surgical Tape and making their shells. The subjects are 53 females 30 to 39 years-old. Fifty-three anthropometric data are measured per shell of bodysurface; six somatotype factors are obtained through principal component analysis and orthogonal rotation by the method of Varimax, Somatotype of women's upper body is achieved by cluster analysis, using the standardized factor score as an independent variable and the FASTCLUS of SAS by Kmeans. The results are as follows: 1. The number of the factors which explain the somatotype is six and those factors comprise 76.12 percent of total variance. Factor 1: related to the size of shape in the front of upper body Factor S: related to the size of shape in the back of upper body Factor 3: related to the type of the upper chest over the chest circumference line Factor 4: related to the length of·the upper body Factor 5: related to the part of the neck Factor 6: related to the type of the lower chest under the chest circumference line 2. Cluster analysis results in classification of upper body into five clusters. Cluster L: the length is the largest and the circumference is small. The part of waist is the largest and widest among surface areas. Cluster 2: Slender body line from chest to waist is characteristic. The length is longer. The part of upper and lower chest is larger among surface areas. Cluster S: the circumference is the smallest and armhole is small. The length and surface area are small. Cluster 4: the circumference and armhole is the largest. The length is the smallest. Cluster 5: the circumference is average and the length is a little long. The body line(silhouette) from chest to waist is curved slightly.