• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2016

The ultrasonic waves for monitoring concrete materials have been used to investigate the setting and hardening process of concrete. This paper presents the application of bender elements for monitoring the hardening properties of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) and the characterization of shear waves in CLSM according to curing time. To ensure the early age properties and flow, the CLSM consists of CSA cement, sand, silt, water, fly ash, and accelerator. In addition, three different type specimens according to fine contents are mixed. A couple of bender elements are installed at the wall of measurement cell and the CLSM specimen are prepared at the measurement cell for 28 days. Experimental results show that the resonant frequency and shear wave velocities increase with an increase in the curing time, regardless of the fine contents. Up to ten hours, the amplitudes of shear waves also increase, and the resonant frequency and shear wave velocities at the same time increase as the fine contents increase. The shear wave measurement technique using the bender elements may be effectively used to evaluate the hardening properties of CLSM along the curing time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.12
• /
• pp.1142-1149
• /
• 2003

The strength and characteristics of the soldering interface of the power semiconductor chip in a power module has been firstly surveyed by the peel strength measurement method. A power module is combined with several power chips which generally has 30∼400$\textrm{mm}^2$ chip area to allow several tens or bigger amps in current rating, so that the traditional methods for interface characterization like shear test could not be applied to high power module. In this study power diode modules were fabricated by using lead-tin solder with 10${\times}$10$\textrm{mm}^2$ or 7${\times}$7$\textrm{mm}^2$ soldering interface. The peel strengths of soldered interfaces were measured and then the microscopic investigation on the fractured surfaces were followed. The peel test indicated that the crack propagated either through the bulk of the soft lead-tin solder which has 55-60 kgf/cm peel strength or along the interface between the solder and the plated nickel layer which has much lower 22 kgf/cm strength. This study showed that the peel test would be a useful method to quantify the solderability as well as to recognize which is the worst interface or the softest material in a power module with a large soldering area.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.197-216
• /
• 2016

The increased speed of a train causes increased loads that act on the track substructures. To ensure the safety of the track substructures, proper maintenance and repair are necessary based on an accurate characterization of strength and stiffness. The objective of this study is to develop and apply a cone penetrometer incorporated with the dynamic cone penetration method (CPD) for investigating track substructures. The CPD consists of an outer rod for dynamic penetration in the ballast layer and an inner rod with load cells for static penetration in the subgrade. Additionally, an energy-monitoring module composed of strain gauges and an accelerometer is connected to the head of the outer rod to measure the dynamic responses during the dynamic penetration. Moreover, eight strain gauges are installed in the load cells for static penetration to measure the cone tip resistance and the friction resistance during static penetration. To investigate the applicability of the developed CPD, laboratory and field tests are performed. The results of the CPD tests, i.e., profiles of the corrected dynamic cone penetration index (CDI), profiles of the cone tip and friction resistances, and the friction ratio are obtained at high resolution. Moreover, the maximum shear modulus of the subgrade is estimated using the relationships between the static penetration resistances and the maximum shear modulus obtained from the laboratory tests. This study suggests that the CPD test may be a useful method for the characterization of track substructures.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.303-314
• /
• 2009

Image analyses for sheared joint specimens are performed to study asperity degradation characteristics with respect to the roughness mobilization of rock joints. Four different types of joint specimens, which are made of high-strength gypsum materials, are prepared by replicating the three-dimensional roughness of rock joints. About twenty jointed rock shear tests are performed at various normal stress levels. The characteristic and scale of asperity degradation on the sheared joint specimens are analyzed using the digital image analysis technique. The results show that the asperity degradation characteristic mainly depends on the normal stress level and can be defined by asperity failure and wear. The asperity degradation develops significantly around the peak shear displacement and the average amount of degraded asperities remains constant with further displacement because of new degradation of small scale asperities. The shear strength results using high-strength gypsum materials can not fully represent physical properties of each mineral particles of asperities on the natural rock joint surface. However the results of this quantitative estimation for the relationship between the peak shear displacement and the asperity degradation suggest that the characterization of asperity degradation provides an important insight into mechanical characteristics and shear models of rock joints.

• Carbon letters
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.58-61
• /
• 2013

In this work, the effect of catalysts on the mechanical properties of carbon fibers-reinforced epoxy matrix composites cured by cationic latent thermal catalysts, i.e., N-benzylpyrazinium hexafluoroantimonate (BPH) was studied. Differential scanning calorimetry was executed for thermal characterization of the epoxy matrix system. Mechanical interfacial properties of the composites were studied by interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), critical stress intensity factor ($K_{IC}$), and specific fracture energy ($G_{IC}$). As a result, the conversion of neat epoxy matrix cured by BPH was higher than that of one cured by diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM). The ILSS, $K_{IC}$, $G_{IC}$, and impact strength of the composites cured by BPH were also superior to those of the composites cured by DDM. This was probably the consequence of the effect of the substituted benzene group of BPH catalyst, resulting in an increase in the cross-link density and structural stability of the composites studied.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 1994

There has been considerable research dealing with the influence of surface roughness along surfaces of rock discontinuities in relation to the peak shear strength of rock masses. Concepts accepted recently for measuring such strength include estimation of a roughness coefficient such as developed by Barton's studies. The method for estimation the Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) value of a measured roughness profile is subjective. The aim of this research is to estimate the JRC value of the roughness of a surface profile in a rock mass system using an objective method. The study of roughness of surfaces has included measurement of fractal geometric characteristics. Once the irregularity of the surface has been described by the fractal dimension, the spatial variation of the surface irregularities can be described using variogram and drift analysis. An empirical relationships between the roughness profiles of selected JRC ranges and their fractal dimension with variogram and drift were derived. The application of analyses of fractal dimension, variogram and drift was novel for the analysis of roughness profiles. Also, an empirical equation was applied to experimental data.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.223-231
• /
• 2019

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of an indirect resin composite (IRC) to the various resin matrix ceramic (RMC) blocks using different surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety-nine cubic RMC specimens consisting of a resin nanoceramic (RNC), a polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic (PIHC), and a flexible hybrid ceramic (FHC) were divided randomly into three surface treatment subgroups (n = 11). In the experimental groups, untreated (Cnt), tribochemical silica coating (Tbc), and Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation (Lsr) with 3 W (150 mJ/pulse, 20 Hz for 20 sec.) were used as surface treatments. An indirect composite resin (IRC) was layered with a disc-shape mold ($2{\times}3mm$) onto the treated-ceramic surfaces and the specimens submitted to thermal cycling (6000 cycles, $5-55^{\circ}C$). The SBS test of specimens was performed using a universal testing machine and the specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscope to determine the failure mode. Data were statistically analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. According to the two-way ANOVA, only the surface treatment parameter was statistically significant (P<.05) on the SBS of IRC to RMC. The SBS values of Lsr-applied RMC groups were significantly higher than Cnt groups for each RMC material, (P<.05). Significant differences were also determined between Tbc surface treatment applied and untreated (Cnt) PIHC materials (P=.039). CONCLUSION. For promoting a reliable bond strength during characterization of RMC with IRC, Nd:YAG laser or Tbc surface treatment technique should be used, putting in consideration the microstructure and composition of RMC materials and appropriate parameters for each material.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.803-816
• /
• 2022

Composite materials are effective in forming externally bonded reinforcements which find applications related to existing structures repair, attributed to their high strength-to-weight ratio and ease of installation. Among various composites, fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) have somewhat been largely accepted as a commonly utilized composite for such purposes. It is only recently that steel fibres have been considered as additional members of the FRP fibre family, intuitively termed as steel reinforced polymer (SRP). Owing to its low cost and permissibility of fibre bending at sharp corners, SRP is rapidly becoming a viable contender to other FRP systems. This paper investigates the bond behaviour of SRP-concrete joints with different bonded lengths (50, 75, 100, 150 and 300 mm) and widths (15, 30, 40, 50, and 75 mm) using single-lap shear tests. The experimental specimens contain SRP strips with a fixed density of steel fibres (0.472 cords/mm) bonded to the face of concrete prisms. The load responses were obtained and compared in terms of corresponding load and slip boundaries of the constant region and the peak loads. The failure modes of SRP composites are discussed, and the range of effective bonded length is evaluated herein. In the end, a new analytical model was proposed to estimate the SRP-concrete bond strength using a genetic algorithm, which outperforms 22 existing FRP-concrete bond strength models.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.70 no.2
• /
• pp.233-243
• /
• 2019

This paper depicts the development and characterizations of laminated composites made with cellulosic giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea) fiber mats and epoxy resin. Zirconia-toughened mullite (ZTM) is used as a filler material in the laminated composite which was prepared from sillimanite through plasma processing technique. The mechanical characterizations of this composite have been carried out as per ASTM standards to evaluate its usability as a structural material. The effects of varying weight percentages of the filler and two different fiber orientations namely, angle-ply [$+45^{\circ}/-45^{\circ}/+45^{\circ}$] and balanced cross-ply [$0^{\circ}/90^{\circ}/0^{\circ}$] on the physical and mechanical properties such as density, microhardness, impact strength, tensile strength and interlaminar shear strength of the layered composite specimens have been investigated. The study indicates that the inclusion of zirconia-toughened mullite in the composite laminate as filler improves its mechanical properties. Moreover, the use of giant cane fiber mat in the laminate is more eco-friendly than the synthetic fibers. This research also helps in generating additional data to enrich the repository of natural fiber reinforced laminated composites.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 1988

The polysaccharide produced by pseudomonas elodea, Gellan gum, was rheologically characterized, compared with agar. Rheological properties were determined from the change in the value of intrinsic viscosity with the pH and salt concentration. At the range of pH 2∼ll and salt 0∼0.16M KC1, the intrinsic viscosity of Gellan gum ranged from 8.8 to 21.2dl/g and agar ranged from 1.97 to 11.46d1/g. In the absence of salt, the intrinsic viscosity of Gellan gum increased as the pH of solution increased up to neutral pH then decreased slightly at alkaline pH, whearas the intrinsic viscosity of agar increased as the pH of solution increased up to pH 9 then decreased slightly. Intrinsic viscosity of Gellan gum and agar decreased with an increase in salt concentration. The chain stiffness parameter for the Gellan gum was 0.033. The overlap parameter of Gellan gum and agar were 0.047g/dl and 0.087g/dl, respectively. Gellan gum and agar were shear rate dependent or pseudoplastic. The yield stress and proportionality constant of Gellan gum increased slightly as the concentration increase, on the other hand, the shear index of Gellan gum showed a maximum at 0.75g/dl and gradually decreased as the concentration increase. The apparent viscosity of Gellan gum and agar decreased as the temperature increase. A lower concentration of the divalent cations calcium and magnesium is required to obtain maximum gel strength than for the monovalent cations sodium and potassium.