• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2013

Objective : The main idea of this article is to investigate the specialization of Chinese traditional medicine. The ancient shaman played a bridge role between human beings and supernatural things like ghosts. Even though he didn't have the super power, the ancients believed that he could take care of all kinds of illness. Therefore, it can be said that the medicine of Zhou Dynasty was still under the shamanism although it had already started to be specialized and professionalized. And it was the important role of the ancient shaman of that period that gave patients the shamanistic treatment on the ground of the specialized medical knowledge, which was commonly activated during that time. Method : This article is going to look into the detailed aspects of the specialization of Chinese traditional medicine through the some kinds of written attestations of Zhou Dynasty. Result : The medical knowledge of that time stayed in the early stage, so it was simple and raw. Also it had scientific and unscientific characters in itself at the same time. That's why it could be included in the shamanism; the details can be offered through another article of mine entitled A Research of Shamanistic Medical Activities on Written Attestations in the Zhou Dynasty(兩周時期的醫療巫術), which is being written now. Conclusion : From beginning of the Eastern Zhou period, the medicine gradually got to be specialized. And then the specialized medical treatment and shamanistic medical activities began to be divided as the different two occupations. Searching for various written attestations of that period, we can see lots of records about the specialized medicine treatment such as acupuncture and moxibustion and the medical substances.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.712-722
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 박락과 오염이 심하여 보존 상태가 좋지 않은 치성광여래 무신도에 대한 과학적 조사를 기초로 보존처리를 진행한 논문이다. 연구 방법으로는 상태 조사와 과학적 장비를 이용하여 무신도의 재질과 제작 방법을 파악하였다. 사용 장비로는 색차계와 실체현미경 그리고 휴대용 현미경, P-XRF, FT-IR, SEM-EDS를 이용하여 배접지와 바탕재의 종류와 채색 안료 성분분석을 하였다. 분석결과 배접지는 펄프지, 바탕재는 합성섬유인 폴리에스테르로 확인되었다. 또한 사용 안료는 적색 안료인 연단[Red Lead, Pb₃O₄], 백색 안료인 호분[Oyster Shell White, CaCO₃]을 제외하고 나머지는 합성안료로 확인되었다. 또한, 19세기 후반 무신도에서 주로 확인되는 녹색안료인 에메랄드그린[Emerald Green, Cu(C₂H₃O₂)₂·3Cu(AsO₂)₂]이 검출되었다. 이와 같은 분석을 통하여 확인된 재질 및 안료를 사용하여 치성광여래 무신도의 보존처리를 진행하여 보존하고자 하였다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.79-99
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• 2007

Basic summary of the medical administration : Due to Qing dynasty being the last of the dynastic era, it revealed overall extreme political traits in politics, economy, phenomenon, and cultural aspects. Few emperors of the early Qing dynasty adopted appeasement policy that mitigated ironies to a certain extent and showed growth in various business related fields. Even the medical administration had freshness during that period. United medical administrative system was generally formed, chicken pox was effectively prevented, shamanistic treatment was banned, medical journals were complied by the government, medical relief was more intensely done. However, actions on restoring Ming dynasty and against Qing dynasty as well as the reform power grew against Qing government threatening it. The drastically grown forces from the western region damaged Qing dynasty that the governors had to adopt despotic measures in politics, economy and culture. Social chaos began to arise, economy stagnated and weakened that the medical field also dwindled to the point where it could not be restored to the original point. The era of Qing dynasty was the period that had scientific culture at its fast growing pace, but for Chinese medicine, by contrary, due to autocracy and other factors, was faced with barriers in the medical development.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.98-118
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• 2008

Basic summary of the medical administration : Due to Qing dynasty being the last of the dynastic era, it revealed overall extreme political traits in politics, economy, phenomenon, and cultural aspects. Few emperors of the early Qing dynasty adopted appeasement policy that mitigated ironies to a certain extent and showed growth in various business related fields. Even the medical administration had freshness during that period. United medical administrative system was generally formed, chicken pox was effectively prevented, shamanistic treatment was banned, medical journals were complied by the government, medical relief was more intensely done. However, actions on restoring Ming dynasty and against Qing dynasty as well as the reform power grew against Qing government threatening it. The drastically grown forces from the western region dan1aged Qing dynasty that the governors had to adopt despotic measures in politics, economy and culture. Social chaos began to arise, economy stagnated and weakened that the medical field also dwindled to the point where it could not be restored to the original point. The era of Qing dynasty was the period that had scientific culture at its fast growing pace, but for Chinese medicine, by contrary, due to autocracy and other factors, was faced with barriers in the medical development.

• 대한간호
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.86-98
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• 1994

We have examined the development and conceptual definition of shamanism and divination through significant characteristics of various illnesses. However, the terrminology has been inconsistent and its real conceptual meaning is not well defined. Divination is a historically dominant religious practice which represents the core of Korean folk culture. Despite prevalent prejudice toward its primitive nature, we cannot deny its profound relationship to our unconscious, especially our reliance on its religious role whenever we face crisis or conflict. It is therefore appropriate to use the term divination in this context. Shamanism originated as humanity's oldest mode of communication with divine - a religion, The shaman is not a sorceress but a priestess, a healer, a spritual guide, a leader, a mystic, traditionally having a different significance from that of the contemporary diviner or "shaman". The traditional concept of illness has been profoundly altered to serve new functions: while the shamanistic view is based upon spiritual abduction, divination on the other hand invokes concepts of spiritual invasion phenomena such as spirit intrusion, taboo violations, soul loss, object instrusion, deviations from the appropriate spiritual path besiegement, and curess or predestination (the idea that the sufferer is born with his fate), We should therefore try to understand divination from a more holistic point of view, rather than attempting to fit it into the standrd medical illness. We must recognize divination as a phenomenon within our culture, since most people have a mixed conception of illness arising from a combination of divinational and modem concepts, Since divination's humanistic approach is ingrained in our people, to irresponsibly ignore the spiritual aspects of treatment would exert a negative influence on our culture, Especially now, while attraction is focused on Korean culture and its influence on every aspect of our livies, it is important for nurses to expand our horizons in order to create a way of nursing more suitable to Korean culture. Increased importance is now being given to the opinions of patients themselves about their own illness and health, so nurses should seek to understand how patients accept their illness and what particular kinds of help they expect to receive. Consequently, an understanding of traditional divinations will enable us to utilize these characteristics on the job in order to enhance nursing care.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.25-38
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• 1978

A survey was made with regard to understanding attitude and practical use of modern and traditional methods of health care in a rural village with 742 inhabitants which comes under one of the whole three types of Korean rural community, to find out the following facts. 1. Among the five types of health-care given, the most understood, chosen and used one was the doctor followed next by pharmacy and continually herb doctor, folkways method, shamanistic treatment; the last shown method was principally chosen to use by only one among 139 housewives as respondants available, 2. Between herb medicine and folkways method of care, the former was more relief upon than the latter while the latter was more used than the former, seemingly because of relative low cast of the latter. 3. A considerable part of those who mainly used the doctor or pharmacy also used herb doctor or folkways care； modern and traditional care methods coexisted in the pertaining community. 4. Nearly all of the respondants ware, reasonably, aware of effectiveness of modern types of health-care; but, at the same time, more than a half of them had a positive attitude towards traditional method as well. 5, On the whole, the respondants made a distinction between traditional health-care methods and shamanism, regarding the latter as ineffective. 6. The result hints that it would be desirable for health-care professionals to inquire into traditional methods of health-care with a view to being more acquainted with rural residents and so raising their use of services by experts. 7. It should be added that the results of this piece of study may have a general significance only within those communities which shares the same socio-cultural background and characteristic of the surveyed one.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제6호
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• pp.101-121
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• 2008

An artist, Oh Yun(1946~86)'s theory of people's art during his final period is summed up in his essay 'Expansion of Artistic Imagination and World' (1985). Emphasizing the mystic and traditional characteristics of Oh Yun's artistic oeuvre during his final period, some critics focus on Oh Yun's experience of medical treatment and shamanistic custom at Jin Do island, and his belief in Jeung San Do, the dao of Jeung-san, the Ruler of the Universe. However, they forget the practical intention and implication of his theory of art during his final period, which aimed to overcome the contradiction of revelation itself. Oh Yun's essay criticized the loss of artistic imagination and the ignorance of traditional culture that resulted from the elevation of science to a religion, and insisted that the stereotyped idealism, scientism and elitism in art should be overcome in order to recover the full reality in realism and to continue traditional cultures. The essay is comprised of 18 paragraphs. Oh Yun criticized monochromatic art, conceptual art, hyper-realistic art, objet d'art, and neo-dadaist art, saying that they were simply mechanical forms of modern art derived from scientism and a fetishistic lens culture. In addition, he criticized naturalism in art, which had continued as a tendency in the development of western art, for the same reason. He pointed out that even the world of realism had been diminished by elite stereotypes and diagrams. He declared the need to overcome the imitation of shells or stereotyped propaganda, and recover full realism, which seems to have started with a reflective examination of current problems in 'Reality and Utterance', in which he participated. Especially, he thought that universality and the extension of full realism could be achieved by building on the views of traditional cultures, which is meaningful. This logic is same as the theory of epic theatre that Bertolt Brecht(1898~1956) has developed under the ancient Greek masque and Pieter Bruegel the Elder(1525~69)'s story-like picture style. The universality of realism and the extension of acquisition to include incantation art, rather than move toward incantation art, is what Oh Yun intended to propose in 'Artistic Imagination'. This attitude is same as Bertoh Brecht's aesthetic viewpoint in the 1930s. But regrettably, Oh Yun's style wording, which seems covert and far-sighted, is often misunderstood as 'mysticism'. In the flow of people's art in the 1980s, Oh Yun was a traditionalist in a narrow sense, and an realist in a broad sense. However, his critical mind, which comprehends tradition and reality, was attempting to expand universality and extend full realism, and this attempt found many sympathizers and had an influence on the next generation of people's artists, such as "Levee" which is field-centered, to which we should pay attention. This means that while their works thought about 'tradition', we should be careful not to connect them with 'aesthetic conservatism' or 'classical art'. This is the why the meaning of Oh Yun's theory of art during his final period should be closely examined again.