• 한국농공학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ponding depth treatment on water balance in paddy fields. Three ponding depth treatments, very shallow, shallow, and deep were used. The experimental plots were three 80m $\times$ 8m rectangular plots. Daily values of rainfall amount, ponding depth, irrigation water, drainage water, evapotranspiration, and infiltration were measured in the field. The ponding depth was continuously observed by water level logger during the growing season. The ET was measured by 1-m diameter PVC lysimeters. Irrigation water volume was measured by 75 mm pipe flowmeters and the drainage water volume by 75 mm pipe flowmeters and a recording Parshall flume. The results showed that irrigation water depths were 688.9 mm, 513.6 mm, and 624.4 mm in very shallow, shallow, and deep ponding, respectively. The effective rainfall amounts (effective ratio) were 243.7 mm(48.8%), 344.6 mm(68.9%), and 272.9 mm(54.6%) in very shallow, shallow, and deep ponding, respectively. The three treatments did not show any statistical difference in growth and yields. But the shallow depth treatment showed the largest yield.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2000

As the demand for higher areal recording densities requires a lower flying height of the slider, the variation of the flying height of the slider during drive operation becomes of great concern. The variation of the flying height is closely related with the slider design parameters such as air bearing shape, cavity depth, shallow step depth, crown, camber, pitch offset, roll offset, gram load, and so on. The objective of this work is to optimize the cavity depth and the shallow step depth, which are the control factors in air bearing design, using Robust Design method. It was found that the shallow step depth was statistically significant in affecting the variation of flying height, therefore the level of the shallow step depth should be chosen to minimize the variation of flying height.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate tile effects of pending depth treatment on water balance in paddy fields. Field experiment was performed in an experimental farm in Taegu, southern part of Korea during the rice growing season In 2001, 2002 and 2003. Experimental plots were three 8m ${\times}$ 80m rectangular plots. Three pending depth treatments, very shallow, shallow, and deep were used. Daily values of water balance components were measured in the field. The irrigation amounts measured at the experimental plots showed that the very shallow and the shallow ponded plots required smaller amount than the deep ponded plot. The shallow ponded plot saved irrigation water about 17.7% compared with the traditional deep ponded plot in 2001 The very shallow ponded plot saved irrigation water about 25.7% compared with the traditional deep ponded Plot in 2002, The shallow ponded plot saved irrigation water about 18% compared with the deep ponded plot in 2003.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2002년도 기초기술위원회 워크샵
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• pp.53-80
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• 2002

Settlement in the Shallow Foundation are presented. Various practical methods to calculate immediate settlement, consolidation settlement, and secondary compression of the compressive soils under the shallow foundation are summerized. Especially the critical depth for settlement calculation, the contact pressure, the allowable settlement of the shallow foundation are recommended.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2001년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.99-105
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of pending depth treatment on water balance in paddy fields. The pending depth treatments were very shallow, shallow and deep. The experimental plots were three $80m{\times}25m$ rectangular plots. Daily values of rainfall amount, pending depth, irrigation water, drainage water, evapotranspiration, infiltration, and piezometeric head were measured in the field. The pending depth was continuously observered by water level logger during the growing season. The ET was measured in 1m diameter PVC lysimeters. Irrigation water volume was measured by 75m pipe flow meter and the drainage water volume was measured by 25mm and 75mm pipe flow meters and a recording Parshall fulume. PVC pipe piezometers with 12mm diameter were used. The results of the water balance showed that irrigation water of 881.1mm, 735.4mm, and 532.6mm in very shallow, shallow, and deep pending, respectively. The effective rainfall was 182.6mm(44.6%), 254.7mm(62.2%), and 188.6mm(46.0%) in very shallow, shallow, and deep pending, respectively. The results show that the shallow pending depth looks the best of the three treatments.

• 한국항만학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2000

This paper presents an automatic mesh generation considering water depth, which is based on the depth interpolation. The key feature of this method is that the position of a mesh on any depth in the shallow water area can be generated. The Examples are carried out, and the results are shown to be good. This method is shown to be a useful and powerful tool for the flow calculation for the seabed topography.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.44-48
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• 2013

This paper describes the design and implementation of a practical underwater positioning system, which is applicable for shallow water depth conditions. In this paper, two strategies are used to enhance the navigation performance. First, a low-cost acoustic-ranging-based precise navigation solution for shallow water is designed. Then, the outlier rejection algorithm is introduced by designing a velocity gate. The acoustic-ranging-based navigation is implemented by modifying the long base line solution. To enhance the tracking precision, the outlier rejection algorithm is introduced. The performance of the developed approach is evaluated using experiments. The results demonstrate that precise shallow water depth navigation can be implemented using the suggested approaches.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2002년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.9-12
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ponding depth treatment on evapotranspiration in paddy fields. Three poding depth treatments, very sallow, shallow, and deep were used. The experimental plots were three $80m{\times}8m$ rectangular plots. Daily values of rainfall amount, ponding depth, irrigation water, drainage water, evapotranspiration, and infiltration were measured in the field. The ponding depth was continuously observed by observed nstaff during the growing season. The ET was measured by 1m diameter PVC lysimeters. Irrigation water volume was measured by 75 mm pipe flow-meters and the drainage water volume by 75 mm pipe flow-meters and a recording parshall flume. The results showed that irrigation water depths were 688.9 mm, 513.6 mm, and 624.4 mm in 2001, and 356.9 mm, 428.6 mm, and 513.2 mm in 2002 in very shallow, shallow, and deep ponding, respectively. The evapotranspiration were 465.0 mm, 484.1 mm, and 415.1 mm in 2001 and 461.3 mm, 476.3 mm, and 470.6 mm in 2002 in very shallow, shallow, and deep ponding, respectively.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.123-135
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the depth of antegonial notch and the craniofacial morphology, and to predict the mandibular growth direction & potential in class III malocclusion. The computerized analyses were carried out on longitudinal lateral cephalometric radiographs of 50 children with class III malocclusion, divided into two groups ; 30 deep notch subjects (more than 2.6mm) and 20 shallow notch subjects (less than 1.5mm). The conclusions were as follows: 1. The mandibular growth direction in deep notch group was more vertically directed than in shallow notch group. 2. Deep notch group had shorter anterior & posterior cranial base than shallow notch group. 3. There was not significant difference between deep & shallow notch groups in the amount of mandibular growth during treatment period. 4. Notch depth increased in both deep & shallow notch groups during treatment period.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2003

Pilot study was conducted to examine the effects of ponded-water depth and reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice culture. For the ponded-water depth effect, three treatments of shallow, traditional, and deep water depths were applied, and each treatment was triplicated. The irrigation water for the treatment pots was an effluent from constructed wetland system for sewage treatment, while the control pot was irrigated with tap water kept traditional ponded-water depth. Irrigation water quantity varied with ponded-water depth as expected and drainage water quantity also varied similarly, which implies that shallow irrigation might save irrigation water and also reduce environmental impacts on downstream water quality. Rice growth and production were not significantly affected by ponded-water depth within the experimental condition, instead there was an indication of increased production in shallow and deep ponded-water depths compared to the traditional practice. Raising drainage outlet to the adequate height in paddy dike might be beneficial to save water resources within the paddy field. There was no adverse effect observed in reclaimed wastewater irrigation on the rice production, and mean yield was even greater than the control pots with tap water irrigation although statistically not significant. Water-saving irrigation by shallow ponded-water depth, raising the outlet height in diked rice paddy fields, minimizing forced surface drainage by well-planned irrigation, and reclaimed wastewater irrigation are suggested to save water and protect water quality. However, deviation from traditional farming practices might affect rice growth in long term, and therefore, further investigations are recommended before full scale application.