• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.14-26
• /
• 2010

This study aims to investigate how the woman's beauty makeup trend had been changed in 1960s by analyzing the characteristics of woman's make-up in that period. For this study, a lot of documents and papers related to the woman's make-up were collected and reviewed. In particular, to analyze the characteristics of woman's make up trend in 1960s, a lot of women's pictures and makeup-related articles from 143 volumes of woman's magazines such as Yeowon and Jubusaenghwal were collected. Among the 624 pictures, fifty two pictures which were good enough for studying the total face and makeup were used for this study. The period of this study ranges from 1960 through 1969 and the analysis is focused on skin expression, eyebrow, eye shadow, eye line, lipstick, and brusher and through the related articles, the intention and contents of make up. were delivered and found out. The results are as follows. In early 1960s, the woman's make up was characterized by the make up ranging from unnatural and gray skin expression to dense pink skin expression, giving natural and glossy tint onto the skin and in particular putting a bright accent on the eyelid, eye or lip. In the mid-1960s, the make up style expressed skin more naturally, giving more shading on the eyelid, nose and lip, thus having cubic make-up. In the late 1960s, the make up became more refined and harmonized by using colors according to the TPO (time, place and objective) and skin color. The study results show that the women in 1960s pursued the "cute and young looking image" and used the make up to express their images young and cute. In the mid 1960s, the minimalism which pursued the pure and simple make up appeared in US. That trend affected the make up style of Korean women and hence Korean women showed more natural make up style in the mid and late 1960s.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.54-63
• /
• 2017

The various colors and transparency of DSC and operability unrelated with directions greatly expand the use of BIPV, as a multi-functional composite of module. Therefore the possibility of DSC BIPV is examined by the case study and the analysis and then its applicability is examined. Most of the DSC BIPVs, which are found through a total of six case studies and analyzes in Korea and abroad, are mainly implemented with window glass and shading devices. This is related to the DSC transparency property. Improvements are due to the irritation of the eye due to the color of the red module. Therefore, it is important to take into account the color of the BIPV window depending on the use of the building and the room. Meanwhile, some colors of application model may stimulate eyes and such colors should be considered by use of buildings and rooms in the application of BIPV window. DSC BIPV has prospective diffusibility with the development of flexible module for the application of building surface.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 2004

Focusing on WBGT(Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer Index) according to the LAI(Leaf Area Index) variation of trees, this study verifies the effects of urban shade trees on the outdoor thermal environment. As for methodology, air$.$globe temperature, air humidity and WBGT were measured under three shade trees whose LAIs were 2.1, 4.0 and 8.2 respectively at midday(12:00-13:00) of 14 sunny days from the 4th through the 29th day of September 2003. Those factors were also measured at the unshaded areas and compared with the values of shaded areas. The measured site was paved with interlocking concrete bricks. The measurements were analyzed through the ANCOV A(Analysis of Covariance) and the regression routines of SPSS11 for windows (SPSS Inc., 2001). The major findings were as follows. 1. The direct correlation between WBGT and LAI was very low. On the contrary, the WBGT showed close correlation with air$.$globe temperature and air humidity, and the LAI also showed very close correlation with globe temperature. These results tell that dominant shading effect by the tree is on the screening of direct solar radiation which lower the globe temperature and WBGT consequently. 2. While the average globe temperatures and WBGT at unshadowed area were 40.4$^{\circ}C$ and 26.2$^{\circ}C$ respectively, the former under the shade tree with LAI 2.1, 4.0 and 8.2 were 34.5$^{\circ}C$, 32.6$^{\circ}C$ and 30.2$^{\circ}C$, and the latter were 24.6$^{\circ}C$, 24$^{\circ}C$ and 23.4$^{\circ}C$ respectively. 3. The relationship between LAI(x) and WBGT(y) can be presented with the following equation: y = 24.23+1.53 $e^{-x}$+0.36x $e^{-x}$+0.46 $x^2$ $e^{-x}$ ($R^2$ =.98) =.98)

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.06a
• /
• pp.751-755
• /
• 2005

We propose a sound source localization method using the Head-Related-Transfer-Function (HRTF) to be implemented in a robot platform. In conventional localization methods, the location of a sound source is estimated from the time delays of wave fronts arriving in each microphone standing in an array formation in free-field. In case of a human head this corresponds to Interaural-Time-Delay (ITD) which is simply the time delay of incoming sound waves between the two ears. Although ITD is an excellent sound cue in stimulating a lateral perception on the horizontal plane, confusion is often raised when tracking the sound location from ITD alone because each sound source and its mirror image about the interaural axis share the same ITD. On the other hand, HRTFs associated with a dummy head microphone system or a robot platform with several microphones contain not only the information regarding proper time delays but also phase and magnitude distortions due to diffraction and scattering by the shading object such as the head and body of the platform. As a result, a set of HRTFs for any given platform provides a substantial amount of information as to the whereabouts of the source once proper analysis can be performed. In this study, we introduce new phase and magnitude criteria to be satisfied by a set of output signals from the microphones in order to find the sound source location in accordance with the HRTF database empirically obtained in an anechoic chamber with the given platform. The suggested method is verified through an experiment in a household environment and compared against the conventional method in performance.

• Architectural research
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.41-52
• /
• 2020

Laboratory buildings with specialized equipment and ventilation systems pose challenges in terms of efficient energy use and initial construction costs. Additionally, lab spaces should have flexible and efficient layouts and provide a comfortable indoor research environment. Therefore, this study aims to identify the correlation between the facade of a building and its interior layout from case studies of energy-efficient research labs and to propose passive energy design strategies for the establishment of an optimal research environment. The case studies in this paper were selected from the American Institute of Architects Committee on the Environment Top Ten Projects and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified research lab projects. In this paper, the passive design strategies of space zoning, façade design devices to control heating and cooling loads were analyzed. Additionally, the relationships between these strategies and the interior lab layouts, lab support spaces, offices, and circulation areas were examined. The following four conclusions were drawn from the analysis of various cases: 1) space zoning for grouping areas with similar energy requirements is performed to concentrate similar heating and cooling demands to simplify the HVAC loads. 2) Public areas such as corridor, atrium, or courtyard can serve as buffer zones that employ passive solar design to minimize the mechanical energy load. 3) A balanced window-to-wall ratio (WWR), exterior shading devices, and natural ventilation systems are applied according to the space programming energy requirements to minimize the dependence on mechanical service. 4) Lastly, typical laboratory space zoning categories can be revised, reversed, and even reconfigured to minimize the energy load and adjust to the site context. This study can provide deep insights into various design strategies employed for construction of green laboratories along with intuitive arrangement of various building components such as laboratory spaces, lab support spaces, office spaces, and common public areas. The key findings of this study can contribute towards creating improved designs of laboratory facilities with reduced carbon footprint and greenhouse emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.159-172
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate visual evaluation according to various methods of motif presentation and the value contrast between the motif and background. The instruments developed for this purpose were two sets of stimuli and a response scale. the first set consisted of pattern stimuli. they were eight photographs of floral patterns constructed by using six different motif presentation methods and two different value contrasts. The second set had eight clothing stimuli, photographs of clothings with the above floral patterns. The 7-point sementic differential scale of 19 bipolar adjectives was used as the response scale. The data was analyzed by factor analysis, ANOVA and T-test. The major findings from this study were as follows; 1. Four factors emerged to account for the dimensional structure of the floral pattern image. These factors were attractiveness, tenderness, attention, and maturity. among them attractiveness and tenderness were the major dimensions 2. The patterns and the clothings had no significant difference from each other in terms of attractiveness and tenderness, but in terms of maturity and attention. The pattern presented a cute and sober image, but the clothing presented mature and gorgeous image. 3. methods of motif presentation had significant effects on all the factors. The pattern by shading method gave the most attractive and soft image, the one by line the most soberest, the one by area the most gorgeous, the one by collage the most unattractive, hardest, and cutest, and the one by mosaics the maturest. 4. The value contrast between the motif and background had no significant effects on attractiveness and maturity, but on tenderness and attention. The patterns with a high valued background presented a soft image, but the one with a low valued background a hard image. The patterns with a low valued area presented gorgeous image.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.47-57
• /
• 2017

CIGS thin film solar cells are technically suitable for BIPV applications than regularly used crystalline silicon solar cells. Particularly, CIGS PV has lower temperature coefficient than crystalline silicon PV, thus decrease in power generation is lowered in CIGS PV. Moreover, CIGS PV can decrease shading loss when applied to the BIPV system, and the total annual power generation is higher than crystalline silicon. However, there are few studies on the installation factors affecting the performance of BIPV system with CIGS module. In this study, BIPV curtain wall unit with CIGS PV module was designed. To prevent increase of temperature of CIGS PV module by solar radiation, ventilation was considered at the backside of the unit. The thermal specification and electrical performance of CIGS PV of the ventilated unit was analyzed experimentally. Non-ventilated unit was also investigated and compared with ventilated unit. The results showed that the average CIGS temperature of the ventilated curtain wall unit was $6.8^{\circ}C$ lower than non-ventilated type and the efficiency and power generation performance of ventilated CIGS PV on average was, respectively, about 6% and 5.8% higher than the non-ventilated type.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.19-34
• /
• 2009

This paper presents an automatic rendering system for 3D meshes which generates images in the style of oriental black ink painting. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of black ink painting and present some requirements for our black ink rendering system. Then we survey the steps used by artists to create black ink paintings. Based on the analysis of drawing steps, we propose a black ink rendering system which reproduces the key features of black ink painting through three sub-systems: the feature line layer, the interior shading layer, and the media layer. The main contribution of this paper is to introduce new methods which generate realistic and natural results very fast while any simulation methods are not used to satisfy real-time performance. We describe our implementation of each of these, and demonstrate our results in the major three styles of black ink painting: the outline style, the spontaneous style, and the outline-spontaneous style. Our system renders 3D models of moderate complexity at interactive frame rates. As a result, we expect that our system can be directly applied to real-time applications such as computer games and virtual environments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.95 no.1
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2006

Using GJS and fuzzy sets, a model was developed for evaluating the site-suitability of forest stands for extracting sap of Acer pictum Thunb. var. mono in Mt. Baekun area. In the model, the productivity of sap extraction was expressed as the function of biotic and abiotic site factors. Among the factors, the topographic terrain conditions and accessibility of forest stands were chosen to consider working environment of the sap extraction. The difference in measurements of the factors between sap-extraction and non-sap-extraction forest stands was used in determining the weight of the relative importance for sap extraction productivity. The weight for distance-to-stream, vegetation type and shading condition turned out relatively higher than those for tree age, distance-to-road and DBH. Based on the results, a site-suitability map in Mt. Baekun area for sap extraction was built.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.288-294
• /
• 1994

Seedling vigor of introgressive hybrids between birdsfoot refoil 'MO-20"(Lotus corniculatus) used as the maternal parent and tetraploid(2n=4x=24)accession PI302921 narrowleaf trefoil(Lotus corniculatus L.), and parents were compared in terms of dry matter accumulation , net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration rate, and growth analysis. The hybrids showed better seedling vigor than PI302921 as they had lower dark respiration rate and higher relative growth rate (RGR) than PI302921. Hybrids grew faster than MO-20, but there was not significant difference between them. Net photosynthesis per unit area increased during three weeks after emergence without difference among the entries, then decreased sharply with leaf age and shading marking much differences among entries Dark respiration rate was very high just after emergence, after which it decreased rapidly until it reached a stable level at 1 week through 3 weeks of age, and then dropped again. In general, dark respiration, photosynthesis, and seedling growth of the hybrid was similar to those if MO-20. Although there are some reports about interspecific hybrids of Lotus species, it still remains as a new area for genetic improvement of seedling vigor of L. corniculatus.atus.