• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 1987

Exochorda serratifolia, broad-leaved shrub has beautiful flowers and is resistant to cold, shade and decease. New this native plant is considered to be worth being exploited as the outstanding plant for landscaping and horticulture. So this study was executed to utilize Exochorda serratifolia as the planting material for landscaping and horticulture through the survey of its habitat environment and the experimennt of its seed physiology and germination, vegetative propagation, culture and utilization, etc.. The results are as follows ; 1. The color of the flower is white, blooming in the early and middle of May and the seeds ripen late in Sep.. 2. The elevation, elevation, gradient and direction of the native habitat were 250m, 20-25$^{\circ}$and northern side respectively. 3. The soil pH of the natural habitat was 5.3 and soil fertility was poor. 4. Exochorda serratifolia appeared as indicator within P. densiflora community and its neighboring species were Q. mongolica, Q. dentata, R. mucronulatum, L. obtusiloba, E. oxyphillus, C. heterolphylla, var thunbergii, etc.. 5. The optimum temperature for seed germination was found at 20$^{\circ}C$ and the longer the stratification period at 5$^{\circ}C$ was, the lower the germination rate was. 6. The treat merits of GA and Kinetin increased the seed germination rate, especially under the dark condition but their high concentrations decreased the seed germination rate. 7. The rooted rate of the greenwood cutting was the highest at IBA 100ppm plot of vermiculite bed but its high concentration decreased the rooted rate conspicuously. 8. In the tissue culture, the each 1.0 ppd plot of NAA, Kinetin and NAA 1.0ppm + Kinetin showed the best growth. And the mixture of NAA 1.0ppm and Kinetin showed better growth than the single treatment of NAA or Kinetin did. 9. Transplanted Exochorda serratifolia showed healthy growth with shaded environmental condition(42.1% light intensity), therefore they can be cultivated as a shade tolerant landscape plant. 10. It was considered that Exochorda serratifolia was applicable to group planting at shade places or under trees in parks, homes, etc..

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

As cool-season plant, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is planted under shade-installation with tall front and low rear. However, at different planting positions, distinct differences come out because ginseng grows at the same position within 3~5 years and the growth circumstance changes a lot by the shade-installation. So, in this study, changes of temperature, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence with varieties of shading material and planting position were investigated. Light transmittances by polyethylene shade net and silver-coated shading plate as planting materials were measured according to different planting positions. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured by LI-6400-40 (Li-Cor). According to different planting positions, light intensity was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net, and higher at front than rear. Also, photosynthetic rate showed the same tendency, which had a positive correlation to light intensity. But this treatment caused a lower Fo compared with polyethylene shade net because of the stress by light and temperature. Also, Fv/Fm and ETR were higher in silver-coated shading plate. Fo was similar at front and rear according to silver-coated shading plate and ETR was higher at front.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 1986

The differences of pigment compositions in leaf chloroplast between sun and shade plant were analyzed to investigate the photo-induced destructive effects on shade species under the strong light. Ginseng was selected as a C-3 shade plant, soybean as C-3 sun species and corn as C-4 malate forming sun species. To study the effects of light, ginseng was divided into two subgroups; the 1 and 2 lines received sunlight a little more than those of 3 and 4 lines. Total amounts of chlorophylls, carotenes and xanthophylls were not considerably different among 3 and 4-lined ginseng, soybean and corn. However, the amounts of the three components of 1 and 2-lined ginseng and the chlorophylls content in corn leaves were smaller than those of others. The molar ratio of lutein to total carotenoids was significantly high in ginseng, that of violaxanthin was considerably high in corn and that of neoxanthin the highest in 1 and 2-lined ginseng among tested samples. Chlorophylls to carotenes ratio was 16.0 and highest in ginseng, 13.2 in soybean and 12.0 in corn. In 1 and 2-lined ginseng, the molar ratios of lutein and carotenes were lower while those of neoxanthin and violaxanthin were higher than those of the samples of more light. It was noticeable that an antheraxanthin-like epoxy carotenoid detected in soybean and corn leaves extracts was not observed in ginseng leaf extract.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.264-271
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the growth and light utilization efficiency of garden plants in shade area through chlorophyll fluorescence reaction analysis. Ten garden plants was grown for 75 days under 50% and 80% shading conditions. Under shading, $ET2_O/RC$, the fluorescence parameter related to electron-transport in photosystem II, was effectively enhanced. However, the electron transport flux until PSI acceptors per reaction center ($RE1_O/RC$) was reduced. These changes in photochemical parameters evoked a decrease in performance index (PI) and driving force (DF) of electron transport flux. In addition, some photochemical parameters such as $F_V$, $FV/F_O$, $RE1_O/RC$, $ET2_O/RC$, $PI_{TOTAL\;ABS}$, and $DF_{TOTAL\;ABS}$ were found to be important for shade tolerance. Three species (Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc, Physostegia virginiana L., and Carex maculata Bott) were found to be shade tolerant. Based on these results, shading factor index (SFI) deduced from photochemical parameters is useful for evaluating of shading stress of garden plants.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.811-820
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• 2023

This study investigated the protective effects of shade nets on Abies koreana seedlings subjected to high temperature and luminosity stress, which are pertinent for plant survival in climate change scenarios. This study, conducted at Konkuk University, compared the growth, survival, and soil conditions of 3-year-old specimens across natural, greenhouse, and shaded settingsfrom July to September 2022. Our findings demonstrated that shade nets significantly enhanced seedling survival by moderating soil temperature and moisture. This is particularly evident in high-temperature conditions, where shade nets mitigate stress on seedlings and safeguard them from excessive sunlight exposure. Proper net installation height and location are crucial for optimal temperature and humidity control, suggesting broader applicability for various species and offering strategies to combat the ecological impacts of climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to find the basic application of Disporum genus in landscape-arc-hitectual space. Environment of native site (Daeducksan, Piseulsan) and growth characteristics of experiment plot were investigated and analyzed in this study. The results of this study were as follows; 1. In the case of environment of native site, the relative light intensity was about 10% and distribution of species were primarily north slope. Gradient of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 10$^{\circ}$, 18$^{\circ}$ Soil textures was Lic both and field capacity of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 69%, 73.5%. The soil pH of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 6.1 and 5.8. The both content of organic matter and C.E.C. were high markedly. The P2O5 content of Daeducksan showed high but total nitrogen showed nearly the same level when comparing with the common dry field condition. 2. In tree layer, Daeducksan composed of broadleaved forest of 80% involving Quercus variabilis, and Piseulsan composed of coniferous forest of 80% involving Pinus densiflora on the other hand. Daeducksan, therefore, was more appearance species than Piseulsan in herbaceous layer. 3. Result in ANOVA Test, significance followed with light intensity was recognized in plant height, leaf width, leaf length, leaf thick and No. of leaf, while in the case of soil was not. Plant height was longest in 1% and leaf width, leaf length was largest in 25%. Therefore ornamental value of leaf was the very best in 25%. 4. Result in correlation coefficient analysis, plant height was correlated leaf width, leaf length. The longer plant height, the smaller leaf width, leaf length. In relative light intensity of 1%, flower was hardly expected because of the more shade, the less flower. Disporum smilacinum is expected great use as ground covers in the shades of tall-building or hdavy woods.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.463-468
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• 2017

Background: Both Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius are obligate shade-loving plants whose natural habitats are broadleaved forests of Eastern Asia and North America. Panax species are easily damaged by photoinhibition when they are exposed to high temperatures or insufficient shade. In this study, a cytohistological study of the leaf structures of two of the most well-known Panax species was performed to better understand the physiological processes that limit photosynthesis. Methods: Leaves of ginseng plants grown in soil and hydroponic culture were sectioned for analysis. Leaf structures of both Panax species were observed using a light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Results: The mesostructure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius frequently had one layer of non-cylindrical palisade cells and three or four layers of spongy parenchymal cells. P. quinquefolius contained a similar number of stomata in the abaxial leaf surface but more tightly appressed enlarged grana stacks than P. ginseng contained. The adaxial surface of the epidermis in P. quinquefolius showed cuticle ridges with a pattern similar to that of P. ginseng. Conclusion: The anatomical leaf structure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius shows that they are typical shade-loving sciophytes. Slight differences in chloroplast structure suggests that the two different species can be authenticated using transmission electron microscopy images, and light-resistant cultivar breeding can be performed via controlling photosynthesis efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Germination characteristic between Korean species and Japanese one were identified. Seed waslow temperture germinability. Optimum temperature of germination:on was 16$^{\circ}C$ -19$^{\circ}C$. Germinationrate was effected more when treated with GA3 of 1000ppm at shade and light place. Germinationrate was no significant difference between Korean species and japanese one. e.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.115-115
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• 2004

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.370-372
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• 2017

Three greenhouse experiments with American ginseng seedlings growing under light levels from 4.8% to 68% showed a quadratic response for root dry weight, giving an optimal root dry weight of 239 mg (range 160-415 mg) at an optimal light level of 35.6% (range 30.6-43.2%).