• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1995

This study was described the movement patterns when rising from supine to erect stance. Two hundred eighty seven subjects, ranging in age from 6 year to 28 were filmed while rising from a supine position. Movement Patterns were classified using categorical descriptions of the action of three body regions-the upper and lower extremity, head-trunk region. This study was designed to determine whether within the rising task the movement patterns of different regions of the body vary with age level and sex. The incidence of each movement pattern was calculated and graphed with respect to age level and sex. The most common form of rising for subject in the 6, 7 year mate group usually involved push and reach pattern with upper extremity, half kneel pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk. In the 6, 7 year female group usually involved symmetrical push pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat with balance step pattern with lower extremity, symmetrical interrupted by rotation pattern with head - trunk. In the teenage and twenties both sex group usually involved symmetrical push pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.31-49
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate discomforts and sexual life and to identify the relation between the discomforts and sexual life with low back pain. The data were collected from March 2 through July 31, 2001. Four hundred forty-two questionnaires were returned (response rate=88.0%). Analysis of the data was done with SPSS PC+ and use descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA. regression. The statistics shows that over than 80% of the adults experienced lumbago at least one time in their life, and Back pain is known as one of the most common complaints made by the patients of all ages in the general hospital or local medical clinics throughout. However, in certain case it leads to a chronic condition which can cause a great deal of problems in management and in financial burden to individuals and society. The result of this study was summarized as follows: 1) It appeared that regarding the distribution of gender, male was the higher(63.6%) then that of female, the portion of forties was 28.5%. Sitting for long time was 23.1% in men and 21.7% in women. Unknown reason including sexual behaviour was 12.9% in men and 15.5% in women. Patients treated medicine and physical therapy were 36.4%. In level of educational background, the rate of high school was 31.0%, technical college was 28.5%. The highest proportion by occupation was 18.3% of office workers, occupation posture was 41.9% of sitting. 2) Men(26.0%) and most of women(34.8%) were not satisfied in the explanation satisfaction rate of sex life concerned disease. 23.8% in men and 23.6% in women considered flexibility of waist good. Man(33.3%) and most of woman(35.0%) considered that Health education is necessary. 32.7% in men and 27.3% in women did't mind educator is whoever. Preventing of lower back pain(LBP) and proper Health education of sex life are demanded in daily life. 3) 58.0% of man and 64.0% of woman mostly had a posture which is man over woman. 28.5% in men and 27.8% in women considered that proper information finding of LBP and sex life was very few and few. 37.7% in men and 42.7% in women have acquired information about sex life flung their friends. 4) The number of sex life was decreased from 2.96 0.98 to 2.61 1.63 and also the time of sex life was decreased from 3.65 1.89 to 226 1.64. The satisfaction rate of sex life changed from 3.60 0.86 to 2.77 1.10. In the number of sex life, The non correct group was 2.62 1.91 and the correct group was higher in 2.68 1.65. In the time of sex life, The non correct group was 2.02 1.47 and the correct group was higher in 229 1.65. The satisfaction rate of sex life was 2.76 0.86 in non correct group and 2.88 1.10 in correct group. So there was a difference. 5) In the satisfaction rate of sex life, Men who have a lower back pain were higher than women and no attack group was higher than attack group. As they had many sex life, the satisfaction rate was higher significantly in statistics. As the time of sex life was short, the satisfaction rate was lower significantly in statistics. As the age was low, the demand rate of Health education was high and as means of patient who had a lower back pain was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. As the patient who had a lower back pain had a long married life, the demand rate of Health education was high and as education level was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. It is necessary to provide patients with conservative treatment, educational teaching, and training to prevent further injuries in the future. In general, it is important to educate the public how to prevent back injuries and how to treat themselves in an onset period to prevent further injuries sliding into a chronic state. Sexuality is an integral part of normal and healthy relationships, but patients are unable to enjoy sex because they are riot able to get into a comfortable position due to back pain. Many conditions of the spine can make certain positions uncomfortable. Health educator should make the education program of the discomforts and the sexual pattern for low back pain in workplace and/or hospital. Further study Is needed on how to integrate the educational program on sexuality into the total rehabilitation program.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.10-25
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• 1999

Children above age of two are able to have sexual excitement, and they actively seek the pleasure actively or passively through touch and masturbation. In late $60_s$ and early $70_s$, Masters, obstetrician, and Johnson, social worker, illustrated four phases of human sexual responses, namely excitement, plateau, orgasmic and resolution phases in both sexes, and multiple orgasms in the female. Their treatment principles of sexual dysfunctions were largely based on behavioral model, introducing the concepts of sensate focus, dual therapy and sex education. Following Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, in the early and mid-$70_s$ introduced new sex therapy which was based on the combination of analytically-oriented psychotherapy and behavior therapy, and classified sexual dysfunctions into three categories such as desire excitement and orgasmic phase disorders. Since $1980_s$ other medical fields joined the stream, putting the concentrated effort on the treatment of the impotence in the male. They have developed penile prosthesis, local injection therapy, and the administration of oral medications. Nowadays Sildenafil(Viagra) seems the best choice for the treatment of the impotence in the male.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.289-299
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• 1994

This study was researched the general characteristics, the elbow-knee joint form, the varus and valgus angle and the both knee joint distance of the 215 persons form July 1, 1994 to July 15, 1994. The results were as follows : 1. The form of elbow joint was significant statistically in the sex group(p<0.05). 2. The angle of elbow joint was very significant statistically in the age group and sex. B.M.I. group(p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.01), and the average angle was $9^{\circ}.51{\pm}4^{\circ}.79$(n=215). 3. The angle of Cubitus valgus was very significant statistically in the age group(p<0.001), and the average angle of Cubitus valgus was $10^{\circ}.85{\pm}3^{\circ}.76$(n=187). 4. The angle of Knee joint was significant statistically in the age group(p<0.05), and the its average angle was $7^{\circ}.63{\pm}4^{\circ}.52$(n=215). 5. The angle of Genu varus was significant statistically in the age and sex group(p<0.05, p<0.05), and the its average was $6^{\circ}.92{\pm}2^{\circ}.36$(n=27). 6. The angle of Genu valgus was very significant statistically in the age group(p<0.001), and the its average angle was $9^{\circ}.75{\pm}2^{\circ}.94$(n=149). 7. The distance of both Knee joint was significant statistically in the age group and B. M. I. group (p<0.001, p<0.05), and the its average distance was $2.55{\pm}1.45cm$(n=135).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 1999

This study was carried out to compare the rotation between vestibular function and balance skills in normal and hearing-impaired children. The subjects were 20 normal children (8-10 years) and 20 bearing-impaired children (8-10 years). The SCPNT was used to assess vestibular function, then, one leg stance test was used to compare static balance skill of normal and hearing-impaired children according to existence of visual input and sex. The results were as follows: 1. In SCPNT, normal md hearing-impaired children showed statistical significance in all left-sided and right-sided rotations(p<.01), and the vestibular function responses of hearing-impaired children wore normal $20\%$, abnormal $45\%$, absent $35\%$. 2. To compare balance skills between normal and hearing-impaired according to eye open and eye close, one-leg stance Oat showed statistical significance in eye open(p<.05), but did not show statistical significance in eye close(p>.05). 3. SCPNT, ene-leg stance test did not show statistical significance according to sex(p>.05).

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2021

Background: Muscle undergoes change continuously with aging. Sarcopenia, in which muscle mass decrease with aging, is associated with various diseases, the risk of falling, and the deterioration of quality of life. Obesity and sarcopenia also have a synergy effect on the disease of the older adults. Objects: This study examined the risk factors for sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and sarcopenia without obesity and developed prediction models. Methods: This machine-learning study used the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in the analysis. After data curation, 5,563 older participants were selected, of whom 1,169 had sarcopenia, 538 had sarcopenic obesity, and 631 had sarcopenia without obesity; the remaining 4,394 were normal. Decision tree and random forest models were used to identify risk factors. Results: The risk factors for sarcopenia chosen by both methods were body mass index (BMI) and duration of moderate physical activity; those for sarcopenic obesity were sex, BMI, and duration of moderate physical activity; and those for sarcopenia without obesity were BMI and sex. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of all prediction models exceeded 0.75. BMI could predict sarcopenia-related disease. Conclusion: Risk factors for sarcopenia-related diseases should be identified and programs for sarcopenia-related disease prevention should be developed. Data-mining research using population data should be conducted to enhance the effectiveness of early treatment for people with sarcopenia-related diseases through predictive models.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2021

Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the sex differences in episodic memory and spatial cognition in healthy young adults. Methods : Forty-eight undergraduates (male=24, female=24) were assessed for sex differences using the visual stimuli episodic memory task and the virtual reality-based spatial cognition task. The accuracy rates (%) for the What, Where, and When conditions of the episodic memory task and the average distance error (cm) for 10 trials of the spatial cognition task were analyzed. Results : There were no significant sex differences between the three conditions. The male participants showed a significantly higher performance on the spatial cognition task than the female participants Conclusion : The results of this study indicated that the sex differences in episodic memory could be altered by the test methods. Although episodic memory and spatial cognition mainly depend on the hippocampus, the sex-related differences between the two functions were inconsistent, suggesting that these two functions are independent.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.331-341
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• 2019

Cancer is one of the common causes of death with a high degree of mortality, worldwide. In many types of cancers, if not all, sex-biased disparities have been observed. In these cancers, an individual's sex has been shown to be one of the crucial factors underlying the incidence and mortality of cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that differentially expressed genes and proteins may contribute to sex-biased differences in male and female cancers. Therefore, identification of these molecular differences is important for early diagnosis of cancer, prediction of cancer prognosis, and determination of response to specific therapies. In the present review, we summarize the differentially expressed genes and proteins in several cancers including bladder, colorectal, liver, lung, and nonsmall cell lung cancers as well as renal clear cell carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The sex-biased molecular differences were identified via proteomics, genomics, and big data analysis. The identified molecules represent potential candidates as sex-specific cancer biomarkers. Our study provides molecular insights into the impact of sex on cancers, suggesting strategies for sex-biased therapy against certain types of cancers.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.159-169
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• 1996

Every citizen has a right to get the least health care service for their living and should be guaranteed the right of health which is specified in the constitution of Korea. Therefore, health care service should realize the equity and accessibility of service by the equitable distribution which is needed for health care. The objects of this study were the patients who was treated by the physical therapy in health care center(two of them located in cities and others are in agricultural areas). These are the results of our study. First, the age, job, sex and experience of former treatment of objects showed no meaningful statistic difference in the part of convenience of health care center, where as the system of health scurity showed highly meaningful difference. Second, The age, job and system of health care of objects showed no meaningful difference in the part of attitude and appreciation to therapist, where as the experience of former treatment in other center showed highly meaningful difference. Third, The age, job and sex of objects showed no meaningful difference in the part of the appreciation to results of service, where as the system of health scurity and the experience of former treatment in other center showed meaningful difference. To offer the effective physical therapy, the government of province or nation should invest the large amount of financial fund continuously and make the plan of efficient operating system for the physical therapy service room of public health center which is the most nearly located to native citizen. The problem of distance, low reliability to public service, public relation and reliabity should be improved to raise the utility of physical therapy room. And also, the physical therapy room should be opened in health subcenter to offer the condition of the native citizen's healthy life.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-48
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• 2002

This study is aimed to find out and define how the muscular-skeletal pain of the Aged, according to their residential circumstance, sex and age, can affect the subjective health index and how all these are related and associated with. For the period of June 1 to July 31, 2001, in order to study and define how the muscular-skeletal pain are related to the subjective health index of the Aged, we have conducted an enquete through a direct interview with 693 persons over age sixty-five (65) in Daejon and in other adjacent areas, divided into three different residential types "The Aged living at home", "The Aged living at welfare facilities" and "The Aged living alone". The study concludes followings : 1. Generally, muscular-skeletal pain and the subjective health index of the Aged, are a lot influenced by and related to their residential circumstance, their sex and their age. 2. With regard to the muscular-skeletal pain of the Aged by their sex, it was analyzed that, on an average, the female-Aged gains 3.0 point and the female-Aged suffers from this pain more severely. In analyzing this pain by their residential type, it was found that, on an average, the 3.0 point goes for "the Aged living alone", which explains the Aged living alone is having the most serious pain. 3. With regard to the subjective heath index of the all Aged participated in this research, the analysis indicates 8.8 point and this is considered as a general standard (7-10 point). In analyzing this index by their sex, the female-Aged gains 8.6 point only and it explains a lot of female-Aged consider they are not really healthy. In analyzing this index by their residential type, "the Aged living at welfare facilities" and "the Aged living alone" gain the comparatively lower point, - respectively 8.4 point for the Aged living at welfare facilities and 8.8 point for the Aged living alone. The Aged of these two residential types express they are obviously in a bad condition of health, which makes us think a lot.