• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.60-75
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• 1998

The parents have much expectation upon the pregnancy and child birth, and in most cases, they expect the healthy parturient child. However, we can be placed on the high-risk conditions which have the physical, social and immature infant, due to the unexpected results, among the new-born. Accordingly, these high-risk newborn and premature infants will be mostly in NICU, which the concentrated medical treatment can be given, upon their conditions. After their birth and during these periods, they will be divided from the parents, and the nurse will accomplish the bringing-up activities which they can take care of the infant, expected by the parents after their birth. The hospitalization of high-risk newborn including these premature infants is the shocking experience to the parents of family, and thus they can feel the fear and uneasiness, and these reactions of parents are troubled in the behavior at the usual days, and cause the disorder and spiritless status, and these results break the supporting ability of parents, and cause the obstruction. Also, the unavoidable division between the parents and the children as like hospitalization of children can make the parents to feel the alienation emotionally, and this causes the results which the pride on the bringing-up ability of baby gets to be lost. These problems can cause the difficulties on the bonding or the parenting in the further days, and can be related to the neglect and abuse of children. Also, it is gradually increased to study and report which the emotional division by the physical division between the mother and the baby obstructs the normal affection course between the parent and the infant. The stress caused by the birth and the hospitalization of high-risk newborn, as like this, is important in the points which it can uncertainly affect the potential energy for the relationship of parent-child who are finally healthy. Accordingly, the significance and purpose of this study are to understand the contents and degree of stress which the parents of high-risk newborn including the immature child can be experienced from the hospitalization of ICU for their new borns, and thus to offer the basic program to the nursing intervention program for these. The subject of this study is the mother of newborn in NICU of 10 General Hospitals located at the 3one of Pusan, Korea from September 1997 to October 1997, and thus makes the subject of 95 person of parents who agreed to take part in the study and it is descriptive study related to the stress of mother having the newborn in NICU. The method is based on the preceding study related to the stress of mother having the experience of child hospitalization and chronic disease child, and then acquires the advice of specialists group as like 5 nursing professors, and then is amended and supplemented. Total number of questions is 43 items and consists of 5 factors as like medical treatment &nursing procedures, disease status & prognosis, role of parents, communication & inter-personal relationships, hospital environment, and is 5 point Likert Scale. The reliability of this study method is very highly shown to be Cronbach α=0.95. The collected data is analysed as Average, Frequency, Standard Deviation, T-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Duncan multifulrange test by use of SPSS /PC (V7.5). The results of this study is summarized as under. 1. Every characteristics of subject is which the party of mother is 28.70age(±7.48) in the average ages, 51% in the high-school graduate, 38.5% in the christianity, total monthly income is 212.55 thousand won(±1.971), 74.5% in the housewife, 72.9% in the parents and children together living and the number of children to be 1.48person(± 0.6) in average, the recognition on the prognosis of baby is 74.0% in 'Don't know', the relationship with the husband after the hospitalization of babyis 37.3% in 'More Intimate', the relationship with the family of husband to be 48% in 'No-change', and the degree which is consulted with the husband about the baby is 55% in 'very frequently' and the visiting number per week is 4.59(±1.63) in average and the accompanying person in the time of visiting is which the number of husband is 56.3% and thus is the highest. The characteristics of baby is which the age is 21.88days(±16.47) after the birth in average, the sex to be 50 person in the female 52.1% and the order of birth to be 54.2% in the first chid, and the weight in the birth to be 2770gm(±610) and the height in the birth to be 46.26cm(±7.62) in aver age. The medical diagnosis is 37.5% in the premature infant, the career of hospitalization is 96.9% in 'None', and the operation plan is 90.6% in 'None' and the execution of operation is 88% in 'None' and the nursing of incubator is 55.2% in 'Yes', and the method of feeding is 50.5% in 'Oral' and the contents of feeding is 46.9% in the 'Milk'. 2. The total stress degree of subject is almost highly shown to be as 3.36(±0.86). If it is compared upon each cause, 'stress on disease status & prognosis' is highest 3.79(±1.28), and it is in the order of 'stress on medical treatment & nursing procedures' 3.70(±0.93), 'stress on hospital environment' 3.14(±0.86), 'stress on role of parents' 3.18(±0.92) and 'stress on communication & inter personal relationship' 2.62(± 0.77) 3. As the results of checking the notworthiness of stress degree upon each variable of subject, the variable showing the noted difference was the birth weight(γ=-0.16, P=0.04), birth height(γ=-0.23, P=0.03), nursing in the incubator(F=8.93, P=0.04), feed method(F=2.94, P=0.04). That is to say, it is shown which the smaller the birth weight is, the higher the stress degree of mother is noteworthily. Also, the smaller the birth height baby is, the higher the stress of mother is. In the incubator, it os shown which the mother whose baby is nursing in the incubator is higher in the stress degree than other mothers. Upon the feeding method of baby, that is to say, TPNis the highest, and it is shown in the order of NPO, Tube feeding, and P.O. feeding. When we review the above-mentioned results, as the status is serious, it is thought which we include the supporting nursing for coping with the stress of parents in the setting-up od nursing plan for the baby in the NICU.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.258-273
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• 1994

비닐하우스 재배농민들이 일반농민에 비해 신체증상 호소율이 더 높은 지 조사해 보기 위해 경상북도 성주군의 6개면 지역에서 무작위로 추출된 비닐하우스 재배농민 250명과 일반농민 142명을 대상으로, 일반적 특성, 농작업양상 그리고 농부증의 각 증상에 대한 호소빈도에 대해 1993년 7월 5일부터 10일까지 6일간에 걸쳐 면담조사와 혈압측정을 하였다. 비닐하우스 재배농민이 일반농민에 비해 평균 연령이 적었고, 동거 가족수가 많았고, 농사경력은 짧았으며, 연평균 일일 노동시간과 연간 노동일수가 많았고 연간 가구당 평균 수입이 약 2.6배 많았다(p<0.01). 조사기간인 1993년 6월 한 달에 비닐하우스 재배농민은 농약을 평균 3.4회 살포하여 일반농민보다 약 1.7배 더 많이 살포했고, 년간 16회 이상 살포하는 것으로 나타났으며, 최근 한 달간 농약살포후 중독 경험률은 비닐하우스 재배농민 가운데 39.6%나 되어 일반농민의 25.4% 보다 더 많았다. 농부증 8개 증상 중 비닐하우스 재배농민과 일반농민 남녀가 공통적으로 가장 많이 호소하는 증상은 요통, 수족감각둔화, 어깨결림, 그리고 어지러움이었다. 농부증 양성률은 비닐하우스 재배농민 남자 22.1%, 여자 43.4%, 일반농민 남자 23.2%, 여자 50.7% 로 비닐하우스 재배농민과 일반농민 간에는 뚜렷한 차이가 없었으나 여자들이 남자에 비해 농부증 양성률이 약 2배 더 높았고, 다중 지수형 회귀분석으로 다른 요인의 효과를 조정했을 때는 3.0배 더 높았다(p<0.01). 두 농작업군 모두에서 연령이 증가할수록 농부증 양성률이 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 1세 증가시 농부증 위험도는 3% 증가하였다(p<0.05). 또 최근 한 달간 농약살포 후 중독을 경험했던 농부들이 경험하지 않았던 농부들에 비해 농부증 위험도는 3.7배 였다(p<0.01). 고혈압 유소견율은 일반농민 남녀 각각 22.4%, 13.7%로 비닐하우스 재배농민의 13.5%, 12.0% 에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 고혈압과 농부증 사이에 일정한 관련성은 없었다. 본 연구의 결과로는 비닐하우스 재배농민들이 일반농민들에 비해 특별히 신체증상호소율이 높지 않았다. 중요한 건강문제와 가능한 대책은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 농약살포후 중독이 문제가 되므로 농약을 쓰지 않거나 더 적게 쓰고도 농사를 지을 수 있는 영농법 및 농약을 좀 더 안전하게 살포할 수 있는 방법의 개발, 고온에서도 착용하기 좋고 보호 성능이 좋은 보호구의 개발이 시급히 요구되며, 농약살포시 환기요령과 보호구 착용방법에 대한 교육 등의 강화도 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 둘째, 농부증 증상 중 흔한 증상들은 농작업 자세 및 과도한 노동에 기인되었을 가능성이 있으므로 신체에 부담을 줄일 수 있는 농기구를 개발하고, 주기적인 휴식 및 운동을 권장해 볼 만하다. 세째, 고혈압 유소견율이 15% 전후로 높으므로 고혈압 관리사업의 강화가 요구된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2008

목 적 : Oxcarbazepine(OXC)은 대표적인 부분간질의 치료제로 2001년 미국 식약청으로 부터 승인을 받았으며 1970년대 말부터 임상 보고가 시작되었고 소아를 대상으로 OXC의 효용성 및 안전성에 대한 다수의 보고가 있다. 국내에는 1999년부터 임상적 적용이 시작되었으나 국내 소아 대상의 연구 보고가 제한적이다. 방 법 : 2001년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지 6년간 고려대학교 의료원 구로병원 소아과에 내원하여 OXC 투약을 시행하였던 환자 144명을 대상으로 후향적 자료 분석을 통해 효용성과 안전성을 연구하였다. 결 과 : OXC 투약 6개월 후 회복군은 77명(53.5%, n=144), 호전군은 48명(33.3%), 유지군은 14명(9.7%), 그리고 악화군은 5명(3.5%)이었고, 치료 12개월 후에는 회복군은 88명(61.1%, n=133), 호전군은 27명(18.8%), 유지군은 8명(5.6%), 그리고 악화군은 8명(5.6%)이었다. 단일요법 군의 회복군은 6개월 치료 후에 63명(66.3%, n=95), 12개월 치료 후에는 86명(90.5%, n=95)였으며 복합요법 군에서 6개월 투약 후에 회복군은 14명(28.6%, n=49), 치료 12개월 후에는 45명(91.8%, n=49)으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. OXC 투약 기간동안 부작용이 발생한 경우는 73명으로, 그 중 졸림(20.1%), 두통(12.5%), 어지러움(9.7%), 발진(8.3%), 피로함(4.2%) 등이 관찰되었으며 나이, 성별 및 약물 용량과는 유의한 인과관계가 없었다. 혈액 검사상 저나트륨혈증이 관찰된 경우는 총 24명(16.7%)이며 그 외 투약 후 검사 상 이상소견은 유의하게 관찰되지 않았다. 반면 투약 이후 빈혈의 빈도가 감소하였는데 혈색소와 체중 간에 유의한 상관관계는 없었다. 결 론 : 본 연구 결과 OXC 의 효용성은 국외 보고와 비교하여 우수하거나 큰 차이가 없었으며, 위중한 부작용 사례는 없었다. 소아 간질 환자의 OXC 치료 시 참고가 되는 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.404-410
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• 2003

농흉은 단계에 따라 각기 다른 치료방법이 적용되어 왔다. 삼출성 농흉단계(stage I, exudate stage)에서는 적절한 항생제와 흉관 삽입을 통한 배농이, 기질화된 농흉단계(stage III, organized stage)에서는 개흉술을 통한 흉막박피술이 우선적으로 고려되어 왔다. 하지만 섬유농성 농흉(stage II, fibrinopurulent stage)의 치료법은 아직 확립이 안 되어 각자의 경험에 의존하여 여러 방법으로 치료되어 왔고, 최근 흉강경수술(Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery, VATS)이 치료방법 중 하나로 시도되고 있다. 이에 비디오 흉강경을 이용하여 섬유농성 농흉(stage II, fibrinopurulent stage)을 치료한 5예를 분석하여 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2001년 6월부터 2002년 2월까지 강동성심병원 내과에서 폐렴과 이에 동반된 농흉으로 진단받고 치료받던 환자들 중 1차 치료인 항생제 및 경피적 배농술(Percutaneous Catherter Drainage, PCD) 또는 흉관삽입을 통한 배농과 섬유소 용해제 치료에 반응하지 않은 5명의 환자를 대상으로 비디오 흉강경을 이용하여 농흉 제거와 흉강세척술을 시행하였다. 모든 환자에서 수술 전 흉부 컴퓨터단층촬영을 통해 농흉의 국한된 위치와 크기, 폐 실질 내 기저질환의 유무를 확인하였다. 결과: 5명의 환자에서 모두 개흉술로의 전환 없이 비디오 흉강경을 이용하여 흉강내 농을 제거하고 흉관을 적절한 위치에 삽입하였다. 남녀비는 4 : 1이었고, 평균 연령은 53세(26~73세)였다. 평균 수술시간은 73.4분(52~95분), 수술 후 평균 흉관삽입 기간은 12.4일(6~19일), 수술 후 평균 재원일수는 20.8일(10~36일)이었으며, 모든 환자에서 수술 후 백혈구 수치의 감소, 통증 및 발열의 소실 등 임상증상의 호전과 함께 흉부 단순촬영 소견에서 폐의 충분한 확장소견이 보였다. 수술 후 재원기간 중 수술에 따른 특별한 합병증은 없었으며, 5예 모두 추적검사를 시행하였고 추적검사 기간은 평균 6.7개월(1~12개월)이었으며, 모든 환자가 재발 얼이 잘 지내고 있었다. 걸론 흉관삽 입과 항생제 치료에 반응 없는 섬유농성 농흉(stage II, fibrinopurulent stage)의 치료방법으로 비디오 흉강경을 이용한 조기수술로서 이 단계의 농흉을 적절히 치료할 수 있었고, 기질화된 농흉 단계로의 진행을 막을 수 있었다고 생각한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.635-641
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• 2010

배경: 대복재 정맥의 역류로 인한 대퇴정맥 접합부 부전에 대한 치료로써 정맥내 시술인 고주파 열폐쇄술은 고전적 복재정맥 스트리핑과 비교해 부작용이 적고 우수한 방법이다. 기존의 대복재정맥에 대한 고주파 열폐쇄술의 단점은 시술 시간이 길다는 점이었으나 이를 보완한 2세대 고주파 열폐쇄술($VNUS^{\circledR}Colosure$ fast)은 분절 소작법을 채택하여 시술시간이 짧아지고 치료 방법 또한 더 간편해졌다. 이에 본 연구는 하지정맥류에 대한 2세대 고주파 열폐쇄술($VNUS^{\circledR}Colosure$ fast)을 이용한 치료 결과 및 합병증을 기존의 고주파 열폐쇄술($VNUS^{\circledR}Colosure$ plus)과 비교하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2006년 6월부터 2009년 8월까지 대퇴 정맥 접합부의 역류가 있는 경우만을 골라 정맥내 고주파 열폐쇄술을 받은 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 기존의 고주파 열폐쇄술($VNUS^{\circledR}Colosure$ plus)를 시행 받은 총 4 명 (59족)의 환자(이후 1세대군)와 2세대 고주파 열폐쇄술($VNUS^{\circledR}Colosure$ fast) 시행 받은 67명 (76족)의 환자(이후 2세대군)를 대상으로 후향적으로 두 집단 사이의 환자의 성비, 평균 시술시간, 치료된 정맥직경, 동반한 치료방법, 시술 후 합병증을 비교하였다. 결과: 모든 환자는 하지정맥류로 인한 증상이 있었고 CEAP class 2 이상으로 초음파상 대퇴정맥접합부의 역류가 있었다. 치료된 대복재 정맥의 평균직경은 1세대군과 2세대군 사이에 양 군간의 통계학적 차이는 없었다($5.59{\pm}0.6mm$ vs.$5.65{\pm}0.6mm$, p=0.68). 평균 치료 시간은 2세대군이 유의하게 낮았다($17.0{\pm}6.5min$ vs. $62.7{\pm}9.8min$, p<0.001). 양 군에서 유의할 만한 합병증은 발생하지 않았다. 결론: 하지정맥류에 대한 치료로서 정맥내 시술인 고주파 열폐쇄술은 안전하며 효과적인 시술이며 2세대 열폐쇄술($VNUS^{\circledR}Colosure$ fast)은 시술시간의 단축과 조작의 용이함으로 의사 및 환자의 만족도가 높은 치료라 할 수 있겠고 향후 더 많은 수의 환자를 대상으로 장기적인 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2002

소아기 외상이 아동의 발달에 미치는 부정적인 결과를 예방하는 resilience factor와 부정적인 결과를 더욱 증폭시키는 위험인자에 대한 지식은 이 분야의 전향적인 연구의 부재와 소아기 외상과 발달과정, 아동의 환경 등 다양한 측면들의 유기적인 관계에 대한 이해의 어려움으로 아직은 초보적인 단계이다. 이러한 소아기 외상의 연구에서의 개념적, 연구 방법론적인 어려움은 현재까지 발표된 연구들의 결과가 일관적이지 못하고 때로는 상반적이기도 한 면으로 나타나기도 한다. 이러한 어려움에도 불구하고 지금까지 발표된 연구들을 종합하여 보면 몇 가지 중요한 공통적인 결론을 도출할 수가 있다. 즉 사춘기 전에는 여아가, 사춘기 후나 영아에서는 남아가, 사회경제적 지위가 높은 가정의 아동, 기질적인 문제가 없는 경우, 쉬운 기질, 조기 이별이나 상실의 경험이 없는 경우, 외상을 받은 시기가 어릴수록, 문제 해결능력이 좋은 경우, 높은 자존감, internal locus of control, 우수한 대처 능력, 대인 관계를 인지 할 수 있는 능력, 놀이를 할 수 있는 능력, 유머 감각이 있는 경우, 유능한 부모를 가지고 있거나 혹은 적어도 한명의 보호자와 따뜻한 관계를 맺고 있을 때, 교육 정도가 높거나 조직적인 종교 활동에 참여 하고 있는 아동들은 외상을 경험하였을 때 외상의 부정적인 결과에 대하여 resilient하게 된다. 이러한 결과는 아동기 외상의 위험 및 보호인자가 서로 독립되어 있기 보다는 상호작용을 하는 유기적인 관계이며, 각 요소가 아동의 발달 단계, 아동 자신 및 그들의 가족과 환경에 따라 다양하게 작용하고, stressor의 영향은 그 강도에 따라 다양한 작용을 보이며 일부 위험요소와 보호요소는 상대방의 효과를 상승시키거나 감소시키는 등 복잡한 상호 관계를 보이는 것을 시사한다. 앞으로 소아기 외상과 발달 정신병리와의 관계, 위험 및 보호인자에 대한 포괄적인 이해 및 이를 바탕으로 효과적이며 효율적인 예방 및 치료적인 개입이 가능해지기 위해서는 stress가 정상적인 신경발달에 미치는 영향, 유전적인 소인과 부모의 요인과 같은 개개인의 소인에 대한 차이점, 신경조절의 resilience 연구, 소아기 외상의 예방과 뇌의 plasticity에 관한 연구가 같이 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.762-767
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• 2004

최근 비침습적인 수술방법이 발전하면서 체외순환 없이 시행하는 관상동맥우회로술에 대한 관심이 증가하게 되었으며 체외순환의 여러가지 부작용들이 발표되면서 비체외순환하의 수술이 점차로 보편화되어 본원에서 시행한 비체외순환 및 체외순환하에서의 관상동맥우회로술의 성적을 비교 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2001년 1월부터 2003년 6월까지 관상동맥우회로술을 시행 받았던 87명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 체외순환하 관상동맥우회로술 36예, 비체외순환하 관상동맥우회로술 51예를 시행하였으며 양군에서 수술 전 위험인자와 관상동맥 질환정도, 평균수술시간, 술 후 삽관기간, 평균 중환자실 재원기간, 평균 재원기간, 술 후 강심제의 사용, 술 후 출혈량, 술 후 심근효소치를 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 두 군 의 남녀비, 연령, 술 전 위험요소에 대한 통계적 유의성은 없었으며 심근경색 기왕력, 흉통의 정도(Canadian Class), 관상동맥 질환의 정도 및 심박출 계수도 통계적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 평균 수술시간은 체외순환하 수술군에서 372 $\pm$ 142.2분, 비체외순환하 수술군에서 270 $\pm$ 79.3분으로 비체외순환하 수술군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p < 0.001). 이식편수는 체외순환 수술군이 2.2$\pm$0.5개, 비체외순환 수술군이 1.7$\pm$0.7개로 체외순환 수술군이 유의하게 많았다(p<0.001). 술 후 삽관기간은 체외순환하 수술군에서 24.3 $\pm$ 17.8 시간, 비체외순환하 수술군에서 17.1 $\pm$ 13.1 시간으로 비체외순환하 수술군에서 유의하게 짧았다(p < 0.05). 술 후 CK-MB는 비체외순환하 수술군에서 8.9$\pm$ 18.7 U/L로 체외순환하 수술군의 25.7 $\pm$8.4 U/L로 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.001). 중환자실 평균 재원기간은 체외순환하 수술군에서 21.3 $\pm$ 21.3시간, 비체외순환하 수술군에서 15.6 $\pm$ 7.6시간으로 비체외 순환하 수술군에서 낮았다(p<0.05). 술 후 대동맥내 풍선 펌프의 삽입은 체외순환하 수술군에서 2예가 있었고 체외순환하 수술군에서 8예로 유의하게 많았다(p<0.05). 술 후 강심제의 사용은 체외순환하 수술군에서 21예, 비체외순환하 수술군이 9예로 체외순환하 수술군에서 유의하게 높았다(p< 0.001). 술 후 부정맥은 비체외순환하 수술군이 3예, 체외순환하 수술군이 9예로 체외순환하 수술군에서 발생빈도가 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 술 후 사망률은 비체외순환하 수술군에서 2명(3.9%)이였고 체외순환하 수술군에서 3명(8.3%)으로 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그 외에 술 후 24시간 출혈량, 출혈로 인한 재수술, 평균 재원일수, 술 후 감염, 신부전, 신경학적 합병증 등이 수술 후 결과와 유병률에는 두 군간에 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 결론: 비체외순환하 수술군에서 평균 수술시간, 술 후 기관 삽관기간, 평균 중환자실 재원기간이 짧고 술 후 심근 손상의 정도는 적으나 체외순환하 수술군에 비해 이식편수가 적었다. 비체외순환하 관상동맥우회로술이 체외순환하 우회로술에 비해 결과에 있어 몇 가지 장점을 보여 주고 있으나 향후 더 많은 임상경험의 축적 및 장기 추적 관찰이 필요하리라 생각한다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.181-202
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• 1994

This study was conducted in order to grasp the condition of the student's knowledge and attitude about tuberculosis. And to offer the basic materials for the prevent tuberculosis in elementary school. The objects were comprised 395 of volunteered 6th grade students who study in two elementary schools. The material of this study was the questionaire(chronbach $\alpha=.9016$) suited to the purposed of this research which has been made through studying references. All the questionaire were collected immediately without explanation. The data was collected from 13rd to 25th of May on 1994. Analysis of the data was done utilizing SPSS for percentage, mean, ANOVA and pearson-Correlation Coefficient. The Result are as follows; 1. General features of the objects of study. Sex distribution was similar. Salary of 1000-1500 thousand won were highest (40.2%), nuclear family was highest (87.1%), fathers of graduated high school were the highest(44.0%), mothers of graduated high school were the highest(56.8%). And there was nobody about tuberculosis patient in one's close relatives were highest(95.4%). 2. The conditions of attitude about tuberculosis. Having experience of tuberculin test were highest(59.0%). Less than 9mm indulation among the tuberculin tested group were 85.1%, more than indulation were 14.9%. Have a B. C. G. injection among the less than 9mm indulation were 83.2%. Leave alone among the more than 10mm indulation were 56.0%. Think it too much trouble to do not tuberculine test were 63.0%. Do not take a chest X-ray in the past were 60.3%. And take a chest X-ray in the past were 39.7%. Health educated group was 74.3%. If tuberculosis sign was developed, notified to parent was 73.8%. 3. The condition of knowledge about tuberculosis. When 5 points was given to 'very affiming' and 1 point was given to 'very deny', the total average was 3.54. And symptom of tuberculosis secion was 3.67, vaccination of tuberculosis section was 3.66, tuberculine test section was 3.56, epidemiology of tuberculosis section was 3.54, infection of tuberculosis section was 3.38. And every section showed affirmative correlation(P<.001). 4. Correlation between the general features and attitude variables. High incomed group may have more attitude on tuberculin test than low incomed group($x^2=16.$ 190, P<.01). High educated group may have more attitude on tuberculin test than low educated group(Father : $x^2=28.530$, P<.001, Mother: $x^2=26.060$, P<.001). High educated group may have more attitude on health education than low educated group(Father: $x^2=20.$ 767, P<.000, Mother: $x^2=10.639$, P<.05). Nuclear family may have more attitude on notify to parent than others($x^2=51.45$, P<.000). Tuberculosis patient in one's close associates have more attitude on notify to parent than others($x^2=51.$ 45, P<.000). 5. Difference between the general features and knowledge of tuberculosis. High incomed group were highest score in knowledge (F=3.99, P<.01). High educated group were highest score in knowledge(Father : F=8.81, P<.000, Mother: F=9.09, P<.000). 6. Difference between the attitude and knowledge of tuberculosis. Tuberculin tested group were highest score in knowledge(t=9.88, P<.000). Taken chest X-ray group were highest score in knowledge (t=2.07, P<.05). Received health education group were highest score in knowledge(t=6.83, P<.000). Notified symptoms to teachers and parent group were highest score in knowledge(F=3.89, P<.01).

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.59-78
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was based on students in high school to find out how interest eating and controlling weight on normal time by sex to let them get a better sense's of view on weight controlling so they can get healthy, and healthy school life and concentrate on studying, As a result of analyzing the data collected for the subject of high school students, the conclusions were as follows; First, out of 325 students, 44.6% were male students, and 179 were female students, Compared to the BMI, normal mass were 50.8%, which were 165 students, less weighted were 39.7%, which were 129 students, and over weighted were 9.5%, which were 31 student. Also average height for male students were 173.8 cm, for female students were 161.5 cm, average weight were 67.2 kg for male students, and for female students were 53.2kg. Using BMI analysing the results and the male students had an average of 22.2%, and the female students had an average of 20.3%, so male students were a little higher than the female students. Second, the interest rate for weight control were 82.2%, that's 267 students for, 'interested' and 7.8%, which were 58 student for 'not interested', so most students were interested, in controlling weight. Interest rate were 83.6% for male students, 81.0% were female students. BMI told that group of less weighted were 82.9%, group of normal were 79.4% and group of over weighted were 93.5%. The rate were all high not relating to BMI. Third, compared to the past, more people said 'normal'(41.3%), people who said 'a little fat'(36.3%) decreased, but they still think they are fat even though they are not, also when they are less weighted they still think they are fat. Fourth, for 'weight control, and food' both male and female said they were related, and for 'weight control and exercising' they also said they were related, but more male said that they were related, However for relations between' controlling weight and school's physical education class' the answers were usually disagree. Fifth, for the 'satisfaction of their present weight', both BMI and the students answered and this results were mostly same as the past result, so most students prefer to lose weight. Also, both male and female think that the reason they have this weight now is, because of 'the amount of exercises' and 'the amount of food they eat', so they find that it's related to each other. Sixth, for the experience on weight control, both male and female had experiences, and they answered 'exercising and food treatment' is the good way to control weight. Also for 'the reason they started to control there weight', both male and female answered, 'they thought there weight were not normal'. Seventh, 'Do you pick on food to control weight?' and 'Do you feel nervous before you eat?' and for last 'control of drinking water' the answer was all different, and both male and female answered negatively. Eighth, time wasted on exercising per day, for less than 30 minute were 81.5%, the form of exercises that students did were 'not much or walking on the way to school and way to home'. Usually for their free time, male students spend on exercising however female student did not. Also both female and male students showed that they like to exercise, but majority of female student disliked to exercise. To everyone's point of view 'like'(32.9%), 'like a lot'(20.9%), so everyone agrees. The knowledge information on controlling weight, they answered, usually found from commercials, newspaper or magazines and from parents or friend. From the past many high school students wanted to control their weight, so there should had been a good education on this, however there wasn't any of those education and still it doesn't exist. Also most school's education are arranged to entrance pressure so they have a lot of knowledge and informations to it, but for real they don't have any activity or actions on it. Through this research, we felt that, we should correct students with wrong understanding on controlling weight and wrong knowledge. Also we suggest to make an activity program for this.