• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2019

Objectives: Insomnia patients who visited the psychiatric outpatient of a university department, were divided into those patients with insomnia alone and those with depression or anxiety disorder, along with insomnia. The study analyzed their demographic characteristics and the differences in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) results among the patient groups. Methods: Patients who visited the psychiatric department in Konkuk University hospital from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2018. If they were diagnosed with insomnia disorder based on DSM IV-TR and had undergone STAI, their electronic records were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the records, the patients were classified into those with insomnia disorder only, those with insomnia and anxiety disorder, and those with insomnia and depressive disorder. This study analyzed the demographic characteristics and STAI results of each group, and compared the differences among those groups. Results: During the period, 99 of 329 insomnia disorder patients who had performed STAI were diagnosed with depressive concurrent disorder and 61 with concurrent anxiety disorder. There was no difference in demographic characteristics of age and sex ratio among the three patient groups, and all had greater than 70% proportions of patients aged from 50s to 70s (71.8%, 77.1%, and 73.8% respectively). The average scores of STAI-I were 51.85 ± 10.15 for the patients with anxiety disorders and 54.18 ± 10.32 for those with depressive disorders, both of which were higher than the score of the patients with insomnia alone (44.55 ± 8.89). However, the score difference was not statically significant between the anxiety and depression groups. Similarly, in the STAI-II comparison, the averages of patients with anxiety or depressive disorders along with insomnia were 49.98 ± 8.31 and 53.19 ± 10.13 respectively, which were higher than that of the insomnia only group (42.71 ± 8.84), but there was no significant difference between the anxiety and depressive disorder groups. Conclusion: Although there were no differences in demographic data between the patients with insomnia only and those with accompanying depressive or anxiety disorder, the STAI-I and II scores were lower in the insomnia only group. In the future, it is necessary to consider other demographic characteristics including comorbidities and to conduct similar analyses with a larger sample.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1999

Blood chemical values and sex steroid hormone concentration of repeat breeder and reproductive disorder in Hanwoo, which were bred in Chunchon areas, were examine to establish the basic physiological maker. The concentrations of albumin, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), calcium(Ca), cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, phosphorous, total protein and triglycerides in repeat breeder and reproductive disorder were 3.28$\pm$0.05 and 3.27$\pm$0.04 g/㎗, 11.07$\pm$0.61 and 12.69$\pm$0.88 mg/㎗, 9.98$\pm$0.10 and 9.56$\pm$0.11mg/㎗, 105.75$\pm$3.57 and 126.78$\pm$5.66mg/㎗, 1.62$\pm$0.05 and 1.65$\pm$0.09 mg/㎗, 67.46$\pm$9.07 and 76.97$\pm$3.76mg/㎗, 6.13$\pm$0.36 and 6.11$\pm$0.26mg/㎗, 5.82$\pm$0.08 and 6.18$\pm$0.08 g/㎗ , 12.82$\pm$1.46 and 15.19$\pm$1.61mg/㎗, respectively. Among the blood chemical values, Ca, cholesterol and inorganic phosphorous levels in repeat breeder and reproductive disorder were slightly higher than those in normal cows. The progesterone levels of pregnancy(0.18~6.56 ng/$m\ell$) and non-pregnancy(0.15~5.46ng/$m\ell$) cows at estrus cycle were showed similar trends from 0 day to 18 days. Those of pregnancy cows were increased gradually from 18 days to 180 days(5.90~7.51 ng/$m\ell$), while those of non-pregnancy cows were dramatically drop at 21 days (0.18$\pm$0.03mg/㎗). The concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in repeat breeder and reproductive disorder were 57.42$\pm$5.03, 56.76$\pm$8.73 pg/$m\ell$ and 6.26$\pm$0.83, 9.41$\pm$1.85 ng/$m\ell$ . respectively. These results indicate that blood chemical values in repeat breeder and reproductive disorder were not greatly difference in normal cows except for Ca, cholesterol, BUN and inorganic phosphorous. Since the progesterone levels in repeat breeder and reproductive disorder was maintained to the luteal phase levels of normal cows, it may cause of failing of conception and next estrus cycle.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.97-110
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• 1973

The goal of modern nursing is to provide comprehensive nursing care to patients. If comprehensive nursing care to children (within the hospital setting) is to be provided, consideration of the stage of growth and development of the child is especially important. From clinical observation, it appeared that nurses often disregarded individual requirements of children in giving nursing care. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to show that comprehensive nursing care which is based on an understanding of the growth and development of the child contributes to both the child and the mother's adaptability to the child's hospitalization. Method: Sixty children, three to three year of age, hospitalized at the Yonsei University Pediatric Ward ware studied. From April 1, 1973 to May 5, 1973, children admitted to the hospital were assigned to either an experimental or a compare groups. There were 30 children in each group. The sex and age of the children in each group was similar. In both groups were more male than female children. In the experimental group, each mother stayed with hot child continuously during his hospitalization. In the compare groups, the mother or some other member of the family stayed with the child. Each day on the child's admission the investigator visited the ward from 1-2 P.M. to 9-10 P.M., in order to provide comprehensive care for the experimental -group. The assistance given the nurses by the investigator was in the form of conferences regarding care and in giving direct care to the child and his mother. The compare group of children received nursing care as usually provided by the hospital. The instruments used to obtain the data for analysis were as follows: 1. The fear and anxiety reaction of the child was recorded by observation of the investigator for four areas: 1) separation from parent and relatives 2) reaction to Doctor and Nurse with white gowns 3) reaction to nursing care 4) reaction to injection and tests, etc. 2. Regression in area of eating, sleeping, and elimination were recorded by the investigator by questioning the mother and by observation. 3. Adaptability to the hospitalization was recorded by direct questioning of the children for areas of emotional and social adjustment. For children older than 3 years of age or children not seriously ill, using the simple I. Q. test this was possible for only 35 of the total 60 children. Result: 1. 55 percents of the total 60 children had been prepared by their parents for hospitalization. The children who had received prior preparation accepted hospitalization more readily than those who had received no preparation. (χ²=4.6 Ρ<0.05) 2. On admission 31.7 percent of the children expressed verbal fear of their discase or treatment. 25 percent felt that the disease was due to their mistake. 3. There was a significant difference in the reaction of the child to separation from the parent or relatives between the two groups. The experimental groups showed less anxiety due to separation than the compare group. (χ²=4.34 Ρ<0.05) In both groups there was less anxiety due to separation among school age (6-12 years) children than among preschool age (3-5 years) children. (χ²=9.22 Ρ<0.05) 4. More than half of the children in both groups reacted with fear and avoidance to doctor and/or nurses wearing white gowns. (χ²=0.06 Ρ<0.05) 5. The experimental group reacted more favorably to nursing in general than the compare group. (χ²=4.8 Ρ<0.05) 6. There was no difference in the fear and refused reaction to special tests and/or such as X-rays and injections, etc. between the groups. (χ²=3.77 Ρ<0.05) 7. More children in the compare group showed regressive tendencies in eating, sleeping, and elimination habits than in experimental groups. (χ²=2.3 Ρ<0.05 χ²=3.88 Ρ<0.05 χ²=4.9 Ρ<0.05) 8. There was a significant difference in the adaptability to hospitalization between the two groups. The experimental groups adapted more readily. (χ²=2.02 Ρ<0.05) 9. For children who had higher I.Q. s the adaptability to hospitalization was better regardless of the group. (χ²=5.03 Ρ<0.05) However, because of the small number of cases (60), this finding cannot be extrapolated without further verification. The date demonstrates that there was a greater adaptability to hospitalization by the child when comprehensive nursing care was given. By planning care and applying knowledge of growth and development to meet, nurses are in a position to prevent some of the psychological trauma associated with hospitalization.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-270
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• 1996

Studies on menstruation have focused only on menstruation itself and menstrual disorders. The menstruating girls or women have been neglected. So, the purpose of this study was to understand menstrual experience of adolescent girls in their perspective and build a theory on it, The specific purpose of this study were to find initial reaction of the girls, their strategies to adapt to menstruation. consequences of their efforts, influencing factor, and patterns of experience. The subjects of this study were eleven adolescent girls who experienced menarche three months to twenty-six months before the interview time. They were selected purposively. Their ages were in range of twelve and sixteen. One of them was a elementary school girl, three high school girls, and seven middle school girls. Two girls were handicapped because of cerebral palsy. All of them had some knowledge about menstrual physiology and hygiene during menstruation. Data were collected from September, 1994 to July, 1995. Data collection ＆ analysis were done according to the grounded theory methodology by Strauss ＆ Corbin(1990). Data collecting method was the long interviews and observation. Each interview took from 1 hour to 2 hours. Interview were tape-recorded and transcribed later by author. Data were analyzed immediately after interviews. Based on the results of previous interview, next interview were planned until gathered data reached the saturation point. Results were as follows. One hundred and six concepts were found. Those concepts were grouped into twenty eight categories and then fourteen higher categories. Twenty eight categories were as follows. “want to hide”, “bewildered”, “sense of burden”, “sense of heterogeneity”. “gladness”. “sense of superiority”, “negative empathy”, “positive empathy”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “lack of knowledge”, “lack of support”, “advance knowledge”, “informational support”, “emotional support”, “endurance”, “prayer”, “disclosing”, “avoidance”, “diversion”, “sense of powerlessness”, “discovery of sex identity”, “sense of maturation”, “sense of stability”, “acceptance of menstruation ”. fourteen higher categories were as follows. “negative feeling”, “posive feeling”, “exchange of feeling”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “accumulated experience”, “dysmenorrhea”, “level of knowledge”, “need for support”, “perceived support”, “sharing of feeling”, “self-control”, “passive acceptance”, “active acceptance”. The core category was “emotional shaking”, which consisted of “positive feeling” and “negative feeling”. “Emotional shaking”comes up to every adolescent girls experiencing menarche, independently of any contextual conditions, and its dimension has two directions : positive one and negative one. Its influencing factors were time of menarche, advance knowledge, support from the significant persons, expression and self-regulation. Even if they showed different process of adaptation to menstruation, general process of adaptation were as follows : 1. stage of emotional shaking 2. stage of acceptance 3. stage of internalization of the menstrual experience. Seven patterns existed on the process of adaptation to menstruation after menarche. Those are as follows. 1. If girls thought their menarche came too early and they had not much knowledge on menstruation, they had a kind of negative feeling. If they did not get enough support and dysmenorrhea superimposed, they came to accept menstruation passively. 2. If girls had menarche too early. they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge. But support helped them accept menstruation easily. 3. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. But by experiencing subsequent menstruations and disclosing feeling, they began to accept menstruation. 4. If girls had menarche too lately and they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. they had positive feeling. If dysmenorrhea superimposed later, their feeling turned in to negative one. But they came to accept menstruation positively by disclosing feeling and getting support. 5. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. In addition to this. if dysmenorrhes superimposed while they did not get enough support, they felt powerless and came to accept menstruation passively. 6. If girls had menarche too early and did not get enough advance knowledge, they had negative feeling. But disclosing feeling and support made them get sense of homogeneity and began to accept menstruation. 7. If girls had handicap, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge and menarche was late. But Menarche made them get feel sexual identity. Their limited hygenic control and negative empathy from their mothers made them accept menstruation passively. To let adolescent girls take their menstrual experience as a part of their lives forming a positive sense of feminine identity, it needs qualified teaching and, support and deep concern of the significant others. Nurses including school nurses should try to develop an educational program, which include menstrual physiology. hygiene during menstrual period, meaning of menstruation and impact of menstruation on the development of female sexual identity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1072-1082
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• 1997

Background : To characterize the clinical features and determine the prognostic factors of severe community-acquired pneumonia. This study is the first of its kind in Korea. Methods : Recruited were 40 patients diagnosed as severe community-acquired pneumonia in Hallym University Hospital from January 1, 1989 through July 31, 1996. Patients were analysed retrospectively for age, sex, underlying disease, respiration rate, hypoxemia, requirement of mechanical ventilation, involvement on chest radiograph, shock, and the serum concentration of BUN and albumin. All parameters were compared between survived and dead group. Results : Male to female ratio was 2.07 : 1. The mean age was $63.1{\pm}17.5$years(range 25~90years) with 65% of patients aged equal to or more than 60. The major underlying diseases were old pulmonary tuberculosis(12.5%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(7.5%), bronchial asthma(5%), bronchiectasis(2.5%), and diabetes mellitus(22.5%). Microbiologic diagnosis was made in 26 out of 40 patients(65%). The most common causative organism was S. pneumoniae(17.5%, 7/40) followed by S. aureus(15.0%, 6/40), K. Pneumoniae(12.5%, 5/40), M. tuberculosis(7.5%, 3/40), H. influenzae(2.5%, 1/40), coagulase negative staphylococcus(2.5%, 1/40), P. aeruginosa(2.5%. 1/40), E. cloaceae(2.5%, 1/40), and E. coli(2.5%, 1/40). M. pneumoniae was detected in no patient. The most frequent drugs administered in single or combination therapy were aminoglycosides(75%, 30/40), second- and third-generation cephalosporin(40%, 16/40 and 27.5%, 11/40), macrolides(27.5%, 11/40), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid(22.5%, 9/40). Of the 40 patients, 14 died of severe community-acquired pneumonia(37.5%). Among them, seven patients (50%) expired within 72h of hospital arrival. According to multivariate analysis, mortality was significantly associated with requirement of mechanical ventilation, bilateral pulmonary involvement, and serum albumins$\leq$3.0g/dl. Conclusion : An understanding of the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in severe community-acquired pneumonia identified in this study will optimize therapeutic approach in this disease and help decreasing its notorious mortality rate.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.19-36
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to measure the critical thinking level of activity tasks included in home economics textbooks published under the 2007 Revised National Curriculum. For this purpose, we sampled 3 kinds of Technology-Home Economics textbooks for 7th graders, selected activity tasks contained in the textbooks, and classified them by type. A total of 93 activity tasks were extracted, and they were analyzed using 9 questions on critical thinking prepared based on Kim Young-jung's '9 Elements and 9 Standards of Critical Thinking.' The results of this study were as follows. First, the total score of the critical thinking level of activity tasks in the home economics textbooks was 66.8, which was not high enough to induce learners' critical thinking. Among the sub-categories of critical thinking, the score was high in order of argumentative thinking(83.9), analytical thinking(78.1), and dialectic thinking(38.3). As in the results, the activity tasks were particularly inadequate for inducing dialectic thinking. Second. in the results of analyzing difference in the critical thinking level according to unit, significant difference was observed among the units. Activity tasks in Units 'Adolescents' Self-management'(77.8), 'Adolescents' Consumption life'(75.2), and 'Adolescents' Sex and Peer Relationship'(71.1) induced critical thinking more effectively than those in other units, but activity tasks in Units 'Clothing and Self-expression' (61. 4), 'Adolescents' Development'(60.0), and 'Adolescents' Nutrition and Meals'(59.6) were inadequate for inducing critical thinking. Third, in the results of analyzing difference in the critical thinking level according to activity task type, the level was high in order of 'Inquiry Activities' (75.7), 'Discussions' (74.6), 'Practical Activities'(65.4), and 'Trials' (50.7), and the differences were significant. That is, among activity task types, 'Inquiry Activities' were most effective in inducing learners' critical thinking and 'Trials' were least effective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutrition knowledge according to urinary salt signal of university students. Based on urinary salt signal, we classified subjects into an "adequate Na intake (ANI)" group (n=52) (salt ${\leq}6g$) and "excess Na intake (ENI)" group (n=66) (salt >6 g). Subjects were asked about general characteristics, lifestyle, salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutritional knowledge using questionnaire. The ENI group had more subjects who were drinkers (P<0.05) compared to the ANI group. The ENI group (33.45) showed a significantly lower score in terms of salt-related dietary attitudes compared to the ANI group (35.50) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total score of salt-related dietary behavior between the groups. The score of nutrition knowledge was significantly higher in the ANI (9.77) group than in the ENI (8.82) group (P<0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the urinary salt signal had a negative correlation with the salt-related dietary attitude score after adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index (r=-0.2100, P<0.05). These results support the validity of using the urinary salt signal to simplify estimation of sodium intake.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Ovarian follicular atresia in mammals is finely regulated by gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones. It is well known that granulosa cell pyknosis is a common cytological feature of atretic follicles in the ovary. The present study hypothesized that granulosa cell pyknosis during follicular atresia might be related to apoptotic process and associated with caspase-3 activation. Healthy (normal) and atretic follicles were isolated from porcine ovaries based on macro-morphological criteria. Isolated follicles were either processed for histological observation or used for collection of granulosa cells by aspiration. Hoechst 33258 staining of the cells showed a significantly higher number of fragmented nuclei, a typical morphological feature of apoptotic cell, in granulosa cells from atretic follicles than those from healthy follicles. In addition, the rate of cell death was significantly higher in granulosa cells from atretic follicles than healthy follicles, as measured by flow-cytometric cell cycle analysis. In situ detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL revealed that apoptosis was mostly restricted to granulosa cells in follicles. Theca cells were TUNEL-negative. Finally, it has been shown by caspase-3 activity assay that granulosa cells from atretic follicles retain a higher caspase-3 activity compared to healthy follicles. Taken together, it is suggested that granulosa cell degeneration during folliclar atresia occurs by caspase-3-dependent apoptotic fashion.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.503-515
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• 1998

In order to investigate the factors influencing QOL and life satisfaction of the physically disabled, the author interviewed, by using structuralized questionnaire, 440 individuals among the physically disabled who were participated in Health Examination from April to July, 1997. The questionnaire consisted of the general characteristics(sex, age, marital status, family number, etc), the Reintegration to Normal Living Index(RNLI) to assess QOL, and the single item of five-likert scale to evaluate life satifaction. The means of RNLI were $16.2{\pm}4.8$ in total score, $12.2{\pm}3.4$ in daily functioning and $4.0{\pm}2.1$ in perception of self. The respondents were less reintegrated toward social activities and relationships than impairments or disabilities. While the satisfied group was 47.3%, the dissatisfied group was 52.7%. As the results of multiple regression and logistic regression analysis, the significant predictors of QOL were age, education, job, grade of disability and subjective health status. The life satisfaction were related to economic status, job and subjective health status. To improve QOL and life satisfaction of the physically disabled, it is important that we improve their basic socioeconomic status by getting a job through rehabilitation education and induce them to have positive self-assessment by extending the opportunity of social participation.