• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.201-204
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• 2008

We've been involved in collection and domestication of Agrimonia pilosa from 2005 to 2007. We observed agrimony powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca aphanis. The powdery mildew developed twice a year, in May to June and mid August to September on whole plants of A. pilosa plants, that is, leaves, stem and floral part. We sprayed the Cooking Oil & Yolk mixture (COY) to control the agrimony powdery mildew. When COY was single-sprayed to control agrimony powdery mildew, its control value was 26.9%. However when it was double-sprayed and triple-sprayed at seven days interval, its control value increased up to 80.8 and 82.7%, respectively. Upon the first spray, symptoms of powdery mildew disappeared within three days and suppressive effect of COY was persisted for only seven days. Thereafter, powdery mildew was relapsed to develop. However, on double to triple sprays, powdery mildew was suppressed more than 28 days after final treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that double spray of COY at seven days interval can control effectively agrimony powdery mildew.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 1984

From November 5th to December 5th in 1984. this study was carried out to find the effects of the prechilling and predrying treatment on the germination rate, the plant rate, the plant height, and the seedling growth rate in some varieties of barley and malting barley. The result obtained were as follows: In germination rate, barley varieties were the highest at the prechilling treatments for five and eight days and malting barley varieties were the highest at the prechilling treatment for eight days. In predrying, the seven days' treatment revealed higher germination rate than other in all varieties except Sacheon-6, Sacheon-6 showed the highest rate at the five days treatment. The growth rate in all varieties was the greatest at the prechilling treatments for five and eight days. In predrying treatments, the growth rate in Oweolbori and Hyangmaek was more effective at the predrying for three days, in Sacheon-6 for five days, and in Albori for seven days, respectively. The highest plant height was revealed at the prechilling treatment for five days in barley varieties and for eight days in malting barley varieties.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.267-280
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• 1999

To investigate the characteristics of high-ozone occurrences in the Greater Seoul Area(GSA), three high-ozone episodes were selected, for which the ozone warning for concentration above 120 ppb might be issued. The selection was on the basis of morning wind directions and speeds, and daily maximum ozone concentrations measured between 1990 and 1997. The episodes chosen to meet selection criteria were seven days in July 1992, nine days in July 1994, and three days in August 1994, as respectively characterized by southwesterly, easterly, and calm winds in the morning. However, more than 80% of high-ozone days in the GSA were associated with calm winds and the concomitant accumulation of local emission in the morning, rather than being due to transport of ozone or its precursors. This is believed to be the primary reason why ozone concentrations in the GSA varied in a completely different manner even between adjacent monitoring stations. Several premises for initiating research studies for resolving these local variations of ozone concentrations in the GSA are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.303-309
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• 1991

To investigate the pathogenicity and virological properties of TJ-89-2 strain of canine parvovirus(CPV -2) that was isolated from the diseased puppies in Korea, seven puppies-were inoculated intraorally with the isolate at the HA titer of 8,192. All of the puppies showed the signs of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and died at the 5th to 10th days post inoculation (pi). All of the fecal samples from the puppies revealed significantly high HA titers afterward the 5th days pi. Body temperature and the number of total leucocytes were slightly increased at the early stage of infection, but extremly decreased at the stage of collapse. HI titers of the sera began to increase at the 3rd to 4th days pi, reaching 512 to 1,024 at the 4th to 5th days pi.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1475-1478
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• 2003

Purpose : We hope to evaluate the effectiveness of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium for the bronchial asthma using assesment on the vascular endothelial growth factor after Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium was intravenously administered OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice. Material and methods: Eleven female mice, 8-10 weeks of age and free of murine specific pathogens, were used. Of the eleven mice, one mouse was not sensitized and ten mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Of the sensitized mice, three mice didn't administrate Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium and seven mice administrated Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium. Mice were sensitized on days 1 and 14 by intraperitoneal injection of 20 ㎍ OVA. On days 21, 22, and 23 after the initial sensitization, the mice were challenged for 30 minutes with an aerosol of 1 % OVA in saline. Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium administered 200mg/kg in the tail of the mouse, one time per day, for 7 days, beginning 14 days after first sensitization. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 72 hours after the last challenge, and level of VEGF in the BAL fluid were measured by Western blot analysis. Results: Western blot analysis revealed that VEGF protein levels were increased in the all three mice which were challenge with OVA without administered Chung-pi compared the normal mouse. However, in the groups of the administered Chung-pi, the VEGF protein level markedly decreased in six of seven mice. Conclusion : Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium might be effect the treatment of the bronchial asthma as a inhibition of the VEGF.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.237-243
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• 2005

To study entering and exiting routes of male and female Hynobius leechii to a breeding site and staying time of them within the breeding site, we monitored a breeding population located in the research forests of Kangwon National University. The breeding site was surrounded by a drift fence associated with nine pitfall traps. The breeding season of this population was about one month, from 16 March to 13 April, 2005. Breeding males arrived earlier at the breeding pond than females did. The operational sex ratio (OSR), defined as the ratio of males to females which are ready to mate, over a breeding season was female-biased as 0.67 male vs 1 female (57 males vs 87 females), but daily OSRs, OSR in a particular day, within the breeding pond were male-biased with $1.36\sim7.5$ male vs f female in six days out of seven investigated days. While breeding males stayed in the breeding pond for about 11 days, breeding females left the pond as soon as they completed oviposition. However, the females stayed at terrestrial areas near the pond for about seven days before completely leaving the breeding site. Entering and exiting routes to the breeding site were different between males and females, and between ovulated and oviposited females. Both males and females arrived earlier at the breeding site stayed longer within the site. Males stayed longer within the breeding site lost more body weight.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 2014

This paper presents chloride induced corrosion durability of reinforcing steel in geopolymer concretes containing different contents of sodium silicate ($Na_2SiO_3$) and molarities of NaOH solutions. Seven series of mixes are considered in this study. The first series is ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete and is considered as the control mix. The rest six series are geopolymer concretes containing 14 and 16 molar NaOH and $Na_2SiO_3$ to NaOH ratios of 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5. In each series three lollypop specimens of 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, each having one 12 mm diameter steel bar are considered for chloride induced corrosion study. The specimens are subjected to cyclic wetting and drying regime for two months. In wet cycle the specimens are immersed in water containing 3.5% (by wt.) NaCl salt for 4 days, while in dry cycle the specimens are placed in open air for three days. The corrosion activity is monitored by measuring the copper/copper sulphate ($Cu/CuSO_4$) half-cell potential according to ASTM C-876. The chloride penetration depth and sorptivity of all seven concretes are also measured. Results show that the geopolymer concretes exhibited better corrosion resistance than OPC concrete. The higher the amount of $Na_2SiO_3$ and higher the concentration of NaOH solutions the better the corrosion resistance of geopolymer concrete is. Similar behaviour is also observed in sorptivity and chloride penetration depth measurements. Generally, the geopolymer concretes exhibited lower sorptivity and chloride penetration depth than that of OPC concrete. Correlation between the sorptivity and the chloride penetration of geopolymer concretes is established. Correlations are also established between 28 days compressive strength and sorptivity and between 28 days compressive strength and chloride penetration of geopolymer concretes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oral health education on adolescents. Methods: The subjects were middle school students in a health promoting school in Gunpo, Gyeonggi Province. Before giving the students oral health instruction, their modified Patient Hygiene Performance index (PHP index) was measured using disclosing solution. Then, the students were taught the right way to brush teeth (Rolling method) and use oral hygiene devices such as dental floss, tongue cleaner and interdental brush. Their modified PHP index was re-measured three days after and seven days after the education to evaluate the effect and persistency of oral health education. of the total 116 students, 48 students who completely filled out the questionnaire and participated in the whole process, photo shooting and three times of PHP index measurement, were included in the final analysis. Results: The students' modified PHP index significantly decreased three days after the education. However, the index slightly went back up seven days after the oral health education. Conclusion: Oral health education was effective in reducing dental plaque which remained after brushing. Continuous education about and constant motivation for oral hygiene turned out to be critical to maintain the impact of oral health education. Therefore, it is necessary to develop educational contents which can constantly motivate teenagers.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2006

Purpose: Microbial colonization of the intestine begins just after birth and development of the normal flora is a gradual process. The first bacteria colonizing the intestine in newborns are Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus. For several days after birth, the number of Bifidobacterium spp. increase. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of microflora for seven days postnatally in neonatal stool. Methods: Fifteen neonates (breast : formula : mixed feeding 1 : 8 : 6, vaginal delivery : cesarean section 3 : 12) who were born at the Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University were enrolled. First meconium and stools of postnatal 1-, 3-, and 7-day were innoculated. Blood agar plates for total aerobes, trypton bile X-glucuronide agar for E. coli, phenylethyl alcohol agar for gram positive anaerobes, MRS agar for Lactobacillus spp., bifidobacterium selective agar for Bifidobacterium spp. and cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar for Clostridium difficile were used in the general incubator ($CO_2$ free incubator), $CO_2$ incubator or the anaerobic chamber for 48 or 72 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and then colony forming units were counted. Results: No microflora was identified in the first meconium. Total aerobes, E. coli, and gram positive anaerobes were significantly increased with advancing postnatal days. In only one baby, Lactobacillus acidophilus was detected $2{\times}10^5CFU/g$ in the seven-day stool. Bifidobacterium spp. was detected in two babies. Clostridium difficile was not detected during the seven days. There were no significant differences in the bowel flora depending on the delivery pattern and feeding method. Conclusion: This study shows many changes in the intestinal normal flora in neonatal stool during seven days postnatally. If these findings are confirmed with larger studies, the data may be preliminary findings to support use of probiotics in neonates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1974

1) It was found that melons stored at $20^{\circ}C$ were deteriorated mainly by phytophthora spot and the limits for commercial purpose were 6 days for the control and 4 days for the film packed sample. First of all, alternaria rot was produced after 8 days in control group and each group had cold-stroage hindrance after 20 days. The limits for commercial purpose determined by general appearance were 14 days for the control, 18 days for the 0.02mm and 16 days for the 0.04 mm group. 2) Seven to 8% of weight decrease was the limit of commercial purpose by general appearance. The amount of $CO_2$ excretion was decreased in $20^{\circ}C$ group and increased drastically with deterioration. The amount of $CO_2$, excretion during storage at $2^{\circ}C$ was about $\frac{1}{5}\;to\;\frac{1}{6}\;of\;20^{\circ}C$ 3) The usage of sugar for the substrate of respiration during storage was small and large amount of acids was used for this purpose. The sugar content was decreased with deterioration but acids were increased. The reducing sugar content was decreased and non-reducing sugar content was increased during storage.