• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.345-356
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• 2004

Open-cut method has been widely used to construct underground structures, but it causes several problems such as traffic congestion and public resentment resulting from severe construction noise and ground settlement. In many cases, it is very difficult to build underground structures safely due to the unknown locations of buried facilities such as water pipes, drainage pipes, gas pipes and high-pressure cable conduits etc. Also in open-cut method, moving buried facilities causes additional cost and extension of construction period. Therefore, this paper is to present a case study in which Tubular Roof construction Method (T.R.c.M.), a newly developed construction method for underground structures using slab steel pipes and PC wall trench, is applied for the construction of a subway tunnel in Seoul. As a result, it is found that T.R.c.M. is a construction method by which tunnels can be constructed safely without any effect on the surrounding environment and traffic flow due to the minimized construction vibration and noise.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.83-109
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• 2016

Recently, China has brought many political, economical, and ideological changes in order to complete the "socialistic market economy." In terms of legal system, they make much effort to seek compatibility and stability of law and order. China recognizes that the breakdown of corruption, which is rampant in society, is an essential short-cut for national development. To realize anti-corruption reformation, it strengthens the supervision of relatives and close officials of high-ranking government officials. Recently, China has suffered from expanded trade disputes internationally and has also experienced severe management-labor conflicts domestically due to economic recession. From 2012 onward, civil lawsuit and other litigations have increased sharply. Also, they face severe conflicts in the land system. It is expected that many disputes arise due to speculation on rural housing. Meanwhile, Mongolia expands the size of trade with Korea in mutual cooperation since their diplomatic relation in 1990 by entering more than 20 treaties and agreements. As Mongolia has rich natural resources and Korea is equipped with advanced science and technology, the two countries have opportunities to develop mutually beneficial cooperative relations. Recently, the arbitration system has attracted attention instead of litigation as a means of dispute settlement in line with the expansion of trade between Korea and Mongolia. This study would be helpful to figure out desirable methods for dispute settlements in case of trade disputes among Korean companies that would advance into China and Mongolia.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1985

Ocassionally it is used for simple extensions of Terzahgi's theory to account for time-depend- tint loading but there is little evidence of application in more complicated consolidation theories that take into account such effects as nonlinear stress.strain, layered systems or large strains. The purpose of this paper provides an efficient computer algorthm based on numerical analysis using finite difference method which account for multi-layered soils to determine the degree of consolidation and excess pore pressures relative to time and positions more realistically. The explicitly scheme of solving the consolidation equations has been investigated from the point of view of the stability conditions and the convergence with variance of the operator as well as to obtain an optimal divided depth ratios of total depth. A comparison of the settlement predictions with both the classical analysis and the algorithm based on numerical analysis indicates that the new algorithm scheme is found to be superior to the classical theory in the layered soils.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-31
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• 2011

In response to complexity and diversity of a social phenomenon, the dispute also is various, therefore can not be settled efficiently by means of court adjudication to which applies a law strictly. To overcome such problems we are going to seek to make use of arbitration. According to Korean Arbitration Act Art. 3 (1), any dispute in private laws would be the object of arbitral proceedings. It could be the object of arbitral proceedings that disputes which are capable of a settlement by arbitration. It is a matter for debate that disputes containing punitive damages may be resolved by arbitration. This problem is concerning the arbitrability of the subject-matter of a dispute. To offer some solution to these issues, it is necessary to inquire into the nature of punitive damages. the policy and function of alimony, the fair apportionment of a loss. Moreover, international relations formed with international transactions should be considered. Punitive damages would be the object of arbitral proceedings as the dipute in private laws. When punitive damages pursue only punishment in the domestic arbitration that there is not foreign factors, arbitral tribunal could not make arbitral award containing punitive damages. However, if punitive damages are admitted under the rules applicable to substance of dispute, and there is the arbitration agreement in which is implied that the parties agree to submit to an arbitral award, arbitral tribunal could make arbitral award containing punitive damages in international arbitration. When it is questionable whether it is offend against our public policy or not, that we accept the effect of arbitral award containing punitive damages, and we admit the enforcement of it, we have to take the nature of punitive damages, the policy and function of alimony, the fair apportionment of a loss and the stability of international transactions into consideration.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.33-55
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• 2019

This study is aimed at drawing up improvement measures in connection with the resolution of claims, one of the major constraints in revitalizing South-North Korean economic cooperation. To that end, we first looked at the structure of South-North Korean economic cooperation and the institutional status related to resolving the claims. Also we analyzed the current status of the claims in the process of promoting South-North Korean economic cooperation by companies and the provisions of the claims between the parties in order to derive any problems. Through these research results, we were able to identify directions and implications for efficient improvement of the causes of several South-North Korean economic cooperation claims. First, at the corporate level, there is a need to create specific details of a contract for resolving disputes and to add additional third-party coordination functions in the relevant clause of the contract in preparation for the occurrence of a dispute. In addition, it is necessary to seek ways to advance jointly with corporations in China and other third countries in order to secure stability. Second, the government should continue to discuss ways of promoting South-North Korean commercial arbitration with North Korea so that follow-up measures can be completed as soon as possible. In addition, a two-track strategy is suggested to provide a practical negotiation channel at the private level. Also it is necessary to be active in persuading North Korea to join the international arbitration treaty in preparation for the activation of full-fledged economic exchanges.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.804-816
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the oxide layer removal process in the Co-Cr-Mo (CCM) abutment after casting procedure on the prosthesis settlement and screw stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CCM abutments of four different interface conditions (CCM-M; machined, CCM-O; oxide layer formed, CCM-B; blasted, CCM-P; polished after blasted) and gold abutment (Gold-C; Cast with type III Gold alloy) were used. The initial settling values of abutments were evaluated according to the difference of implant-abutment length when the tightening torques were applied at 5 Ncm and 30 Ncm, and the settling values of abutments caused by loading were evaluated according to the difference of implant-abutment length before and after loading with 250 N, 100000 cycle. The loss ratios of removal torque for abutment screws were evaluated according to the difference in value of removal torques under 30 Ncm tightening torque applied before and after cyclic loading. RESULTS: The CCM-P and CCM-B group showed a higher initial settling value compared with the Gold-C group (P<.05), while the Gold-C group showed the highest settling values caused by loading (P<.05) and no significant differences were observed for between CCM groups (P>.05). The loss ratio of removal torque values for the CCM-B, CCM-P groups did not differ significantly from that of the Gold-C group (P>.05). CONCLUSION: Even though the oxide layer was removed by different methods, CCM abutment with internal conical connection structure showed lower abutment settling and similar screw loosening after cyclic loading compared with gold abutment.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.11-18
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• 2009

When underground pipe is installed, backfill materials need proper compaction. But in case of circular underground pipe, compaction of backfill material is difficult and compaction efficiency is poor at beloe the pipe. It caused the stability of underground pipe is reduced and various damages occurred. One of the solutions to solve this problem for underground pipe is to use controlled low strength material (CLSM). CLSM is made by concept of low strength concrete, which is applied to geotechnical engineering field. The representative characteristics of CLSM are self-leveling, self-compacting and flowability. In addition, its strength can be controlled and its construction method is simple. The behavior of underground pipe was investigated by finite element analysis for various backfill materials under same condition. As a result, in case of using the CLSM as backfill material, surface settlement and displacement of pipe are reduced comparing with those in case of using field soil or sand.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.417-439
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• 2017

The stone columns are increasingly being used as a soil improvement method for supporting a wide variety of structures (such as road embankment, buildings, storage tanks etc.) especially built on soft soil. Soil improvement by the stone column method overcomes the settlement problem and low stability. Nevertheless, stone column in very soft soils may not be functional due to insufficient lateral confinement. The required lateral confinement can be overcome by encasing the stone column with a suitable geosynthetic. Encasement of stone columns with geogrid is one of the ideal forms of improving the performance of stone columns. This paper presents the results of a series of experimental tests and numerical analysis to investigate the behavior of stone columns with and without geogrid encasement in soft clay deposits. A total of six small scale laboratory tests were carried out using circular footing with diameters of 0.05 m and 0.1 m. In addition, a well-known available software program called PLAXIS was used to numerical analysis, which was validated by the experimental tests. After good validation, detailed of parametric studies were performed. Different parameters such as bearing capacity of stone columns with and without geogrid encasement, stiffness of geogrid encasement, depth of encasement from ground level, diameter of stone columns, internal friction angle of crushed stone and lateral bulging of stone columns were analyzed. As a result of this study, stone column method can be used in the improvement of soft ground and clear development in the bearing capacity of the stone column occurs due to geogrid encasement. Moreover, the bearing capacity is effected from the diameter of the stone column, the angle of internal friction, rigidity of the encasement, and depth of encasement. Lateral bulging is minimized by geogrid encasement and effected from geogrid rigidity, depth of encasement and diameter of the stone column.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.5872-5878
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• 2013

This study provides two channel structure and two factor authentication. First, a purchasing request by Internet and then user certification and a settlement approval process by mobile communication. Second, it support that proposal protocol utilize a partial factor value of stored in users smartcard, smart phone and password of certificate. Third, storage stability is improved because certificate store in smartcard. Finally, proposal protocol satisfy confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non- repudiation on required E-commerce guideline. In comparative analysis, Efficiency of the proposal protocol with the existing system was not significantly different. But, In terms of safety for a variety of threats to prove more secure than the existing system was confirmed.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.151-166
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• 2014

The present method of measuring QoE (Quality of Experience) was to measure the whole block from the server that provides service to the terminal that the client gets the service. In this way, it was possible to simply determine whether the quality of QoE was good or not, and when the quality of QoE became bad, there was no way of presenting solutions. Also, as QoE metrics are numerous, there has been no strict regulation on how to use. This study analyzed QoE metrics in the viewpoints of network and clients, subdivided the whole service into three phases including one from the server providing the service to the router, another from the router to the terminal getting the service, and the third from the service router to the client router, and presented QoE metric frames appropriate for each phase. Through this, in the KOREN-CERNET environment, this study designed and embodied QoE network and demonstrated stability of QoE network, reduction in client complaint settlement time, and content adjustment effect according to the network change.