• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

This study examined the settlement of a 1-2W type greenhouse using a timber pile, which was recently established on Gyehwa-do reclaimed land, in order to obtain base data for the construction of a greenhouse on reclaimed land. The results of this study are as follows. foundation and timber pile increased over time, irrespective of the interior and exterior of the upon investigation of the ground, it was confirmed that there was no soft rock stratum (bedrock), and that a sedimentary stratum existed under the fill deposit, which is estimated to have been reclaimed during the site renovation. It was also found that a weathered zone was located under the fill deposit and sedimentary stratum, and that the soil texture of the entire ground floor consisted of clay mixed with sand, silty clay, and granite gneiss, in that order, regardless of boreholes. In addition, the underground water level was 0.3m below ground, regardless of boreholes. Despite a slight difference, the settlement of the greenhouse or measurement sites (channels). With regard to the pillar inside the greenhouse, except in the case of CH-2, the data at a site located on the side wall of the greenhouse (wind barrier side) indicated vibrations of relatively larger amplitude. Moreover, the settlement showed a significant increase during a certain period, which was subsequently somewhat reversed. Based on these phenomena, it was verified that the settlement range of each site in the interior and exterior of the greenhouse was between 1.0 and 7.5mm at this time, except in the case of CH-1. The results of the regression analysis indicated good correlation, with the coefficient of determination by site ranging between 0.6362 and 0.9340. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination ranged between 0.6046 and 0.8822 on the exterior of the greenhouse, which is lower than inside the greenhouse, but still indicates significant correlation.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.39-49
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• 2011

Recently PBD method, one of acceleration of consolidation methods is used in the soft ground to shorten consolidation time for fast settlement during construction. It is economical and easy to work. Discharge capacity of PBD is sensitive in proportion to thickness of soft ground layer, and drainage of PBD declines due to disturbance effect in surrounding ground by mandrel used for vertical drainage setting and setting machines and type. Also, deviation of discharge capacity is large according to ground condition, construction condition and soil properties. In addition, when embankment loading is not conducted instantly after PBD setting due to rain or lack of embankment material supply, it causes leaving period problems. But cause and analysis of those problems for discharge capacity is lack. So, in this test, ground improvement and discharge capacity is investigated by implementing composite discharge capacity test for analysis of an effect factor of PBD discharge capacity with leaving period. After fixing the vertical drain on a cylindrical cylinder, put churned sample into the cylinder. Then leave 0day, 30day, 60day and 90day. And then, load following the loading step of 30, 70 and 120kPa using a pressure device. As a result, the longer leaving period, discharge capacity is reduced. It is caused by a decrease of discharge area caused by creep transformation moisture absorption of PBD filter after long leaving period.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.199-204
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to broaden the understanding of the Security Services Industry Act, and also to examine the meanings of various phenomena by analyzing the media report big data rather than the researchers' perspective on the Security Services Industry Act. In the research method, this study searched for a keyword 「Security Services Industry Act」 that prescribes the security work as an important subject of crime prevention and maintenance of public order in Korea. The data was searched from 1990 to 2021 the BIG KINDS could provide. Also, for the concrete analysis during the period of data search, it was divided into settlement period(1976~2001), growth period-quantitative(2002~2012), and growth period-qualitative(2013~2021). In the results of this study, the media report perception of the Security Services Industry Act is continuously emphasizing the social roles and importance of private security according to the flow of time. The consequent marketability of private security will play great roles in the protection of people's lives and properties in the combination with various other industries in the future. However, the private security industry that provides public peace service together with the police, could be rising as an element that hinders the development of private security industry because of various social issues caused by legal regulations and illegal problems, so it would be necessary to more strengthen its responsibility and roles accordingly.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.36
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• pp.5-38
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• 2003

The history of Baekje Kingdom, one of the Three kingdoms, is divided into three periods to the change of sociopolitical center, including its capital as follows: Hanseong Period (18 BC ~ AD 475), Ungjin Period (AD 475~538), and Sabi Period (AD 538~660). Though the Hanseong Period of Baekje Kingdom covers more than two thirds of the whole history of Baekje Kingdom (493 years), history and archaeological culture of the Hanseong Period is still unclear and even ambiguous comparing to the Ungjin and Sabi periods. Most of all, it is because of quite limited historical records and archaeological data available. In addition, negative attitude of the Korean academic circles to the early records of Samguksaki(三國史記) has been a critical obstacle to the study of early history of the Three kingdoms, including the Hanseong Period of Baekje kingdom. Author, who has attempted to combine historical records and archaeological data in order to reconstruct the history and archaeological culture of the early Baekje, specifically the Hanseong Period, has held positive attitude to the early records of the Samguksaki as far as possible. He(Author) came to realize that comprehensive understanding of Mahan (馬韓) society, one of the Three Han (三韓) Society was more than essential in the study of Baekje. According to historical records and archaeological data, Mahan Society represented by Mojiguk(目支國) ruled by King Jin(辰王) has been located in the middle and/or southwestern parts of the Korean peninsula from the 3rd~2nd century BC through the end of the 5th century or early 6th century AD. Mahan already occupied central portion of the Korean Peninsula, including the Han River Valley when King Onjo(溫祖王) first set up the capital of Baekje Kingdom at Wiryeseong (慰 禮城) considered to be modern Jungrang~Songpa-gu area of Han River Valley. From the beginning of the Baekje history, there had been quite close interrelationships between Baekje and Mahan, and the interrelationships had lasted for around 500 years. In other words, it is impossible to attempt to understand and study Hanseong period of Baekje, without considering the historical and archaeological identity of Mahan. According to the Samguksaki, Baekje moved its capital three times during the Hanseong Period (18 BC ~ AD 475) within the Han River Valley as follows: Wiryeseong at Jungrang-gu area of the Han River (河北慰禮城, 18 ~ 5 BC), Wiryeseong at Songpa-gu area of the Han River(河南慰禮城, 5 BC ~ AD 371), Hansan at Iseongsan fortress site(Historical site No. 422, 漢山, AD 371~391), and Hanseong at Chungung-dong of Hanam city(漢城, AD 391~475). Before 1990s, archaeological data of the Hanseong Period was quite limited, and archaeological culture of Mahan was not well defined. Only a few burial and fortress sites were reported to be archaeological remains of the early Baekje, and a few settlement and jar burial sites were assumed to be those of Mahan without clear definition of the Mahan Culture. Since 1990s, fortunately, a number of new archaeological sites of Hanseong Baekje and Mahan have been reported and investigated. Thanks to the new discoveries, there has been significant progress in the study of early Baekje and Mahan. In particular, a number of excavations of Pungnap-dong Fortress site(Historical site NO. 11, 1996~2003), considered to be the Wiryeseong at south of the Han River, the second capital of the Hanseong Baekje, provided critical archaeological evidence in the study of Hanseong Period of Baekje. Since the end of the 1990s, a number of sites have been reported in Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla provinces, as well. From these sites, archaeological features and artifacts representing distinctive cultural tradition of Mahan have been identified such as unstamped fortresses, pit houses cut into the rock, houses with lifted floor(掘立柱 건물), and potteries decorated with toothed wheel and bird's footprint designs. These cultural traditions reflected in the archaeological remains played a critical role to define and understand archaeological identity of the Mahan society. Moreover, archaeological data from these new sites reported in the middle and southwestern parts of the Korean Peninsular made it possible to postulate a hypothesis that the history of Mahan could be divided into three periods to the change of its sociopolitical center in relation with the Baekje Kingdom's political Situation as follows: Cheonan (天安) Period, Iksan(益山) Period, and Naju(羅州) Period. The change of Mahan's sociopolitical center is closely related to the sociopolitical expansion of the Hanseong Baekje.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.167-180
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• 1994

A series of long term consolidation tests were conducted under loading -unloading and loading(pc) -unloading(p.) -reloading(p,) conditions using reconstituted clay in order to investigate the effect of stress history on secondary consolidation characteristics and the applicability of the secondary consolidation model suggested by Bjerrum to overconsolidated clays. According to the test results, the secondary compression settlement affected by the stress history in the first half of experimental period and the coefficient of secondary compression, C‥‥ is dependent on overconsolidation ratio, OCR(p,1 p.), maBium OCR (p./p.), and unloading duration time. Moreover the coefficient of secondary consolidation in the latter half of experimental period Cn is mainly affected by OCR and it gradually reduces with OCR increment. Finally the comparison of the experimental results with the Bjerrum model indicates that the Bjerrum model can be applied beyond certain range of stress history in the overconsolidated clay.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.585-601
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to examine the change of Korean land transportation system and pattern during 1905-1911 concentrated on road construction so-caued ‘Sinjak-ro’. As conclusions, modem road or ‘Sinjak-ro’ started from modem port to inner hinterland where economic resource or regional center located. A trunk railroad running through Korea Peninsula from Busan to Sinuiju(border between China) is opened its complete operation in 1906 by Japanese investment, when no ‘Sinjak-ro’ road construction begun. Thus from the beginning, railroad station also became important starting point of ‘Sinjak-ro’ as seaports. Before the Japanese annexation of Korea, the ‘Sinjak-ro’ road was constructed mainly between seaport or station, where Japanese commercial settlement located, and hinterlands to help their economic invasion. This study could not deal with other modem transportation systems such as railroads and waterways. It is necessary to examine whole changes of modern transportation systems in this age so that we would comprehend modernization feature of Korea from the viewpoint of transportation history.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.33-54
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• 2008

The KCAB enacted their new international arbitration rules(the KCAB rules) in 2007 wheres The CIETAC revised their arbitration rules(the CIETAC new rules) in 2005. This article investigates some practical problems on both rules respectively and helps trading companies to proceed arbitration by these rules. This study finds some problems as follows. There are the following problems in KCAB rules. First, application fee is too expensive fee. So KCAB should cut down their application fee. Second, if there is no agreement on number of arbitrators, the arbitration is processed by sole arbitrator. But it is very difficult for sole arbitrator to process international arbitration due to characteristics of international arbitration such as complexity of case and a large sum of claim. Third, a period of selection of arbitrator is long. In view of developing of communication means, this period is needed more short. In the meantimes, there are the following problems in CIETAC rules. First, though the CIETAC new rules enlarges the right of parties autonomy such as selection of arbitration rules or revise of it, China arbitration Act stipulates a institute arbitration which restrict partie's autonomy. Second, if there is no agreement on arbitrators, the CIETAC appoints chair of tribural in three arbitrators ion or sole arbitrators. is processed by sole arbitrator. Third, a draft of arbitral award is checked by the CIETAC in advance. Especially, the two latter problems is possible for foreigners to have doubts of fairness of CIETAC arbitration. Becuase the CIETAC is not a complete independent private institution. Consequently, I suggest that Korean trading companies should examine problems of these two arbitration rules carefully, and select a most appropriate rules for settlement of their disputes with Chines companies.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.291-311
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• 2005

The great estate system of the Old World crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the 1500s along with the Spanish Royal Army, mission, merchants, crops and domestic arrivals, landing at the end of the journey in the Middle and South Americas. The latifundio of Spain's Middle Age combined with the environment of the New World to be regenerated in the name of hacienda which bad became tightly roared in the countryside landscape of New Spain by fin-de-colonial period of 1820s. The haciendas were distributed mainly over the central part of the present-dey Mexico, and the presence of water and towns determined the specific location of the large landed estates. Depending on the activities performed, the hacienda can be divided into several types such as grain hacienda, livestock hacienda, mining hacienda, henequen hacienda, and so forth. Consisting of landlords, estate managers and waged labor called peons, the hacienda as a semi-autarkic settlement played various roles as the home of church, the agrarian center and the hearth of cultural diffusion, as well as dwelling. Toward the end of the colonial period the hacienda experienced internal transformations driven by capitalism.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2012

In this study the negative skin friction test of foundation pile was performed in order to monitor the negative skin frictional force acting on the steel pipe pile installed in soft soil. The monitored frictional stresses obtained from the long-term loading test. Through the long-term frictional stress monitoring test, the economical period for the construction of the superstructure was determined. The following conclusion were derived from this study: (1) In soft soil, negative skin friction increases with the increase in the rate of settlement. (2) In the friction relationship graph, the period where there is no frictional strain increase is verified and the time for the construction of the superstructure is determined. (3) The pile loading test was performed and the negative skin friction was compared with the test results. It was determined that the negative skin friction after driving was larger than the negative skin friction obtained from the loading test. 15 days after the construction, the monitored value was similar with the theoretical data. (4) It was determined that even during the occurrence of negative skin friction an economical construction management can be performed using the long-term monitoring method of negative skin friction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.88-93
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• 1977

The following is the result of experiment on consolidation test under various load increment ratios by alternation of standard load increment ratio. The more load increment ratio was, the more settlement was resulted. But expansions were not associated with load increment ratios. Primary consolidation took longer period to complete as load increment ratio was decreased. And under the condition of over-consolidated range, the completion of primary consolidation took longer period as the load was incremented. Under the condition of normal consolidated range, there was no change in time of completing primary consolidation. The coefficient of consolidation was decreased with increment of consolidation load, and the coefficient of consolidation had high values as the load increment ratio was increased. The values of ratio of secondary consolidation was highest near the transition point of consolidation curve.