• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2015

The flash point is used to categorize inflammable liquids according to their relative flammability. Such a categorization is important for the safe handling, storage, and transportation of inflammable liquids. The flash point temperature of two binary liquid mixtures(n-octane+n-decane and n-octane+n-dodecane) has been measured for the entire concentration range using Seta-flash closed cup tester based on the ASTM D3278 method. The closed cup flash point temperature was estimated using the UNIFAC(Universal Functional Activity Coefficient) group contribution model. The experimentally derived flash point was also compared with the predicted flash point from the UNIFAC model. The UNIFAC model is able to estimate the flash point fairly well for n-octane+n-decane mixture and n-octane+n-dodecane mixture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.39-44
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• 2016

Suitable design and operation of distillation process is very dependent on vapor-liquid equilibrium calculation. The usual calculation method is use binary interaction parameter. Flash points of n-propanol+n-butanol and 2-butanol+n-butanol were measured by Seta-flash closed cup tester. Experimental Flash points were compared with those calculated by the method based on Raoult's law and the optimization method using Wilson equation. The binary interaction parameters obtained by the optimization method are then used to calculate the bubble points of n-propanol+n-butanol and 2-butanol+n-butanol.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.40-45
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• 2019

Flash point is the important flammability indicator characterizing the risk of fire and explosion of flammable liquid mixture. In this study, flash points of water+formic acid and water+acrylic acid were measured by Seta flash apparatus. The flash points estimated by the methods based on empirical equation and Raoult's law were compared with experimental flash points. Absolute average errors of the results estimated by Raoult's law are $10.7^{\circ}C$ and $4.8^{\circ}C$ for water+formic acid and water+acrylic acid, respectively. Absolute average errors of the results estimated by empirical equation are $1.0^{\circ}C$ and $0.5^{\circ}C$ for water+formic acid and water+acrylic acid, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated values by empirical equation simulated the measured values better than those calculated by Raoult's law.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.19-24
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• 2017

Flammable substances are used in laboratories and industrial process. The flash point (FP) is one of the most important physical properties used to determine the potential for characterizing the fire and explosion hazard of liquids. The FP data at 101.3 kPa were measured for the binary systems {toluene+ethylbenzene}, {methlycyclohenxane+ethylbenzene} and {n-heptane+ ethylbenzene}. The experiments were performed according to the standard test method (ASTM D 3278) using a SETA closed cup flash point tester. The measured FPs were compared with the values predicted using the following activity coefficient models: Wilson, Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL), and UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC). The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower FP was less than 1.74 K.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2019

Flammable substances, such as organic solvents, are commonly used in laboratories and industrial processes. The flash point of flammable liquid mixtures is a very important parameter for characterizing the ignition and explosion hazards, and the flash points of mixtures of $C_2{\sim}C_3$ alcohols and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane were measured in the present study. The 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is an important component of gasoline and is frequently used in the petroleum industry as a solvent. Lower flash point data were measured for the binary systems {ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}, {1-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}, and {2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}. The flash point measurements were carried out according to the standard test method (ASTM D3278) using a Stanhope-Seta closed cup flash point tester. The measured flash points were compared with the predicted values calculated using Raoult's law and also following $G^E$ models: Wilson, Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) and UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC). These models were able to predict the experimental flash points for different compositions of {$C_2{\sim}C_3$ alcohols + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane} mixtures with minimal deviations. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower flash point was less than 1.28 K. A minimum flash point behaviour was observed in all of the systems as in the many observed cases for the hydrocarbon and alcohol mixtures.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2020

Laboratories and industrial processes typically involve the use of flammable substances. An important property used to estimate fire and explosion risk for a flammable liquid is the flash point. In this study, flash point data at 101.3 kPa were determined using a SETA closed cup flash point tester on the following solvent mixtures: {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + methylcyclohexane}, {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + ethylbenzene}, and {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + p-xylene}. The purpose of this work is to obtain flash point data for binary mixtures of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane with three hydrocarbons (methylcyclohexane, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene), which are representative compounds of the main aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum. The measured flash points are compared with the predicted values calculated using the GE models' activity coefficient patterns: the Wilson, the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL), and the UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC) models. The non-ideality of the mixture is also considered. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower flash point s is less than 1.99 K, except when Raoult's law is calculated. In addition, the minimum flash point behavior is not observed in any of the three binary systems. This work's predicted results can be applied to design safe petrochemical processes, such as identifying safe storage conditions for non-ideal solutions containing volatile components.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

Flash point is one of the most important variables used to characterize fire and explosion hazard of liquids. The lower flash point data were measured for the binary systems {methanol + 1-butanol}, {ethanol + 1-butanol} and {2-propanol + 1-butanol} at 101.3 kPa. Experiments were performed according to the standard test method (ASTM D 3278) using a SETA closed cup flash point tester. The measured flash points were compared with the predicted values calculated using the following activity coefficient models: Wilson, Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL), and UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC). The measured FP data agreed well with the predicted values of Raoult's law, Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower FP was less than 1.14 K.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.52-58
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• 2018

The flash point is one of the most important properties to characterize fire and explosion hazard of flammable liquid mixture. In this paper, the flash points of ternary liquid mixture, n-nonane+n-decane+n-tridecane system, were measured using Seta flash closed cup tester. The measured values were compared with the calculated values using Raoult's law and multiple regression analysis. The absolute average errors(AAE) of the results calculated by Raoult's law is $0.6^{\circ}C$. The absolute average errors of the results calculated by multiple regression analysis is $0.4^{\circ}C$. As can be seen from AAE, the calculated values based on multiple regresstion analysis were found to be better than those based on Raoult's law.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.56-60
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• 2007

The usage of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) is increased world widely for the implementation of GHS and REACH. In order to know the accuracy of the data in MSDS the flash point of n-Decanol was measured by using a Tag closed tester, a Seta-flash closed tester, a Pensky-Martens closed tester and a Cleveland open tester in Japan and Korea, respectively. The test results of flash points of n-Decanol purchased different manufacturer were compared to the data of the references and MSDS. The flash points determined in Japan were similar to those in Korea but have shown much difference from those in MSDS and literatures. It is suggested that the results of flash points determined in this research have validity and manufacturers should be more careful when they make MSDS as well as for the classification of GHS and REACH.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2020

For the design of the prevention and mitigation measures in process industries involving flammable substances, reliable safety data are required. An important property used to estimate the risk of fire and explosion for a flammable liquid is the flash point. Flammability is an important factor to consider when developing safe methods for storing and handling solids and liquids. In this study, the flash point data were measured for the binary systems {2-butanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}, {2-butanol + methylcyclohexane} and {2-butanol + toluene} at 101.3 kPa. Experiments were performed according to the standard test method (ASTM D 3278) using a Stanhope-Seta closed cup flash point tester. A minimum flash point behavior was observed in the binary systems as in the many cases for the hydrocarbon and alcohol mixture that were observed. The measured flash points were compared with the predicted values calculated via the following activity coefficient (GE) models: Wilson, Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL), and UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC) models. The predicted data were only adequate for the data determined by the closed-cup test method and may not be appropriate for the data obtained from the open-cup test method because of its deviation from the vapor liquid equilibrium. The predicted results of this work can be used to design safe petrochemical processes, such as the identification of safe storage conditions for non-ideal solutions containing flammable components.