• Title/Summary/Keyword: Service Factors

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Community Distribution on Mountain Forest Vegetation of the Noinbong Area in the Odaesan National Park, Korea (오대산 국립공원 노인봉 일대 삼림식생의 군락분포에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Chang-Hwan;Oh, Jang-Geun;Kang, Eun-Ok;Choi, Young-Eun
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.103-115
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    • 2014
  • Forest vegetation of Noinbong (1,338 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine deciduous forest, shrub forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 196 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 7 communities of other vegetation, the total of 203 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 62 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 85 communities of mountain valley forest, 18 communities of coniferous forests, 3 communities of subalpine coniferous forests, 4 communities of subapine deciduous forests, 2 communities of shrub forests, 1 communities of riparian forests, 21 afforestation and 7 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 54.856 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica - Cornus controversa community takes up 15.482 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 78.091 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Quercus serrata, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Odaesan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

Community Distribution on Mountain Forest Vegetation of the Birobong Area in the Odaesan National Park, Korea (오대산 국립공원 비로봉 일대 산지 삼림식생의 군락분포에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Young-Eun;Kim, Chang-Hwan;Oh, Jang-Geun;Lee, Nam-Sook
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.91-102
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    • 2014
  • Forest vegetation of Birobong (1,563 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine broad-leaved forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 196 communities of mountain forest vegetation, 1 community of flatland forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 201 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 62 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 84 communities of valley forest, 15 communities of coniferous forests, 16 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of subalpine broad-leaved forest, 16 afforestation, 1 community of flatland forest and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Tilia amurensis communities account for 37.08 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Populus koreana community takes up 1.59 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 6.65 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Tilia amurensis, Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Populus koreana, Pinus densiflora are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Birobong in Odaesan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis and Juglans mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

Study on the Distribution of Plant Community in the Deogyusan National Park (덕유산 국립공원 일대의 식물군락 분포에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Chang-Hwan;Oh, Jang-Geun;Choi, Young-Eun;Lee, Nam-Sook;Kang, Eun-Ok
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.46 no.4
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    • pp.570-580
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    • 2013
  • The forest vegetation of the Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and riparian forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation in the forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 192 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 3 communities of other vegetation, the total of 195 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 61 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 55 communities of valley forest, 17 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 50 afforestation and 3 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 66.00 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa community takes up 64.40 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 70.40 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Geochilbong in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

Community Distribution on Forest Vegetation of the Hyangjeokbong in the Deogyusan National Park (덕유산 국립공원 향적봉 일대 삼림식생의 군락분포에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Young-Eun;Oh, Jang-Geun;Kim, Chang-Hwan
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.289-300
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    • 2013
  • Forest vegetation of Hyangjeokbong (1,614 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, grassland forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 122 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 2 communities of riparian forest, the total of 124 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 42 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 37 communities of valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 1 communities of grassland forest, 21 afforestation and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 47.02 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 57.48 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 77.53 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds, and Taxus cuspidate-Abies koreana community takes up about 50 percent of subalpine coniferous forest. Mountain shrub forest and mountain grassland forest vegetation are concentrated mainly on the top of Hyangjeokbong and the ridge connecting the top and Jungbong. Meanwhile, riparian forest vegetation comprises 0.024% of the whole vegetation area in a study area. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana and Taxus cuspidata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, in respect of subalpine coniferous forest, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

Oxidative Stress Induced Damage to Paternal Genome and Impact of Meditation and Yoga - Can it Reduce Incidence of Childhood Cancer?

  • Dada, Rima;Kumar, Shiv Basant;Chawla, Bhavna;Bisht, Shilpa;Khan, Saima
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.17 no.9
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    • pp.4517-4525
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    • 2016
  • Background: Sperm DNA damage is underlying aetiology of poor implantation and pregnancy rates but also affects health of offspring and may also result in denovo mutations in germ line and post fertilization. This may result in complex diseases, polygenic disorders and childhood cancers. Childhood cancer like retinoblastoma (RB) is more prevalent in developing countries and the incidence of RB has increased more than three fold in India in the last decade. Recent studies have documented increased incidence of cancers in children born to fathers who consume alcohol in excess and tobacco or who were conceived by assisted conception. The aetiology of childhood cancer and increased disease burden in these children is lin ked to oxidative stress (OS) and oxidative DNA damage( ODD) in sperm of their fathers. Though several antioxidants are in use to combat oxidative stress, the effect of majority of these formulations on DNA is not known. Yoga and meditation cause significant decline in OS and ODD and aid in regulating OS levels such that reactive oxygen speues meditated signal transduction, gene expression and several other physiological functions are not disrupted. Thus, this study aimed to analyze sperm ODD as a possible etiological factor in childhood cancer and role of simple life style interventions like yoga and meditation in significantly decreasing seminal oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage and thereby decreasing incidence of childhood cancers. Materials and Methods: A total of 131 fathers of children with RB (non-familial sporadic heritable) and 50 controls (fathers of healthy children) were recruited at a tertiary center in India. Sperm parameters as per WHO 2010 guidelines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation index (DFI), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG) and telomere length were estimated at day 0, and after 3 and 6 months of intervention. We also examined the compliance with yoga and meditation practice and smoking status at each follow-up. Results: The seminal mean ROS levels (p<0.05), sperm DFI (p<0.001), 8-OHdG (p<0.01) levels were significantly higher in fathers of children with RB, as compared to controls and the relative mean telomere length in the sperm was shorter. Levels of ROS were significantly reduced in tobacco users (p<0.05) as well as in alcoholics (p<0.05) after intervention. DFI reduced significantly (p<0.05) after 6 months of yoga and meditation practice in all groups. The levels of oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG were reduced significantly after 3 months (p<0.05) and 6 months (p<0.05) of practice. Conclusions: Our results suggest that OS and ODD DNA may contribute to the development of childhood cancer. This may be due to accumulation of oxidized mutagenic base 8OHdG, and elevated MDA levels which results in MDA dimers which are also mutagenic, aberrant methylation pattern, altered gene expression which affect cell proliferation and survival through activation of transcription factors. Increased mt DNA mutations and aberrant repair of mt and nuclear DNA due to highly truncatred DNA repair mechanisms all contribute to sperm genome hypermutability and persistant oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative stress is also associated with genome wide hypomethylation, telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to genome hypermutability and instability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report decline in OS and ODD and improvement in sperm DNA integrity following adoption of meditation and yoga based life style modification.This may reduce disease burden in next generation and reduce incidence of childhood cancers.

A Study on the Impact of General Characteristics on Achievement Motivation in Dental Hygiene Students (치위생과 학생들의 일반적인 특성이 성취동기에 미치는 영향 연구)

  • Youn, Hye-Jeong;Lim, Sun-A;Kim, Soo-kyung
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.389-395
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study was to examine dental hygiene students' achievement motivation and factors affecting dental hygiene students' achievement motivation by the general characteristics of subjects in this study. The subjects in this study were 450 who were selected by convenience sampling from three different three-year-course colleges. After a survey was conducted, the answer sheets from 421 respondents were analyzed. The collected data were analyzed, which made use of t-test, ANOVA and Kruscal-Wallis test. The findings of the study were as follows. 1. The dental hygiene students investigated got 3.34 in achievement motivation. They got the highest score of 3.78 in the item 'I perform what I have to do with a sense of responsibility.' and they got the lowest score of 2.67 in the item 'I like to do something risky.' 2. Concerning links between their general characteristics and achievement motivation, the students whose academic year was higher(p<0.001) and who had more clinical practice experiences (p<0.01) were better motivated than their counterparts. As to connections between achievement motivation and expected post-graduation length of service, those who replied that they planned to find another job after getting married were better motivated(p<0.05). Regarding relationship between achievement motivation and a will to work abroad, the students who had a stronger will to work abroad were better motivated. 3. As a result of checking the influence of their general characteristics on achievement motivation, stronger motivation was found among the students whose academic year was higher(p<0.01), who intended to work until marriage(p<0.01) and who didn't plan to keep working after marriage(p<0.05) when the other variables were controlled. Therefore dental hygiene students should be taught to look at things positively when they enter college, and they should also be educated to become progressive to keep working for their lifetime instead of just getting a temporary job after graduation.

Does Home Oxygen Therapy Slow Down the Progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases?

  • Han, Kyu-Tae;Kim, Sun Jung;Park, Eun-Cheol;Yoo, Ki-Bong;Kwon, Jeoung A;Kim, Tae Hyun
    • Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.128-135
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: As the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) began to cover home oxygen therapy (HOT) services from 2006, it is expected that the new services have contributed to overall positive outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We examined whether the usage of HOT has helped slow down the progression of COPD. Methods: We examined hospital claim data (N=10,798) of COPD inpatients who were treated in 2007~2012. We performed ${\chi}^2$ tests to analyze the differences in the changes to respiratory impairment grades. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors that are associated with the use of HOT. Finally, a generalized linear mixed model was used to examine association between the HOT treatment and changes to respiratory impairment grades. Results: A total of 2,490 patients had grade 1 respiratory impairment, and patients with grades 2 or 3 totaled 8,308. The OR for use of HOT was lower in grade 3 patients than others (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.30~0.37). The maintenance/mitigation in all grades, those who used HOT had a higher OR than non-users (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.23~1.61). Conclusion: HOT was effective in maintaining or mitigating the respiratory impairment in COPD patients.

Comparison of Effectiveness about Image Quality and Scan Time According to Reconstruction Method in Bone SPECT (영상 재구성 방법에 따른 Bone SPECT 영상의 질과 검사시간에 대한 실효성 비교)

  • Kim, Woo-Hyun;Jung, Woo-Young;Lee, Ju-Young;Ryu, Jae-Kwang
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.9-14
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: Nowadays in the nuclear medicine, many studies and efforts are being made to reduce the scan time, as well as the waiting time to be needed to execute exams after injection of radionuclide medicines. Several methods are being used in clinic, such as developing new radionuclide compounds that enable to be absorbed into target organs more quickly and reducing acquisition scan time by increase the number of Gamma Camera detectors to examine. Each medical equipment manufacturer has improved the imaging process techniques to reduce scan time. In this paper, we tried to analyze the difference of image quality between FBP, 3D OSEM reconstruction methods that commercialized and being clinically applied, and Astonish reconstruction method (A kind of Iterative fast reconstruction method of Philips), also difference of image quality on scan time. Material and Methods: We investigated in 32 patients that examined the Bone SPECT from June to July 2008 at department of nuclear medicine, ASAN Medical Center in Seoul. 40sec/frame and 20sec/frame images were acquired that using Philips‘ PRECEDENCE 16 Gamma Camera and then reconstructed those images by using the Astonish (Philips’ Reconstruction Method), 3D OSEM and FBP methods. The blinded test was performed to the clinical interpreting physicians with all images analyzed by each reconstruction method for qualitative analysis. And we analyzed target to non target ratio by draws lesions as the center of disease for quantitative analysis. At this time, each image was analyzed with same location and size of ROI. Results: In a qualitative analysis, there was no significant difference by acquisition time changes in image quality. In a quantitative analysis, the images reconstructed Astonish method showed good quality due to better sharpness and distinguish sharply between lesions and peripheral lesions. After measuring each mean value and standard deviation value of target to non target ratio with 40 sec/frame and 20sec/frame images, those values are Astonish (40 sec-$13.91{\pm}5.62$ : 20 sec-$13.88{\pm}5.92$), 3D OSEM (40 sec-$10.60{\pm}3.55$ : 20 sec-$10.55{\pm}3.64$), FBP (40 sec-$8.30{\pm}4.44$ : 20 sec-$8.19{\pm}4.20$). We analyzed target to non target ratio from 20 sec and 40 sec images. And we analyzed the result, In Astonish (t=0.16, p=0.872), 3D OSEM (t=0.51, p=0.610), FBP (t=0.73, p=0.469) methods, there was no significant difference statistically by acquisition time change in image quality. But FBP indicates no statistical differences while some images indicate difference between 40 sec/frame and 20 sec/frame images by various factors. Conclusions: In the circumstance, try to find a solution to reduce nuclear medicine scan time, the development of nuclear medicine equipment hardware has decreased while software has marched forward at a relentless. Due to development of computer hardware, the image reconstruction time was reduced and the expanded capacity to restore enables iterative methods that couldn't be performed before due to technical limits. As imaging process technique developed, it reduced scan time and we could observe that image quality keep similar level. While keeping exam quality and reducing scan time can induce the reduction of patient's pain and sensory waiting time, also accessibility of nuclear medicine exam will be improved and it provide better service to patients and clinical physician who order exams. Consequently, those things make the image of department of nuclear medicine be improved. Concurrent Imaging - A new function that setting up each image acquisition parameter and enables to acquire images simultaneously with various parameters to once examine.

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A Study of Sex-related Problems of Old Women in Kyeonggi Province, Korea (경기도 여성노인의 성의식에 관한 조사연구)

  • Park, Young-Soo;Choi, In-Sook
    • The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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    • v.5
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    • pp.71-84
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    • 2004
  • The sexual discourse has been frequent, but the subjects of it have been limited to the young, and the sex of women and that of the old people, until now, have been overlooked. According to the data in 2,000 of the Korea Statistic Service, the older-than-sixty-five-year people consist of 37.4% men and 62.6% women. Of them, the older-than-seventy-year people consist of 33.8% men and 55.2% women. The data show the fact that as the age of the old people is higher, the number of old women is enlarging. Paying attention to the above-mentioned tendency, this study conducted a survey about the aspects of the sexual consciousness of old women. The purpose of study was focused, through the survey, on discovering the ways of old women's recognization about their sexual desire, and on presenting basic data to developing the programs which could solve the problems derived from the discovery. That is to say, the purpose of it was to prevent the sexual desire's distortion and suppression of old women, if they had any, and to present basic data to developing the programs which could convert their recognization of sex. The objects of the survey were the sample group of 301 people inhabiting in Hwaseong City, Seongnam City, Yongin City, and Suwon City, chosen out of 375,298 old women of 614,316 older-than-sixty-five-year people in Kyeonggi Province (Kyeonggi Province homepage, 2002). The data were collected by the questionnairers' interviews in the fields of old men's resting house, churches, temples, old men's niversities and so like, from September 19th to September 31th in 2003. The questionnairers as volunteers were taught the prior education, being prepared for the survey about old women's sexual consciousness. The contents of education were composed of the understanding of old women, the ways of questionnairing, and the items of questionnaire. The outcomes of the survey are following; First, concerning general items, the old women of the sample group answered that they felt greatly the difficulties of health(36.5%), economy(12.0%), and loneliness(11.3%) in turn. The 48.2% of them answered that they were healthy, but the 62.3% answered that they were suffering various illnesses. The 24.4% answered they were economically rich, and the 23.9% answered they were working. The 53.5% were living alone due to divorce or death. The 71.1% had been living for more than ten years. The 83.1% believed in their own religion. Second, the 43.8% of the sample group admitted the necessity of a heterosexual friend and sexuality The 39.0% felt sexual desire, and the 33.9% were experiencing sexuality. As the obstructing factors in performing sexuality, the objects of sample group pointed out shamefulness or morality(28.7%), anxiety that such deeds might afflict their health or the problem of health itself(20.2%), weakening of sexual potency(16.9%). This outcome shows that they have ambiguous notions about their sexual alienation and manner. Third, the 33.7% of the sample group admitted sexual education and sexual counsel, and of those that admitted them, the 85.2% said that they would take part in sexual education if it were held. It shows that the demand of sexual education and sexual counsel need be fulfilled. Therefore, through this study, the following two important suggestions can be drawn: First, systematic sexual education programs should be developed, considering old people's developing steps containing their rights of health and sex. Also those should be educated through kindergartens, primary, middle and higher education institutions. Second, sexual education and sexual counsel on prospective old people and present old people should be performed.

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The Study on Change in Sex-Related Knowledge and Attitude through Sex Education : focusing on the 1st grade students in girls' junior high schools (성교육 실시에 따른 성지식, 성태도 변화 연구 -1학년 여중생을 대상으로-)

  • 계수연;문인옥
    • Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.137-155
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of sex education on knowledge and attitude related to sex. The subjects were taken from by 199 students in 3 classes from 1st grade in H girl's junior high school as the study group, and 2 classes from 1st grade in S girl's junior high school as control group. During the survey period(September 21, 1998 to September 30, 1998), 6 times in terms of one-hour class for sex education were taught to the study group. A pre-test was executed on September 19, 1998 and the post-test on September 30. The findings were as follows. 1. According to the research, 20.1% of the subjects have experienced sex education from parents and 89.9% from teacher. They have mostly obtained the sex-related information from teachers(59.8%), following movie, radio, TV, or video tape(40.7%), friends(35.2%), reading materials such as books, cartoons, news papers and magazines(31.7%), parents(15.6%), siblings(7.0%), PC(1.5%) and telephone service(1.5%). 2. 27.1% of the subjects reported that they had sex-related worry concerning from friendship with the opposite sex, following physiological phenomenon(31.5%), sex violence(11.1%), physical characteristics(7.4%), VD and contraception(5.6%), sexual impulse(5.6%), pregnancy and delivery(5.5%), and sexual behaviour(3.7%). The research showed that the adolescents usually solved their problems through the consultation with theifriends(44.4%). However, 16.7% of the subjects were turned out not to request any solution. The other minor routes to settle their problems were written materials such as books, magazines(13.0%), parents(13.0%), movie, radio, TV, or video tape(5.5%), acquainted female elders(3.7%) and teachers(3.7%). 3. The most interesting part regarding sex was the friendship with the opposite sex(61.8%), following adolescent's emotion(55.8%), physiological differences between two genders(52.8%), AIDS(48.7%), VD(46.7%), pregnancy(45.2%), contraception(45.2%), abortion(41.7%), intercourse(41.7%), masturbation(41.2%), sex violence(41.2%) and genital structure and secondary sexual characteristics(28.6%). 4. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing sex-related knowledge, the higher educational career of mother, living with at least either parent and the experience of sex education by teachers were statistically significant factors(p〈0.05). 5. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing attitudes toward sex, the experience of sex education by parents or teachers was a statistically significant factor(p〈0.05). 6. The analysis of knowledge score comparing results before and after sex education showed that control group's score decreased from 12.5 to 12.44 while the study group's score increased from 12.33 to 21.31, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 7. The analysis of the attitude scores before and after sex education showed that the control group's score slightly increased from 55.57 to 56.36, while the study group's score increased from 54.79 to 61.95, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 8. The level of sex-related concerns of the study group after sex education marked both the increase in some items and the decrease in others. 9. Most instructive session among the sex education was the third “to be a good friend to the opposite sex”(27.0%).

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