• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2010

这是一家私人, 第三代家族拥有的公司, Boom Technologies 公司(BTI). 对电力设施提供产品和服务的供应商, 通信和承包商的市场,不断进步的出口. 尽管在2008年出口销售只占总收入的5%, BTI已形成了一个完整的出口部门. 他们的出口部门的执行董事揭示了一家私营公司的试验和错误以及他们对成功的海外市场的疑问. 自成立以来, BTI始终相信它最大的资产是它的雇员. 当出口销售因为缺乏战略和方向而挣扎时, BTI为其出口部门雇了一位董事总经理. 在BTI总裁和总经理的领导下, 他们很好的利用了这个部门的技能和知识. 为向海外扩展他们的市场份额, 增加出口销售他们进行了机构调整. 结果就是, 出口销售增加了4倍, 国家的地区经理增加了, 同时成功养成了分销渠道网络. 有时, 由于公司的结构, 收入形成很难决定. 因此, 在1996年, 出口部门重组为有限责任公司. 这使得公司改进收入和费用. 最初, 80%的BTI出口销售来自两个国家;因此,最初在海外出售的方法并没有达到预期目标. 然而, 所做的修改, 使得现在公司 经营, 销售超过80个国家. 总经理指出主要有三个出口扩张挑战 1. 产品和船运—BTI主要障碍是产品装配. 最初, 大多数的产品被聚集在美国, 这增加了运输包装费用. 有这么多的部分指定订购, 很多次定的东西到的时候有些零部件都丢失了. 失踪的零件价值上万美元. 装运这些失踪的部分也花费成千上万的美元, 外加一个延迟交货时间六到八周, 所有的费用都由BTI出. 2. 产品适应—在BTI80个出口国家中, 每个国家的安全, 产品标准都不同. 重量, 特殊证, 产品的规格要求, 测量系统的稳定性, 卡车都会因国别而不同. 作为一种准入障碍,以致很难使产品适应. 技术和安全标准的障碍, 作为一种保护国内产业的方法, 可以阻碍成功的进入外国市场 3. 市场的挑战—分销的重要性给BTI带来了很多挑战,因为他们试图根据他们的分销系统来确定每个国家如何操作. 有些国家已经从一个小的竞争对手, 只生产一种具有竞争力的产品而极具竞争力. 而BTI制造超过100种的产品. 营销资料是另一个BTI所关心的, 因为他们试图对经销商推动销售成本. 从翻译和文化差异的角度, 合适的市场营销资料可能会花费很多. 此外, 美国的纸张大小不同于别的一些国家, 当试图复制相同的布局和设计时, 就会出现许多问题. 分销已经成为BTI所面临的挑战之一, 公司宣称他们的分销网络是他们的竞争优势之一, 因为他们的分销商的位置和名字都是保密的. 另外, BTI每年有两次奉献: 培训分销商一年, 另一个是分销商会议. 产品, 航运, 产品适应性, 营销这些挑战,这些海外市场错综复杂需要时间和耐心. 另一个竞争优势是BTI的摇篮到坟墓的策略, 他们遵循产品销售到它的最终安息地, 无论卡车是出租或购买新的或用过的. 他们对该公司购买或租赁之前的产品都提供服务和设备维护计划和一份详细的费用分析. 扩大海外总是会面临挑战. 如总经理说, "如果你没有耐心(出口业务), 你最好做别的事." 知道如何快速适应提供必要的技能, 适应每个国家的不同需求, 以及独特的挑战, 使他们能够保持竞争力.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.91-101
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• 1999

장 노년층 인구증가에 따른 건강문제의 다양화, 주민의 건강 요구증가에 부응하기 위해서는 기존의 의료기관 중심의 진료서비스 만으로는 새로운 건강문제를 충분히 해결할 수 없으므로 새로운 보건의료 제공 체계가 도입 되기에 이르렀다. 이미 선진국에서는 오랜 역사를 갖고 있는 가정간호사제도가 우리 나라에서도 입법화되어 1994년부터 병원중심의 가정간호사업이 시범적으로 운영되고 있다. 본 연구는 농촌지역의 중소병원에서 실시하고있는 가정간호사업소에 등록되어 있는 환자의 방문비용을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 실시되었으며, 1996년 5월 - 1997년 4월(1년간)까지 등록된 102명의 진료기록부를 분석하였다. 자료 분석 방법은 수준을 파악하기 위하여 평균과 분포로 분석하였으며 변수간의 차이점 등은 t - test와 ANOVA로 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 등록환자의 일반적 특성은 남자가 44.1%, 여자가 55.9%로서 여자가 높았으며 연령은 60세 이상이 73.5%로서 노인 환자가 많았다. 둘째, 골다공증이 등록환자의 35.3%로서 제일 높았으며 각종 암이 21.6%, 뇌졸중이 14.7%로 나타나 연령과 관계가 깊은 것으로 나타났다. 질환특성은 복합질환, 즉 한가지 이상의 증상, 혹은 질환을 함께 갖고있는 경우가 73.5%로서 단순질환 26.5% 보다 높았다. 셋째, 남자 환자의 방문당 평균비용이 47,764원으로서 여자 환자의 46,078원 보다 높았다. 연령별로는 연령이 높아질수록 방문당 평균비용이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 성별과 연령별 비용은 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 질환 특성별 비용은 단순질환이 복합 질환보다 방문당비용이 약간 높았으나 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 질환별로는 COPD, 각종 암, 당뇨, 골다공증의 순으로 방문비용이 높게 나타났다. 다섯째, 가정간호의 방문비용이 질환으로 병원에서 치료받을 경우 보다 적게 나타나 비용효율이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 제한된 자료를 분석한 것이므로 결과를 일반화시키는데 신중을 기할 필요가 있다. 그러나 가정간호사제도가 향후 정착되기 위해서는 가정간호 대상질환의 선정, 서비스내용 및 질, 비용효율 및 효과에 대한 평가가 계속 실시될 것을 제안한다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic materials for searching the way of improvement to heighten the emergency medical welfare level by one step further. To achieve this purpose, the subjects of this study were selected 452 college students in Gwangju, using a random sampling method. The statistical analysis methods utilized for analyzing the collected data are frequency analysis, $x^2$ test. The conclusions obtained from these analyses are as following ; 1. In question about necessary optimum number of persons for rescue first aid activity, health and non-health major college students responded by 39.2%, 45.3% respectively that rescue team 15 people, first aid team 3 people is most suitable. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 2. In question about security of the public health doctor and the emergency medical technician, all health and non-health major college students are recognizing necessity urgently, but there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 3. In question about 119 rescue first aid team member applying for an examination qualification grant to the department of EMT's graduate, all health and non-health major college students were highest by 52.9%, 52.4% respectively in "necessity" item. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 4. Because rescue first aid equipment level appears higher than 41.7% in non-health major college student's case by 54.2% in health major college student's case, health major college students are recognizing that equipment level should be supplemented more but there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 5. In question about equipment supplement, all health and non-health major college students appeared highest by 64.8%, 69.3% in accident type different special equipment. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 6. In question about rescue ambulance car size, we could know being thinking that health and non-health major college student each 61.2%, 56.5% is small and narrow that large size of the rescue ambulance amount need. But there was no significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 7. In question about patient's state is worsened, because rescue first aid equipment is inferior, health major college student responded sometimes 55.1%, many 29.5%. very many by 11.5%, while non-health major college student responded 65.8%, 23.1%, 4.0% respectively. There was significant difference in major department(p<0.05). 8. In question about emergency patient must utilize for 119 rescue ambulance car, all health and non-health major college students appeared highest by 38.8%, 41.3% in "not so" item. In question about rescue first aid team's first-aid treatment ability improves more, all health and non-health major college students appeared highest by 58.1% and 58.7% respectively in "improve" item. In question about "119 rescue ambulance car must go more rapidly than now", all health and non-health major college students are recognizing that should be quicker by 58.1%, 60.9% respectively. When called to 119 all health and non-health major college students responded highest by 55.5%, 53.3% respectively that we must receive first-aid treatment direction from a doctor. In question about "119 rescue ambulance car must be made the pay system", all health and non-health major college students responded 74%, 80% respectively in "not so" item. There was significant difference in major department(p<0.05). In conclusions, In oder to provide superior rescue first aid service to people, a public health doctor should be placed in the situation room inside the fire station so that the doctor could instruct the proper emergency treatment suitable for each situation to the rescue first aid team. Also, national education about a first-aid treatment that do to all people is necessarily necessary in emergency delivery system and this should be spread extensively through school education and broadcasting medium and education should be gone side by side, and see that will can save emergency patients' life which is more when these education consists continuously fixed period for public institution of policeman, fire officer etc. specially. And for reinforcement of patient transfer system, public organization must procure special ambulance car so that emergency patient receive first aid treatment while transfer.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.100-118
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• 1991

This study was conducted in order to grasp the condition of the student's knowledge and attitude about sex. And to offer the basic materials for sex education of school health service. The objects were comprised of 464 volunteered students who study in commercial girls' high school. The material of this study was the questionaire suited to the purposed of this research which has been made through studying references. All the questionaire written by students. The self reported questionaires were collected immediately without explanation on supervision of school nurse. The data was collected from 28th to 30th of June on 1990. Analysis of the data was done utilizing SPSS for percentage, mean, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The Results are as follows; 1. General features of the objects of study School grade distribution was similar. Fathers of 41-50 years were the highest(58.3%), mothers of 41-50 years were the highest(64.3%), family of living together were the highest(87.5%), fathers of graduated high school were highest(60.7%), mothers of graduated middle school were the highest(43.0%) and neuclear families were highest(91.5%). 2. The Conditions of Knowledge about sex When 5 Point was given to "Well known" and 1 point was given to "Never known", the total average was 2.97, Especially the mean of Female physiology was shown 3.93, 73.4% of students have known. But the mean of male physiology was shown 2.23, 17.2% of students only. And Family planning item was 3.54, hymen item was 3.38, female genitalia item was 3.35, abortion item was 3.25, Intercourse and pregnancy item was 3.24, Ovulation item was 3.02, Contraception item was 2.97, Veneral disease and masturbation item was 2.82, maintenance of pregnancy item was 2.76, Anatomical differences between male and female item was 2.59, male genitalia item was 2.31, ejaculation item was 2.27. 3. The conditions of attitude about Sex When 5 point was given to "Very affirming" and 1 point was given to "Very deny" the total average was 3.20. Especially the mean of social intercourse between other sex was shown 3.92, 73.4% of students have affirmed. But the mean of psychic response on menstruation was shown 2.24, 8.8% of students only. And baby birth item was 3.72, the fact that I am a woman item was 3.53, marriage item was 3.49. Secondary body change item was 3.38, puberty item was 3.31, delivery and sexual intercourse item was 3.05, pregenancy item was 3.02, psychic condition on menarche item was 2.50. Also present counsellors about sex were teachers in charge (44.9%), friends(21.6%), mothers(20.6%), elder sisters (10.6%), mass-communications (1.5%), fathers (0.4%), school nurses and elder brother(0.2%). In addition to, future counsellors about sex were friends (37.7%), mothers(30.6%), elder sister (18.4%), school nurses (4.6%), mass communication (3.8%), teachers in charge (2.5%), elder brothers (1.4%) and fathers(1.0%). 4. Correlation between the general features and knowledge variables School grade and knowledge condition has relationship to female genitalia(P<0.05), female physiology (P<0.00), male physiology (P<0.05),ovulation (P<0.00), and femily planning (P<0.005). Fathers age and knowledge condition has relationship to male physiology(P<0.05), and abortion (P<0.05). Marrital status and knowledge condition has relationship to female physiology (P<0.01), masturbation (P<0.05). Fathers educational background and knowledge condition has relationship to masturbation (P<0.00). Mothers age and knowledge condition has relationship to family planning (P<0.05). 5. Correlation between the general futures and attituded variables Fathers age and attitude condition has relationship to psychic response on menstruation (P<0.05). Mothers age and attitude condition has relationship to fact that I am a woman (P<0.00). Mothers educational background and attitude condition has relationship to social intercourse between other sex (P<0.05). Type of family and attitude condition has relationship to puberty (P<0.01). 6. Correlation between knowledge condition and attitude condition Those who had more knowledge about sex have more affirmative response (P<0.001).

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-155
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of sex education on knowledge and attitude related to sex. The subjects were taken from by 199 students in 3 classes from 1st grade in H girl's junior high school as the study group, and 2 classes from 1st grade in S girl's junior high school as control group. During the survey period(September 21, 1998 to September 30, 1998), 6 times in terms of one-hour class for sex education were taught to the study group. A pre-test was executed on September 19, 1998 and the post-test on September 30. The findings were as follows. 1. According to the research, 20.1％ of the subjects have experienced sex education from parents and 89.9％ from teacher. They have mostly obtained the sex-related information from teachers(59.8％), following movie, radio, TV, or video tape(40.7％), friends(35.2％), reading materials such as books, cartoons, news papers and magazines(31.7％), parents(15.6％), siblings(7.0％), PC(1.5％) and telephone service(1.5％). 2. 27.1％ of the subjects reported that they had sex-related worry concerning from friendship with the opposite sex, following physiological phenomenon(31.5％), sex violence(11.1％), physical characteristics(7.4％), VD and contraception(5.6％), sexual impulse(5.6％), pregnancy and delivery(5.5％), and sexual behaviour(3.7％). The research showed that the adolescents usually solved their problems through the consultation with theifriends(44.4％). However, 16.7％ of the subjects were turned out not to request any solution. The other minor routes to settle their problems were written materials such as books, magazines(13.0％), parents(13.0％), movie, radio, TV, or video tape(5.5％), acquainted female elders(3.7％) and teachers(3.7％). 3. The most interesting part regarding sex was the friendship with the opposite sex(61.8％), following adolescent's emotion(55.8％), physiological differences between two genders(52.8％), AIDS(48.7％), VD(46.7％), pregnancy(45.2％), contraception(45.2％), abortion(41.7％), intercourse(41.7％), masturbation(41.2％), sex violence(41.2％) and genital structure and secondary sexual characteristics(28.6％). 4. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing sex-related knowledge, the higher educational career of mother, living with at least either parent and the experience of sex education by teachers were statistically significant factors(p〈0.05). 5. In regard to characteristics of the subjects influencing attitudes toward sex, the experience of sex education by parents or teachers was a statistically significant factor(p〈0.05). 6. The analysis of knowledge score comparing results before and after sex education showed that control group's score decreased from 12.5 to 12.44 while the study group's score increased from 12.33 to 21.31, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 7. The analysis of the attitude scores before and after sex education showed that the control group's score slightly increased from 55.57 to 56.36, while the study group's score increased from 54.79 to 61.95, which was statistically significant(p〈0.001). 8. The level of sex-related concerns of the study group after sex education marked both the increase in some items and the decrease in others. 9. Most instructive session among the sex education was the third “to be a good friend to the opposite sex”(27.0％).

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.154-167
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• 2014

김사문의 "용호구곡경승안내"와 "용성지" 그리고 바위글씨 의 위치와 내용 및 ArcGIS10.0의 투영기법을 활용한 지형분석 등을 통해 지리산에 설정된 남원 용호구곡의 장소 및 경관 특질을 밝히고자 한 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 남원팔경 제1경인 용호구곡의 협곡은 감입곡류천으로 변성암과 화강암 풍화층이 급류에 깎이면서 곳곳에 소(沼)와 단애(斷崖) 그리고 반석(盤石)이 특징적인 지형경관을 이루었다. 제3곡 학서암을 제외한 구곡 바위글씨 위치의 GPS좌표를 측정하고, 바위글씨를 기종점(起終點)으로 다음(Daum)지도 상의 API(Application Programming Interface) 기능을 이용하여 거리를 측정한 결과, 용호구곡의 총 연장거리는 약 3.5km이었으며 각 곡간의 평균거리는 436.5m로 계상되었다. 용호구곡은 1927년 용호서원의 전신인 용호정사(龍湖精舍)의 경영주체인 원동향약계와 관련된 기호학파 사림에 의해 구한말에서 일제 강점 초기 사이에 설정된 것으로 판단된다. 그 근거는 "용호정실기(龍湖亭實記)"에 언급된 용호영당(龍湖影堂)의 존재와 "하은유고(荷隱遺稿)"의 기록, 불신당(佛神堂)의 '용호품제(龍湖品題)' 와 '용호정사동구(龍湖精舍洞口) 갑자춘(甲子春)' 바위글씨 그리고 용호서원 목간당에 게판(揭板)된 "용호구곡십영(龍虎九曲十詠)" 등을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 용호서원과 용호정을 중심으로 풍호대(風乎臺) 석벽에 새겨진 다수의 시사명단(詩社名單) 그리고 제6곡 유선대(遊仙臺)와 그 곳의 돌절구, 불신당과 교룡담의 '방장제일동천(方丈第一洞天)' 및 '용호석문(龍湖石門)' 바위글씨 그리고 1곡 주변의 여궁석(女宮石)과 비보풍수 시설 등을 종합해 볼 때, 용호구곡은 유 불 선(儒 佛 仙)과 풍수지리사상이 습합되면서 형성된 독특한 구곡문화의 현장으로 이해된다. 김사문의 "용호구곡경승안내"는 조선 말기 지역민이 가졌던 용호구곡의 지명과 승경관을 이해하는데 매우 유용한 정보를 제공해 준다. 또한 "용성지" 내용으로 미루어 볼 때 용호구곡 용추동(龍湫洞)에는 불영추(佛影湫), 구룡추(九龍湫), 이수추(梨樹湫), 괴음추(槐音湫), 대야추(大也湫) 등 총 12개의 추(湫)가 언급되고 있으나 아쉽게도 일부는 현재 확인이 곤란하다. 한편 용호구곡 주변에 충만된 구룡(九龍) 관련 지명과 시설은 이곳 장소정체성의 핵심일 뿐 아니라 12개 추의 정확한 장소 규명과 경관의미 전달은 용호구곡의 경관매력도 제공은 물론 경관 스토리텔링을 위해 매우 유효한 콘텐츠이자 스토리보드의 키워드가 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2012

프랑스는 신도시개발과 관리를 위해 꼬뮌간 상호협력성에 기반한 다양한 형태의 꼬뮌협력체를 운영하고 있다. 꼬뮌간 상호협력의 목적은 대규모 재원이 필요한 공공서비스(상 하수도, 쓰레기 처리 등)를 통합 운영함으로써 더 체계적이고 질 높은 서비스를 제공하기 위함이다. 다수 이해당사자간의 협력을 바탕으로 1차 목표인 도시개발을 달성한 이후에도 지역차원의 협력적 운영-발전으로까지 이어졌다. 이 연구에서는 프랑스의 협력적 도시개발과 관리를 위한 꼬뮌협력체의 설립과 변화과정을 고찰하고 그 특징과 의의를 도출하였으며, 신도시개발법인(EPA), 신도시조합(SAN) 그리고 도시화 공동체(CA)를 중심으로 고찰하였다. 먼저, EPA 설립과 도시개발 과정에서 다양한 이해당사자가 공동의 목표를 실천해 나갈 수 있는 의사결정구조는 도시개발 목표를 다수 지자체가 공유한다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 둘째, 신도시조합(SAN) 방식은 기존 꼬뮌공동체 운영시 보장되지 못하였던 꼬뮌의 자율성을 확보하면서 더 유연하게 협력과 연대를 유지할 수 있게 되었다. 이는 협력체가 이해당사자간 협력의 범위를 자율적으로 선택할 수 있도록 함으로써 유연성을 높였다는 의미가 있다. 셋째, 도시 개발 이후 효율적 관리를 위해 기존의 신도시조합에서 도시화공동체(CA)로 협력의 형식과 내용이 변화하고 있다. 이는 상호협력이 개발에 기반한 특수목적의 행정법인에서 출발하여 도시가 성숙단계로 진입함에 따라 신도시와 주변지역을 포함한 지역계획과 관리로 전환함을 의미한다. 이를 통해 꼬뮌협력체는 해당 꼬뮌의 지속가능성을 실천하는 협력적 주체로 진화하고, 개발 효과를 지역에 정착시키고 안정적 행정운영까지 할 수 있게 된다. 프랑스 꼬뮌협력체가 한국 신도시개발에 주는 시사점은 첫 번째는 다수 지자체간 협력적 계획체계와 운영을 통해 개발의 효과가 개발예정지구에 한정되는 것이 아닌 개발지구를 포함한 모도시 지역까지 공통의 목표 설정과 확산이 가능하다는 점이다. 두 번째는 이러한 확산효과를 촉진하고 효율적 도시관리를 위해서는 기존 지방자치법 등에서 규정하고 있는 행정협의회, 조합등의 조직을 공간계획 단계에서부터 참여시킬 수 있는 거버넌스 체계 구축과 도시관리의 범위와 내용이 단순히 물리적 계획 뿐만 아니라 지역간 연대와 공동체성 회복을 위한 다양한 프로그램과 연계할 수 있는 방안 모색이 필요하다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2004

농업기상정보에 대한 수요는 흥미로운 내용보다는 농업현장에서 사용자가 직접 활용할 수 있는 내용이 점증하고 있다. 이러한 수요에 부응하기 위해서는 지역 또는 집단 별로 소속 농민을 위한 지역특성이 반영된 기후/기상 정보를 개발, 제공하여야 한다. 그리고 최종 사용자가 공식 기상기구에 의해 발표된 기상/기후 예보를 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있는 도구가 제공되어야 한다. 특히 기본이 되는 근간자료를 포함하여 실시간 기상정보도 농민에게 함께 제공되어야 한다. 따라서 이상적인 농업기상정보시스템은 다음과 같은 요소를 포함하여야 한다. 1) 효율적인 자료 관측과 수집 체계, 2) 최신 통신시스템, 3) 표준 자료관리, 가공 및 분석 시스템, 및 4) 첨단 기술정보 배분시스템 등. 향후 인터넷이 농업기상정보 전달과 배분에 있어서 지속적으로 중요한 역할을 수행하겠지만 정보 풍요국과 빈곤국간의 격차는 날로 심화되어 갈 것이다. 그리고 농촌지역은 정보통로의 가장 끝자락을 의미하는데, 앞으로 많은 나라에서 정보통신 수단으로 TV, 라디오, 전화, 신문 및 팩스 등에 의존할 것으로 보이며, 정보와 배분 수단 확충에 필요한 가용 인적 및 경제적 자원에 따라 국가 간에 그 달성 여하에 차이가 있을 것이다. 이러한 차이점들은 농업기상 정보배분시스템 구축설계시에 반드시 고려되어야 한다. 과거 경험에 따르면, 사용자 요구에 적극 부응하는 정보들에 대한 손쉬운 접근을 통해서 기후정보의 활용이 근원적으로 증대한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 지리정보시스템과 원격탐사정보의 농업기상분야 적용도 향후 그 전망이 매우 밝은 분야라고 생각된다. 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 유방병소를 수술전에 위치결정하는 방법은 그 수기가 간단하고도 안전하며 병소를 정확히 지시해 줌으로써 수술적 생검에 큰 도움을 주었고 그럼으로써 정상유방조직의 절제를 최소화하여 수술 후에 오는 유방의 외형상 변형을 최소화할 수 있었다. The blood pressure was dropped to 80/60 mmHg, but pulse rate was normal. She did not complain of dyspnea, and cyanosis was not developed. The urine volume was normally maintained. She was treated for pulmonary edema, which was completely absorbed after 20 hours. And the blood pressure was also normalized. We has experienced a case of pulmonary edema developed after intraarterial injection of the iodinated contrast medium without underlying cardiac, renal and hepatic problems, and reviewed the literatures on mechani 는 of pulmonary edema caused by intravascular injection of the iodinated contrast materials.석

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2010

목적: 최근 보건의료 정책 결정은 근거에 기반하여 이루어지는 추세에 있으며, 말기암환자 정보시스템은 이러한 필요에 부응하기 위하여 개발되었다. 본 고에서는 말기암환자 정보시스템의 개발과정 및 6개월 데이터로부터의 통계 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 방법: 말기암환자 정보시스템의 입력항목은 실무 전문가들의 자문을 받아 개발되었으며, 이벨로스 임상연구관리시스템을 기반으로 구축하였다. 2009년 보건복지가족부에서 지정된 34개 암환자완화의료 기관에 2009년 1월 1일부터 6월 30일까지 등록된 환자들에 대한 정보가 수집되었다. 분석은 기술적 통계를 이용하였다. 결과: 총 2,940명의 전국적으로 대표성 있는 데이터로부터 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 평균연령은 $64.8{\pm}12.9$ 세였고, 56.6%가 남자였다. 폐암(18.0%)이 가장 많았다. 2인 이상의 의사에 의하여 말기진단을 받은 경우는 50.3% 였으며, 입원 당시 말기라는 사실을 알고 있는 환자는 69.7%였고, 거의 절반에 가까운 환자가 특별한 의뢰 없이 입원하였다. 평균 통증 및 최고 통증은 입원 1주 후에 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 사망 퇴원한 환자가 73.4%였으며, 집으로 퇴원하는 경우는 13.3%에 불과했다. 1회당 평균 입원일수는 $20.2{\pm}21.2$일이었으며, 중위값은 13일이었다. 결론: 말기암환자 정보시스템의 운영을 통하여 완화의료 기관 이용 환자 및 가족의 특성, 서비스 제공에 관한 현황 등에 관한 전국적으로 대표성 있는 자료를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.84-99
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• 1998

The objectives of this study are to identify the actual educational contents of management for head nurse and to propose the educational subjects according to identity the needs of head, charge, and staff nurses. The subjects were investigated the actual Management Development Programs and educational needs of head nurses and prospective nurse manager(charge nurse, staff nurse with a lot of clinical experiences) in general hospitals. The tools were composed of two questionnaires: One was developed from the literature review for making items to measure actual situation. The other was revised Katz's model for measurement of educational needs. The first respondents of actual situation were 27 general hospitals with over 400 beds in Seoul and the second respondents were 89 head nurses, 67 charge nurses and 136 nurses at 3 hospitals by convenient sampling out of 27 general hospitals. Data were collected by telephone interview, mail questionnaire and visiting from 7th of October through 30th of November in 1997. In data analysis, general characteristics of the respondents and actual status of Management Development Programs were analyzed by frequency and percentage. Educational needs according to general characteristics were analyzed by ANOVA The results were as follows: 1. Actual situation of Management Development Program 1) Seven hospitals(26%) had Management Development Program for prospective managers and 14 hospitals (52%) for head nurses. 2) Education Department existed in 14 hospitals (52%). 3) One hospital(4%) had top level managers took part in the Management Development. 4) Two hospitals selected head nurse, who had finished courses of Management Development. Eight hospitals(30%) assessed educational needs. The assessment tools consisted of making a question via questionnaire(75%), determining at department meeting(12%) and interview(13%). 5) Educational programs had 3 types: 10 lecture type, 7 discussion type and 4 role play type programs. 6) One hospital evaluated the change of learner's attitude. 7) Four hospitals scored educational point, but that was measured only by attending. 8) Actual Management Development Programs were as follows. parenthesis indicates the number of hospitals. (1) Management Development Programs for Prospective manager. Role perception of Middle level Manager (1) . Role reconstruction of Nurse Manager (1). Workshop for Charge Nurse (1). Nursing Delivery System and Nursing Process (1). Communication (1). Motivation (1) (2) Management Development Programs for Head nurse.. Head nurse's Role (5). Administrative Work (7). Service Education (4). Prevention and Countermeasure of Nursing Incidence (3). Appraisal (3) 2. The results of needs on Management Development subject 1) The educational needs of all respondents on 3 skill domains showed positive agreement to strongly positive agreement. 2) High priority(more than 4.5) items were 12 of 24 Human skill items(50%), 1 of 6 Technical skill items(16%), and 2 of 13 Conceptual skill items (15%). 3) Out of high priority items, 8 items were instituted. 4) All respondents showed high needs on 3 skill domains regardless of 3 positions (head nurse, charge nurse, and nurse). Educational needs of Human skill domain, according to position were 108. S, 108.7, 106.8 (mean score = 72) , needs of Technical skill domain were 26.5, 26.6, 26.I(mean score=18), and needs of Conceptual skill domains were 56.9,56.7, 55.1(mean score=39). 5) Needs of 3 skill domains according to clinical career showed significant difference. Out of respondents, nurses with career of over 16years showed lowest degree of needs in Human skill domains(F=4.47, P=.004) and Conceptual skill domain(F=2.93, P=.034). 6) Educational needs according to educational background were not significant difference. But out of respondents, nurses educated at 3-year junior college relatively showed lowest needs in all of the 3 skill domains. With the above-mentioned findings, further study is necessary for generalization of this study at hospitals with different bed size and location. Also it is needed to study about management skill of nurse and charge nurse, and effective educational method.