• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 1999

This study was conducted to observe the effect of vitamin K on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. Twenty-four healthy postmenopausal women recruited for this one-month, double-blind controlled study. Before and after daily administration of 1.0mg of phylloquinone the levels of serum vitamin K, osteocalcin, under-carboxylated osteocalcin, and urinary deoxy-phyidinoline were measured. The serum vitamin K concentration of Koran women as well as the average dietary intake of vitamin K was shown to be higher than the average levels of foreign women. However, no correlation between serum vitamin K concentration and vitamin K intake was found. Also, serum vitamin K concentration showed no special correlation with either bone mineral density or bone turnover markers in the study group. However, women with low serum vitamin K concentration(vitamin K-low group)had lower bone mineral density levels. After supplementation with 1.0mg/day of vitamin K, there were no changes in the levels of serum vitamin K, osteocalcin, ucOC, or u-DPD. Vitamin K supplementation did not seem to have any positive effects on bone metabolism through carboxylation. It can, however, be expected that vitamin K supplementation has a positive effect on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with especially low serum vitamin K concentrations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.122-133
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• 1996

As ciarette smoking adversely affects vitamin C metabolism in humans, smokers need substantially more vitamin C intake than do non-smokers to achieve similar serum vitamin C concentration. To provide the basic information currently available for the determination of vitamin C requirement for Korean smokers, we investigated the differences the serum vitamin C values between smokers(n=53) and non-smokers(n=62) in relation to their intake of the vitamin through diet in 115 male college students, who had not been using vitamin C supplements. Dietary intakes of vitamin C were determined by a 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin C was determined using the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. The mean vitamin C intakes of smokers and non-smokers were consuming less than 75% of the Koeran RDA for vitamin c in their diet. Smokers consumed yellow and green leafy vegetables more often (P=0.02) and fresh fruits less often(P=0.006) than non-smokers. The mean serum vitamin C concentration of smokers consuming the same amounts of vitamine C as non-smokers, 64.3 umol/1, were 20% lower than for non-smokers, 80.1 umol/l(P<0.05). The risk of low serum vitamin C concentration (LoC) among smokers were 3.8% compared with 1.6% in non-smokers, and the odd ratio for LoC risk was 2.43. There were no correlations between dietary and serum vitamin C for smokers and non-smokers. It was concluded that smokers might require at least 20% more vitamin C to reach the same concentration comparable to non-smokers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 1987

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E supplement and kinds of lipid on the vitamin E concentration and lipid composition in serum of the rats fed fro seven weeks. Supplemented vitamin E was 300mg/kg diet as DL-α-tocopherol acetate, and 15% of corn oil or beef tallow was added to standard diet. The results were as follows ; 1) Body weight and feed efficiency ratio were significantly increased by supplement with vitamin E, corn oil and beef tallow. 2) Serum vitamin E concentration increased significantly by supplement of vitamin E and beef tallow on the diets, while one of corn oil fed group decreased significantly . 3) The contents of triglyceride, total cholesterol, phospholipid in serum were significantly increased in the beef tallow group, and the vitamin E only -supplemented group showed significantly lower serum cholesterol in serum increased significantly in the vitamin E only -fed group and vitamin E plus corn oil-fed group. 4) The content of HDL-cholesterol in serum increased significantly in the vitamin E only -fed group and vitmain e plus corn oil -fed group. 5) The ratio of VLDL, LDL-cholesterol content to HDL-cholesterol one in serum was significantly low in the vitamin E only-supplemented group and corn oil group, and was significantly higher in the beef tallow group than in the corn oil group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.558-564
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• 2003

A $3{\times}3$ (Fe$\times$VA) experiment with repeats was designed to study the interaction between iron and vitamin A in broilers. 504 broilers were divided into 9 groups (50% males, 50% femals), each group with 4 repeats. Iron supplemental amount was 0, 30 and 60 mg/kg; Vitamin A supplemental amount was 750, 1,500 and 2,700 IU/kg. Iron concentration in liver, serum, tibia and duodenum and vitamin A concentration in liver and serum were measured, and erythrocyte count was also observed. Results showed with the increase of dietary supplemental iron levels, vitamin A concentration in liver significantly decreased lineally (p<0.05) (0.861, 0.671, 0.639 mg/100 g at the end of 4th week; 0.900, 0.765, 0.739 mg/100 g at the end of 7th week), and vitamin A concentration in serum significantly increased lineally (p<0.05) (82.725, 97.842, $109.475{\mu}g/100mL$ at the end of 4th week; 62.288, 91.900, $95.117{\mu}g/100mL$ at the end of 7th week), meaning iron could promote the mobilization of vitamin A from liver to serum. With the increase of dietary supplemental vitamin A levels, liver iron concentration decreased and serum iron concentration increased, vitamin A could promote the mobilization of iron from liver to blood. Iron concentration in Duodenum and tibia and erythrocyte count increased significantly with higher dietary vitamin A supplementation (p<0.01), vitamin A could promote iron absorption, iron mobilization from liver to target tissues and erythropoiesis. Effects of the interaction between iron and vitamin A on vitamin A concentrations in liver and serum, iron concentration in tibia and erythrocyte count were significant (p<0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.729-738
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• 1998

Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E may play a preventive role in the development of cancer and coronary heart disease. The status of vitamins C and E may be affected by lifestyle habits such as smoking , drinking, and exercise. These habits can modify the dietary requirements of vitamin C and vitamin E. the purpose of this study was to determine whether Korean young healthy men and women consume vitamins C and E in sufficient quantities relative to their lifestyle habits. Among the participants in this study, 52% of the men and none of the women were smokers. ; 84% of all subjects drank alcohol more than once a week ; and the men exercised more often than the women. The concentrations of serum total , HDL-, and LDL- cholesterol were higher in the women than in the men, but the serum triglyceride concentrations were higher in the men than in the women. The men consumed less satuated fat than the women (p<0.05) . The daily intakes of vitamin C for the men and the women were 47.1mg and 65.6mg, respectively. On the other hand , the daily vitamin E intake was higher in the men (11.8mg) than women(6.9mg). The serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations of all subjects were in a normal range, and in no subjects were they below the minimum value of ranges. However, about 19% of male subjects and 10% of female subjects showed deficient status, although the mean serum vitamin C levels were normal . Lifestyle habits fo the sort mentioned above have little influence on the serum vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol concentrations. The serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration had a positive correlation with total fat and alcohol consumption. The serum vitamin C concentration was positively associated with regular exercise, but it was negatively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. Meanwhile, the serum lipid persoxide concentration , the indirect index of oxidative stress, was influenced by certain variable such as body mass index , the number of cigarettes smoked , alcohol consumption, energy expenditure, vitamin C intake, and serum ${\gamma}$-tocopherol concentration. Serum lipid peroxide concentration was positively associated with body mass index, the number of cigarette smoked , serum triglyceride , and HDL-cholesterol concentration. In conclusion , the vitamin E requirements of the subjects were met by the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) regardless of lifestyle habits. However, serum vitamin C concentrations showed individual variation and was below the normal ranges. Smoking and exercise influenced serum vitamin C concentration. Therefore, a reevaluation of the requirements of vitamin C relative to lifestyle habits is necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.239-249
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• 2013

Subclinical vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency is common in the elderly worldwide. We investigated the change of serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration with aging and compared anthropometric data and clinical health indicators between normal (${\geq}$ 340 pg/mL) and low (< 340 pg/mL) serum vitamin $B_{12}$ groups in 470 Korean women aged 65 years and over living in a rural area. Serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration showed inverse correlation with age (r = -0.0992, p < 0.05). The normal $B_{12}$ group showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared to the low $B_{12}$ group, however, no difference in mean corpuscular volume was observed between the two groups. The normal $B_{12}$ group showed significantly lower serum homocysteine concentration (p < 0.01) and prevalence of vitamin D (p < 0.01) or folate deficiency (p < 0.001). Bone mineral density (T-score) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the normal $B_{12}$ group, compared with that in the low $B_{12}$ group, and showed positive correlation (r = 0.1490, p < 0.01) with serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration after adjusting for age, body weight, and body mass index. No differences in anthropometric data, physical activity, and smoking and drinking habits were observed between the two groups. In conclusion, it could be suggested that older female adults with normal serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level would be less anemic and osteoporotic and more resistant to hyperhomocysteinemia associated chronic diseases than those with low serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2004

Insufficient dietary intake of vitamin A is one of the major nutritional problems for elderly adults in some parts of Korea. The objective of this study was to determine the vitamin A nutritional status of elderly adults in Asan, Korea by assessing the dietary intake and serum retinol concentration. Five hundred twenty four subjects (218 male and 306 female) over 65 years were recruited from city of Asan. Each subject was interviewed to assess the intake of vitamin A using a 24hr recall method and data were analysed from computer-aided nutrient analysis program. Blood samples after 12hr fasting were collected for serum retinol concentration and reverse phased HPLC with UV detector used. The results showed that subjects did not consume the sufficient amount of energy (82-85% of Korean RDA for male and 77-79% RDA for female) and vitamin A (59% RDA for male and 50% RDA for female). Range for retinol intake was 0 to $4342\;{\mu}g$ a day while that of beta-carotene was 65 to $31595\;{\mu}g$. Serum retinol concentrations were within a normal range for both male ($80\;{\mu}g/dl$) and female ($67\;{\mu}g/dl$) subjects. Many subjects (n=342) consumed less than 50% RDA of vitamin A. However, if retinol intake was high (> $37\;{\mu}g$), even with less than 50% RDA of vitamin A intake, serum retinol concentration was high ($75\;{\mu}g/dl$). Subjects showed normal serum retinol status even with low vitamin A intake. The results suggested that optimal intake ratio of dietary retinol and carotenoid is important to maintain an appropriate serum retinol concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2011

Osteocalcin (OC), a marker of bone turnover, displays patterns in relation to physiological and genetic factors. Here, we present an association study in a population of Chinese Holstein cattle (n = 24) with OC serum concentration as a phenotypic trait. We hypothesised that OC status is associated with phylogeny, vitamin D serum level and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used as an unlinked marker to examine phylogeny and linkage to measured phenotypic traits of vitamin D and OC status. Following an association study with OC serum variability as the trait, genotyping of SNPs (n = 27) in OC-related genes was performed. Candidate SNPs were chosen in genes with an emphasis on the vitamin D and vitamin K pathways. Multivariant factor analysis revealed a correlation between vitamin D serum concentration and a SNP in the gene GC (rs43338565), which encodes a vitamin D-binding protein, as well as between a SNP in NFATc1 (rs42038422) and OC concentration. However, univariate analysis revealed that population structure, vitamin D serum levels and SNPs were not significant determinants of OC status in the studied group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1226-1234
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• 1998

The aim of the study was to determine whether vitamin E supplementation in three experimental model rats with impaired glucse tolerance could change serum insulin concentration and lipid distribution. The three groups were adult(AS) and neonatal (NS) streptozotocin-induced groups, and a high sucrose diet(HS) group. Each group was divided into control and vitamin E supplementatino groups at the age of 9 weeks. The level of vitamin E supplementation was 5g/kg diet. Blood and organ samples were taken at 5 and 10 weeks and were examined for changes in the level of serum insulin, glucose, lipids, liver lipids, and oxidative status. Vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced serum insulin in the HS group and caused the significant beneficial changes in serum lipids and triglycerides in As grouop at 10 weeks . In all groups, serum vitamin E was increased and malondialdehyde(MDA) in serumand liver were decreased significantly by vitamin E supplementation. The results suggest that vitamin E supplementation improves lipid distribution in adult streptozotocin-induced rats and serum insulin concentration in high sucrose diet-induced rats. Vitamin E might prevent on reduce oxidative injury in all experimental model rats with impaired glucose tolerance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of $\alpha$-tocopherol(800 I.U./d) supplementation on oxidant stress of eleven female aerobic -majoring students during rest and exercise. Changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase were also studied. Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration was significantly increased with vitamin E supplementation(710.1$\pm$113.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl vs. 1,485,8$\pm$105.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl). In addition, serum MDA concentration, an index of lipid peroxidation, significantly decreased after vitamin E supplementation. However, MDA values after exercise increased to pre-supplementation levels. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity significantly increased with vitamin E supplementation. The enzyme activity showed a trend toward decrease after exercise. Serum cholesterol values were not significantly affected by vitamin E supplementation. However, serum triglycerides significantly increased after supplementation against oxidative stress during resting periods. These supplements appraently work by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing glutathione peroxidase activity. However, vitamin E supplementation did not prevent exercise-induced increases in lipid peroxidation.