• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 1987

It appears that a major determinant of the success of in vitro fertilization is the selection of the optimal follicle containing an oocyte capable of being fertilized and producing a normal pregnancy. However, the hormonal basis of oocyte maturation is not well substantiated by the as yet available informations. It has been suggested that prolactin(PRL) may stimulate the formation of an oocyte maturation inhibitor and thus inhibit the maturation of oocyte. During the hyperstimulated menstrual cycles serum estradiol($E_2$) levels are markedly elevated, and it seems justified to assume that serum prolactin levels may be elevated since estrogens are potent stimulators of prolactin secretion. This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of the elevated serum estradiol levels on the serum prolactin levels in women undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation with either hMG and/or clomiphene citrate. Serum estradiol and prolactin profiles were measured from third menatrual cycle day to ovulation or ovum aspiration day in 11 normal menstruating women and 30 women who underwent an in vitro fertilization procedure with ovarian hyperstimulation by hMG, clomiphene citrate/hMG, clomiphene citrate. Ovum aspiration was performed 36 hours after hCG administration. The day of ovum aspiration or ovulation was designated Day 0. Serum estradiol levels increased progressively during the follicular phase and this rise peaked on Day-1 at a mean concentration of 1,204${\pm}$189.0pg/ml in Group II(hMG), 1,194${\pm}$167.9pg/ml in Group III(clomiphene citrate/hMG), 1,035${\pm}$195.1pg/ml in Group IV(clomiphene citrate) respectively and on Day -2 of 336${\pm}$34.5pg/ml in Group I(normal control). The elevated estradiol levels fen rapidly after ovulation or ovum aspiration. Serum estradiol values of hyperstimulated groups(Group II, III, IV) were significantly higher than that of control group(Group I) from Day -6 to Day +1, but there was no significant difference of estradiol values among the hyperstimulated groups. Serum prolactin levels increased and peaked on Day +1 at a mean concentration of 60.8${\pm}$14.4ng/ml in Group II, 34.2${\pm}$7.0ng/ml in Group III, 30.1${\pm}$5.7ng/ml in Group IV respectively, but no significant elevation was observed in Group I. Levels of estradiol and prolactin can be positively and significantly correlated in the hyperstimulated groups. However, the increase of serum prolactin levels in hMG group was significantly higher than those in clomiphene citrate/hMG or clomiphene citrate group.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 1986

It is now common practice to attempt ovarian hyperstimulation in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) to promote the development of multiple preovulatory follicles and to maximize the number of mature egg available. There are several drugs for hyperstimulation such as clomiphene citrate only, clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and HMG only. Accumlated experience has shown that the hyperstimulation of the ovary in IVF-ET results in high pregnancy rate. But the hyperstimulation of the ovary in IVF-ET may cause the hyperandrogenism, so we must consider the adverse effect on pregnancy rate of the hyperandrogenism. Little is known about the functional significance of androgen for the follicular growth, however, the hyperandrogenism might interfere with oocyte maturation. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the serum profiles of estradiol, androstenedione and testosterone during the hyperstimulated menstrual cycles in IVF. The results were summarized as follows: 1. There was a gradual increase in the mean levels of serum estradiol, androstenedione, and testosterone approaching follicular maturation. 2. The mean serum estradiol levels in the hyperstimulated groups were significantly higher than that in the control group in late follicular phase and ovum retrieval (ovulation) day (p<0.01). 3. The mean serum androstenedione levels in the clomiphene citrate groups were significantly higher than that in the control group in late follicular phase (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant different in the mean serum androstenedione levels between the control group and the HMG group (p>0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean levels of testosterone among each group (p>0.05). 5. There was no statistically significant different in the mean levels of estradiol, androstenedione and testosterone between the fertilized patients and non-fertilized patients in clomiphene citrate and HMG group (p>0.05).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.29-41
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• 1998

The effect of Cervi Cornu Parvum aqua-acupuncture on serum levels of sex hormone was investigated in ovariectomized rats. Water extract of Cervi Cornu Parvum was daily injected for 30 days at points in rats corresponding to bilateral Taixi (Ki. 3) points of human and non-point at root of tail after ovariectomy, respectively. Serum levels of estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, LH and FSH were measured at 2 and 4 weeks after aqua-acupuncture treatment, respectively. Compared with ovariectomized rats, significant increase of estradiol and progesterone and significant decrease of FSH and LH were elicited at 2 and 4 weeks after aqua-acupuncture treatment. Aqua-acupuncture treatment at non-point did not produce any remarkable effect. These findings suggest aqua-acupuncture may restore dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, associated with a significant increase of serum estradiol level in ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2005

It has been suggested that dietary fat increases the risk of breast cancer by elevating serum estrogen concentrations. However, studies on a relationship between fat intake and breast cancer risk have shown contradictory results, possibly because the levels of fat intake in study populations were too high to observe differences. Also, the effect of other dietary factors may present. The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between diet and estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women whose usual fat intake is relatively low compared to their western counterparts. Twenty lacto-ovo vegetarians (LOV) and twenty omnivores participated in the study. Three day food records including a Saturday or a Sunday were used to estimate nutrient intake. Serum lipids, estradiol, sex-hormone binding globulin, and urinary estradiol were measured. Study results showed $24.8\%$ and $20.9\%$ of energy intake were provided from fat in omnivorous and LOV subjects, respectively. Serum and urinary levels of estradiol were two times higher in omnivores. Fat intake was not related to either serum estradiol nor urinary estradiol when the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was performed. Carbohydrate, total dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber intakes were negatively related to serum estradiol concentration. Legumes, vegetables and fruit consumption showed significantly negative relationships with both serum and urinary estradiol concentrations. These results indicate lower estrogen availability may be associated with plant food­based diets in premenopausal women whose usual diets contain less than $25\%$ of energy as fat.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

목 적: 자궁강 내 인공수정을 위한 과배란유도 시 혈청 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 농도가 과배란유도의 결과를 반영할 수 있는지를 확인해 보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 과배란유도 후 자궁강 내 인공수정을 시행 받은 49 명의 불임여성을 대상으로 hCG 투여 일에 혈청을 얻어 VEGF-A 및 estradiol 농도를 측정하였다. 과배란유도는 clomiphene citrate (100 mg/d on day 3$\sim$7) 와 human menopausal gonadotropin (150 IU every other day starting on day 5) 병합요법을 이용하였다. hCG 투여 일에 17mm 이상의 성숙난포 수와 자궁내막 두께를 동시에 측정하였다. 결 과: 혈청 VEGF-A 농도는 성숙난포 수, estradiol 농도 및 자궁내막 두께와는 무관하였던 반면 성숙난포 수와 estradiol 농도는 양의 비례관계를 보였다. 혈청 VEGF-A 농도는 성숙난포 수가 2 개 이하인 저 반응 군과 6 개 이상인 고 반응 군에서 통계적으로 유의하지는 않지만 낮은 수치를 보였다. 결 론: 혈청 VEGF-A 농도는 자궁강 내 인공수정 시술 시 과배란유도의 결과와 무관한 것으로 사료되지만 저 반응 군과 고 반응 군에서 낮은 농도를 보이는 것으로 보아 이들을 대상으로 한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2015

Objective: Elevated serum progesterone (P) levels on triggering day have been known to affect the pregnancy rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF). This study aimed to identify the possible factors influencing serum P levels on triggering day in stimulated IVF cycles. Methods: Three hundred and thirty consecutive fresh IVF cycles were included in the study. All cycles were first attempts and were performed in a single infertility center. The indications for IVF were male factor infertility (n=114), ovulatory infertility (n=84), endometriosis (n=61), tubal infertility (n=59), unexplained infertility (n=41), and uterine factor infertility (n=39). A luteal long protocol of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (n=184) or a GnRH antagonist protocol (n=146) was used for pituitary suppression. Ovarian sensitivity was defined as the serum estradiol level on triggering day per 500 IU of administered gonadotropins (OS[a]) or the retrieved oocyte number per 500 IU of administered gonadotropins (OS[b]). Results: Univariate analysis revealed that the serum P level on triggering day was associated with the serum estradiol level on triggering day (r=0.379, p<0.001), the number of follicles ${\geq}14mm$ (r=0.247, p<0.001), the number of retrieved oocytes (r=0.384, p<0.001), and ovarian sensitivity (OS[a]: r=0.245, p<0.001; OS[b]: r=0.170, p=0.002). The woman's age, body mass index, antral follicle count, and basal serum follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol levels were not associated with serum P level on triggering day. The serum P level on triggering day did not show significant variation depending on the type or cause of infertility, pituitary suppression protocol, or the type of gonadotropins used. Conclusion: The serum P level on triggering day was closely related to the response to ovarian stimulation.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.97-110
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• 1991

1989년 3월부터 1990년 2월까지 정상적인 광주기 상태에서 한달에 한번씩 채취된 무지개 송어 암컷의 혈청중 LH, FSH, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도, albumin, globulin, triglycerides의 변화 그리고 GSI의 변화를 조사하였고, 각 호르몬과 혈청성분 그리고 GSI간의 상관관계를 알기 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 1. 혈청중 LH 수준은 11월에 가장 높게 나타났다. 2. 10월부터 그 이듬해 2월까지 혈청 LH 수준은 점차적으로 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. LH 및 FSH와 같은 GTH의 수준은 인공산란직후 낮게 나타났고, 난황형성(vitellosenesis)이 개시되는 늦여름부터 유의하게 증가하였다. 4. 혈청중 FSH 수준은 LH와 estradiol-$17{\beta}$에 대해서 고도의 유의성(P<0.001)을 나타내었다. 5. 혈청중 LH는 estradiol-$17{\beta}$에 대해서 고도의 유의성(P<0.001)을 나타내었다. 6. negative feedback mechanism에 의해서 2월에 estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 수준이 감소하였다. 7. 혈청중 albumin과 total protein의 함량은 난황형성이 개시되는 8월에 유의성있게 증가하다가 산란직전인 11월에 가장 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 8. 혈청중 triglycerides 함량은 8월에 유의하게 증가하였고, 1월에 최고 수준을 나타내었다. 9. 난직경 및 GSI의 크기로 나타나는 난모세포의 성장은 8월에 유의성있게 증가하다가 산란시기인 1월에 최고 수준을 나타내었다. 10. 혈청중 LH와 FSH와의 상관계수는 +0.844이다. 11. 혈청중 LH와 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와의 상관계수는 +0.947이다. 12. 혈청중 FSH와 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와의 상관계수는 +0.894이다. 13. 혈청중 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와 albumin과의 상관계수는 +0.634이다. 14. 혈청중 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와 total protein의 상관계수는 +0.947이다. 15. 혈청중 LH와 GSI와의 상관계수는 +0.506이다. 16. 혈청중 FSH와 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와의 상관계수는 +0.586이다. 17. 혈청중 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와 GSI와의 상관계수는 +0.694이다. 18. 혈청중 LH와 total protein과의 상관계수는 +0.947이다. 19. 혈청중 FSH와 total protein과의 상관계수는 +0.709이다. 20. 혈청중 FSH와 triglycerides와의 상관계수는 +0.549이다. 21. 혈청중 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와 triglycerides와의 상관계수는 +0.673이다. 22. positive feedback mechanism에 의해서 LH, FSH와 estradiol-$17{\beta}$는 간을 자극시켜 albumin, total protein 및 triglycerides를 분필시킴으로서 난황형성(vitellosenesis)에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1993

Steroid hormone의 하나인 ${\beta}-estradiol$이 serum-free medium에서 배양한 토끼의 신장 근위세뇨관 상피세포의 세포성장과 기능에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 1. Serum-free medium에서 토끼의 신장 근위세뇨관 상피세포는 ${\beta}-estradiol$ 1 nM의 농도에서 유의한 세포 성장 촉진 효과를 나타내었고, ${\beta}-estradiol$ 10 nM이상의 농도에서는 세포성장이 억제되었다. 2. ${\beta}-Estradiol$은 serum-free medium에서 성장촉진인자의 하나인 hydrocortisone을 뺀 조건하에서 세포 성장을 증가시키었다. 3. ${\beta}-Estradiol$은 hydrocortisone을 growth supplement로 넣어준 serum-free medium에서 토끼 신장의 근위세뇨관 상피세포의 성장을 촉진시키었다. 4. ${\beta}-Estradiol$은 Northern blot analysis에 의하여 확인한 alpha I (IV) collagen mRNA level에는 별다른 변화를 보이지 않으나, ${\beta}-actin$mRNA level은 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아, serum-free 그리고 hormonally defined media에서 ${\beta}-estradiol이$ 토끼의 신장 근위세뇨관 상피세포의 성장 및 기능에 대하여 촉진적으로 작용하는 것은 cellular microfilament의 중요한 구성단백의 하나로 밝혀진 ${\beta}-actin$의 합성 증가에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.120-125
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• 1984

The study was carried out to find out the changes of hormone levels in blood serum and milk of Holstein cows during the estrous cycle. The progesterone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ from the blood serum and milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows; 1. The progesterone levels in blood serum during the estrous cycles began to decline rapidly at 2 days before estrus, decreased to $0.27{\pm}0.18ng/ml$ at on the day of estrus, and reached a peak mean level of $3.33{\pm}0.47ng/ml$ at 15 days after estrus. 2. The progesterone levels in milk during the estrous cycles began to decline rapidly at 2 days before estrus, decreased to $0.80{\pm}0.18ng/ml$ on the day of estrus, and increased a peak mean level of $3.80{\pm}0.36ng/ml$ at 15 days after estrus. 3. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in blood serum during the estrous cycles showed a peak mean level of $9.79{\pm}1.72pg/ml$ on the day of estrus, and decreased from $4.79{\pm}1.82pg/ml$ to $5.73{\pm}0.96pg/ml$ at luteal phase. 4. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in milk during the estrous cycles showed a peak mean level of $36.80{\pm}2.04pg/ml$ on the day of estrus, and decreased from $18.93{\pm}0.84pg/ml$ to $19.50{\pm}1.12pg/ml$ at luteal phase. 5. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from the blood serum progesterone levels were 87.5% for non pregnant cows (<2.0ng/ml), and 83.3% for pregnant cows ($${\geq_-}$$3.0 ng/ml). The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from the milk progesterone levels were 75.0% for non-pregnant cows (<2.4 ng/ml), and 94.4% for pregnant cows ($${\geq_-}$$3.2 ng/ml).

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.235-241
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• 1998

In order to investigate the histological and immunohistochemical changes of thyroid glands, and serum osteocalcini estradiol, pmgesterone, follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), and calcium levels in the osteoporotic rats induced by ovariectomy, normal(sham-operated group) and experimental groups(ovariectomized group) were divided. The experimental groups were subdivide6 to 5, 10, 15, and 20 weeks after ovariectomized groups. The histological structure of the thyroid gland were observed in normal structure throughout all experimental periods but the calcitonin-immunoreartive cells in the experimental groups were significantly decreased compared with normal groups and degranulations of calcitonin-immunoreactive cells were observed. Theses numbers were decreased with time after ovariectomy. However, the serum osteocalcin and FSH levels of experimental groups were significantly increased compared with normal groups and these levels were increased along with time after ovariectomy, but serum estradiol, progestemn and calcium levels of experimental group were significantly decreased compared with normal groups and these levels were decreased with time after ovariectomy.