• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to find out the effect of cholesterol and serum albumin on sperm ability and lipid peroxidation levels period to the liquid storage of miniature pig sperm. Ejaculated semen from miniature pigs was collected by gloved-hand method into a pre-warmed ($37^{\circ}C$) thermos bottle, and extended with Modena solution {with and without BSA, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (-cholesterol) and cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (+cholesterol)}. Each semen was assessed for viability (SYBR-14/PI staining) and acrosome intactness, intensity and capacitation status by chlorotetracycline (CTC) staining at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days of storage. At for the effects of cholesterol and serum albumin on lipid peroxidation, semen were incubated with $H_2O_2$ ($10\;{\mu}M$), and lipid peroxidation level were measured by flow cytometry using the lipid peroxidation reporter probe $C_{11}-BODIPY^{581/591}$. The result, lipid peroxidation level in sperm added with cholesterol were lower in $10\;{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ compared to the added sperm with serum albumin. Also, added cholesterol to sperm had significant (p<0.05) higher viability when storage for 7 and 10 days and lower when 10 days of storage percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm (AR pattern) in acrosome state as say result compared to other treated groups. In conclusion, role of cholesterol during lipid storage in miniature pig spermatozoa was protected boar spermatozoa from lipid peroxidation prior to lipid storage. Addition serum albumin during lipid storage in sperm may be induce sperm membrane damage by lipid peroxidation. Therefore, addition of cholesterol to miniature pig sperm will be lead to extension of liquid storage periods.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean germ of Glycin max Merrill on the improvement of lipids in the serum of cholesterol supplemented diet induced dietary hyperlipidemic rats fed for 4 weeks. The experiment diet was mixed with 0.75% cholesterol recieved a basic diet mixed with 0.75% cholesterol. No significance differences in efficency of food, liver kidney and heart. Concentration of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in serum was significantly lower in the methanol extracts of soybean sprout than the cholesterol supplemented diet group. In the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol concentration, the methanol extracts of soybean sprout administration group was higher percentage than the ocher groups. Atherosclerotic index was lower in the methanol extracts of soybean sprout group than in the cholesterol group. Concentration of phospholipid in serum was more decreased in the methanol extracts of soybean sprout group than in the cholesterol diet group. From these results, the methanol extracts of soybean sprout were effective on the improvement of the lipid compositions in the serum of high fat diet induced dietary hyperlipidemic rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.385-393
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of egg consumption and suggest proper guidelines for consumption of eggs by determining the relationship between eggs and cholesterol. Methods: Literature review was conducted on the relationship between nutritional, functional properties of eggs and serum cholesterol, as well as cardiovascular disease. Results: Eggs, which are a good protein food with complete amino acid composition, contain vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin $B1_2$, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, iron, choline, selenium, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, etc. However the egg yolk has a high cholesterol content, which is associated with chronic diseases, including heart disease and hypertension. As a result, its intake is subject to regulation. Outbreak of heart disease by yolk intake can show different results depending on the characteristics of the subjects, amount of egg intake, and the implications of other foods eaten. It is difficult to determine whether eggs are beneficial, as they are the main supplying source for other major nutritive elements as well. Several research studies insist that when cholesterol intake increases by 100 mg, the level of serum cholesterol increases by 2.2~4.5 mg/dL and when serum cholesterol increases by 1%, the risk of heart disease increases by 2%. This indicates that a large intake of eggs can increase the risk of heart disease. Although the cholesterol of egg yolk and serum cholesterol are correlated, it is insufficient to conclude that only cholesterol and not other components are related to heart disease. In fact, other components in egg such as various unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids could be related as well. Rather than concluding egg as a 'good' or 'bad' food according to its cholesterol content, it is important to define egg as a part of dietary patterns. Conclusion: Generalizing an indiscriminate and uniform amount of egg intake for all seems inadequate. However, patients with diabetes or heart disease should pay particular attention to the amount of egg intake. As for the norm, eating egg with vegetables as a substitute for other animal products seems beneficial.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.721-727
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• 1997

This study investigated whether dietary factors are more influential factor than other health behavior such as drinking, smoking and exercise on abnormal serum cholesterol level inspite of Korean dietary pattern differences compared to Europeans and Americans. A double case control study model has been used for the study design. One model consisted of high blood cholesterol cases and control. the other model consisted of low blood cholesterol cased and controls. 5.398 sedentary male workers who had taken medical examinations at a university hospital were used as the study subjects. Out of the study subjects, 36individuals with high blood cholesterol cases and 30 individuals with low blood cholesterol cases were selected. For the 66 individual control selection, the individual control selection, the individuals matching method was adopted. The food frequency method was used to collect the data for assessment of the dietary factors. A standardized questionnaire was used to investigate other health behavior. logistic regression analysis was employed to measure the relative importance between the factors considered. There were no statistically significant differences observed in nutrients consumption or other health behavior among the low, normal and high blood cholesterol groups, An overmatching effect had been suspected as the cause of those findings. However, the results of logistic regression analysis to identify the factors influencing high serum cholesterol showed that odd ratios of dietary factors such as tocopherol(3.0) and saturated fatty acid(1.6) were higher than I. I of smoking and 1.2 of drinking. Similar results were also observed incases of low serum cholesterol. The above findings imply that although the dietary pattern is quite different from that of Europeans and America, the dietary factor is still a significant factor for abnormal blood cholesterol in Koreans. Therefore, the dietary risk factor identified in high fat consumption populations are still relevant for the relatively healthy Korean as guideline for preventive health practices. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(5) : 721∼727, 1997)

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.336-343
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of caffeine on lipid and mineral content in the serum of rats given a caffeine free diet(FC), a low caffeine diet(LC), a medium caffeine diet(MC), a high caffeine diet(HC) or a super-high caffeine diet(SHC) for 5 weeks. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats(body weight, $110{\pm}0.3$ g) were blocked into 5 groups and fed diets with or without pure caffeine. Caffeine intake models showed a lower mean-weight gain, food intake and food efficiency in the high caffeine diet groups(MC, HC and SHC groups) than the groups receiving a caffeine free or low caffeine diet(FC and LC groups). Serum total lipid, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels decreased, but the serum HDL-cholesterol level increased according to the increase in caffeine intake. Serum total lipid, HDL-cholesterol and serum triglyceride were significantly lower in the HC and SHC groups than the FC group. All of the serum minerals decreased as caffeine intake increased. Serum iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus significantly decreased in the HC and SHC groups compared to the FC group. Caffeine intake was associated with less weight gain and reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid. The results suggest that rats fed high amounts of caffeine may be susceptible to osteoporosis due to their low levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.515-522
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• 1997

This study was done to compare serum levels of lipids, trace minerals, ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase activity between female college smokers and nonsmokers. Serum levels of lipids, Cu, Zn, ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase activity were determined in 33 smokers and 42 nonsmokers residing in the Seoul area. Serum levels of TG, total cholesterol and HDl-cholesterol were measured using test kits. Serum Cu Zn were determined by the AAS. Serum ceruloplasimin level and ferroxidase activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. All data were statistically analyzed by the SAS PC package program. Mean and standard errors were calculated for each item, and the significance of the difference between two groups was evaluated by Student's t-test at p〈0.05. There was no significant difference in levels of total cholesterol, TG, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL and atherogenic index, but HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower(p$\ll$0.05) in female college smokers than in nonsmokers. Serum zinc level showed no significant difference, whereas copper level was significantly higher in smokers, consequently yielding higher Cu/Zn ratio in smoking college women. Ceruloplasmin level was 32.6mg/dl in smoking college women, which was significantly higher(p$\ll$0.05) than that of 28.6mg/dl in nonsmokers. However, cerulopasmin ferroxidase activity, 0.34U/mg in nonsmokers was higher(p$\ll$0.05) than that of 0.29U/mg in smokers. From these results, it is confirmed that cigarette smoking itself has a very detrimental effect on health and mineral nutritional status although the smoking history is relatively short among college women(pack-years=1.7). (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 515-522, 1997)

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

This study was carried out in 14,443 subjects(8,706 men, 5,737 women, mean age $41.8{\pm}9.16$) who visited the health promotion center of one university hospital. Serum $T_3$, $T_4$ and TSH concentrations were measured with CIA using commercial kits on ADVIA Centaur Assay and Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol were measured by auto-analyzer Hitach 7600 in enzyme method. 1. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 12.6/1,000 population(men 6.0/1,000, women 22.7/1,000) and as high as about 4 times in women than in men. 2. In subclinical hypothyroidism, the values of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly high by 5.5 mg/dL, 4.6 mg/dL compared with normal group(p<0.05). 3. In all the tested hypercholesterolemia and hyperLDL-cholesterolemia, were correlated with TSH. There is higher correlation in women group than men group. These results indicate that the subclinical hypothyroidism and dyslipemia significantly correlated. Especially, it is very important to find that the hypercholesterolemia and hyperLDL-cholesterolemia are the high risk factors of atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is essential for the group of subclinical hypothyroidism to take the cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and serum lipid test as well as thyroid function test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.212-217
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• 1999

The effects of nuruk and wheat bran on cholesterol level in serum and activities of free radical metabolizing enzymes were investigated in rats. The rats were fed a diet containing nuruk or wheat bran for one month. Body weight and food intake were measured. Animals were sacrificed after one month. The increased food efficiency ratio throughout whole growth period was observed in the rats fed with either nuruk containing Aspergillus terreus or wheat bran compared with control group on normal diet. In the rats fed with nuruk, hepatic GSH content, glutathione S transferase activity, hepatic cytochrome P 450 content, and aniline hydroxylase activities were generally increased. In the rats fed with nuruk containing other fungi except Aspergillus terreus, xanthine oxidase activity was decreased. The decreased cholesterol level in serum was observed in rats fed with nuruk prepared from Aspergillus terreus and wheat bran. LDL cholesterol level was decreased in rats fed with nuruk prepared with other fungi such as Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp. But HDL cholesterol level was increased in all groups fed with nuruk from any fungi and wheat bran. These results suggested that nuruk or wheat bran supplemented diet might exert their effect by decreasing cholesterol level in serum and amount of oxygen free radical level.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.49-49
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• 1998

Chrominum(cr) plays an important role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and Cr deficiency impairs glucose tolerance and increase serum cholestrol and triglyceride. The relationships of serum Cr with serum glucose and lipids was examined in 79 female college students in Choong-Nam ares. Subjects were devided into underweight. normal and overweight groups according to their BM11. The average age, weight, height and BMI were 21.9yr, 55.89kg, 158.54cm and $22.62kg/m^2$, respectively. Height were not di fferent between groups. Serum Cr and glucose concentrations were not signi ficantly different between groups. However, there were tendency of increasing serum Cr level with increasing body weight. Serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in underweight group than other groups. BM! had positive corelations wi th LDL-cholesterol, Al and LPH, and negative corelations with HDL-cholesterolltotal cholesterol ratio. Serum Cr concentration had positive corelation with serum glucose concentration and negative corelation with LDL-chloestrol and LPH.nd LPH.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.595-604
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• 2016

It has been reported that the increased uric acid level is associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in both male and female. However, there has not been enough studies to investigate gender differences of this association in Korea. To evaluate relation between serum uric acids and metabolic syndrome markers, anthropometric and biochemical analyses data was obtained from National Health Examination 2005 and 5,523 (M=3,097; F=2,426) data was analyzed. Results by quartile of serum uric acid levels in females showed that increased serum uric acid level was associated with elevated levels of total-. LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides, whereas association between serum uric acid and total cholesterol levels was not observed in male subjects. In both female and male, higher quartile of serum uric acid level were linked with lower levels of HDL-cholesterol. In regression analysis, association of serum uric acid levels with fasting glucose levels was significant in female subjects only. In conclusion, higher serum uric acid levels were associated with metabolic syndrome indices, however gender differences were existed for total cholesterol.