• Title/Summary/Keyword: Separated flow

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Fabrication and Filtering Test of Nanoparticle-Stabilized Emulsion to be Suitable for Enhanced Oil Recovery (석유증진회수에 적합한 나노 에멀젼의 제조 및 필터링 시험 분석)

  • Son, Han Am;Lee, Keun Ju;Cho, Jang Woo;Im, Kyung Chul;Kim, Jin Woong;Kim, Hyun Tae
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.51-61
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    • 2013
  • Researches on the oil recovery enhancement using the nanotechnology has recently been studied in the United States. The previous researches has focused mainly on the flow characteristics of nanoparticles in porous media, and the stability of the nano-emulsion itself. However, the analysis did not deal with the size effects between a nano-emulsion and the pore size which has an important role when nano-emulsion flows in the porous media. In this research, nano-based emulsion was fabricated which is able to be applied for the enhanced oil recovery techniques and its characteristics was analyzed. In addition, in order to identify the characteristics of nano-emulsions flowing through the porous media, the size effect was analysed by filtering test. According to the results, when the emulsion was fabricated, SCA(Silane Coupling Agent) or PVA(Poly Vinyl Alcohol) are added to improve the stability of emulsion. As the ratio of the decane to water increased, the viscosity of emulsion and the droplet size also increased. For the filtering test at the atmospheric conditions, the droplet did not go through the filter; only the separated water from the emulsion was able to be filtered. This phenomenon occurred because the droplet was not able to overcome the capillary pressure. At the filtering test by suction pressure, most of the emulsion was filtered over the filter size of $60{\mu}m$. However, the ratio of filtration was rapidly degraded at less than $45{\mu}m$ filters. This is caused due to deformation and destruction of the droplet by strong shear stress when passing through the pore. The results from the study on the basic characteristic of nano-emulsion and filtering test will be expected to play as the important role for the fabrication of the stable nano-emulsion or the research on the recovery of residual oil in porous media.

A Integrated Model of Land/Transportation System

  • 이상용
    • Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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    • 1995.12a
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    • pp.45-73
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    • 1995
  • The current paper presents a system dynamics model which can generate the land use anq transportation system performance simultaneously is proposed. The model system consists of 7 submodels (population, migration of population, household, job growth-employment-land availability, housing development, travel demand, and traffic congestion level), and each of them is designed based on the causality functions and feedback loop structure between a large number of physical, socio-economic, and policy variables. The important advantages of the system dynamics model are as follows. First, the model can address the complex interactions between land use and transportation system performance dynamically. Therefore, it can be an effective tool for evaluating the time-by-time effect of a policy over time horizons. Secondly, the system dynamics model is not relied on the assumption of equilibrium state of urban systems as in conventional models since it determines the state of model components directly through dynamic system simulation. Thirdly, the system dynamics model is very flexible in reflecting new features, such as a policy, a new phenomenon which has not existed in the past, a special event, or a useful concept from other methodology, since it consists of a lots of separated equations. In Chapter I, II, and III, overall approach and structure of the model system are discussed with causal-loop diagrams and major equations. In Chapter V _, the performance of the developed model is applied to the analysis of the impact of highway capacity expansion on land use for the area of Montgomery County, MD. The year-by-year impacts of highway capacity expansion on congestion level and land use are analyzed with some possible scenarios for the highway capacity expansion. This is a first comprehensive attempt to use dynamic system simulation modeling in simultaneous treatment of land use and transportation system interactions. The model structure is not very elaborate mainly due to the problem of the availability of behavioral data, but the model performance results indicate that the proposed approach can be a promising one in dealing comprehensively with complicated urban land use/transportation system.

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Experiments on Flow Characteristics of Asphalt Seal Composite Waterproofing Method for Underground Concrete Structure Exterior Wall Waterproofing (지하 콘크리트 구조물 외벽 방수용 아스팔트 씰재 복합방수 공법의 흘러내림 특성에 관한 실험)

  • Ko, Sang-Ung;Kim, Kyoung-Hoon;Kim, Young-Sam;Shin, Hong-Chul;Kim, Jin-Man
    • Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.297-303
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    • 2018
  • With the changing trend of the building construction to high rising and large scaling, the underground structure has been increased, and its usage also increased and variety. Hence, to protect the underground structure against underground water, various water proofing methods has been developed. Among the many water proofing methods, the combined water proofing method using both asphalt seal and sheet has been widely used to secure the sufficient performance and decrease the construction failure. However, during the summer period of extremely high temperature conditions, the asphalt sealing materials were separated and leaked into the structure. Therefore, the aim of the research is to provide the quality standard of asphalt sealing material based on the various temperature changes depending on seasons. According to the experimental results, the temperature of the sealing materials applied on the slab was increased up to $54^{\circ}C$ which was $3^{\circ}C$ higher than the structure temperature of $51^{\circ}C$. Based on the melting test for asphalt sealing materials applied on the outside wall of the structure, in the case of water-dispersing typed materials showed significant melting down due to its slow evaporation and low viscosity. Furthermore, from the accelerated test conducted indoor conditions, a solvent-type and water-dispersing typed materials showed significant melting down due to their low viscosity and melting point in ambient conditions. Based on these results, viscosity and melting point are found as the important factors on asphalt sealing materials' quality, and it is necessary to designate the quantitative level of the viscosity and melting point for quality control.

Estimation of Mean Surface Current and Current Variability in the East Sea using Surface Drifter Data from 1991 to 2017 (1991년부터 2017년까지 표층 뜰개 자료를 이용하여 계산한 동해의 평균 표층 해류와 해류 변동성)

  • PARK, JU-EUN;KIM, SOO-YUN;CHOI, BYOUNG-JU;BYUN, DO-SEONG
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.208-225
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    • 2019
  • To understand the mean surface circulation and surface currents in the East Sea, trajectories of surface drifters passed through the East Sea from 1991 to 2017 were analyzed. By analyzing the surface drifter trajectory data, the main paths of surface ocean currents were grouped and the variation in each main current path was investigated. The East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) heading northward separates from the coast at $36{\sim}38^{\circ}N$ and flows to the northeast until $131^{\circ}E$. In the middle (from $131^{\circ}E$ to $137^{\circ}E$) of the East Sea, the average latitude of the currents flowing eastward ranges from 36 to $40^{\circ}N$ and the currents meander with large amplitude. When the average latitude of the surface drifter paths was in the north (south) of $37.5^{\circ}N$, the meandering amplitude was about 50 (100) km. The most frequent route of surface drifters in the middle of the East Sea was the path along $37.5-38.5^{\circ}N$. The surface drifters, which were deployed off the coast of Vladivostok in the north of the East Sea, moved to the southwest along the coast and were separated from the coast to flow southeastward along the cyclonic circulation around the Japan Basin. And, then, the drifters moved to the east along $39-40^{\circ}N$. The mean surface current vector and mean speed were calculated in each lattice with $0.25^{\circ}$ grid spacing using the velocity data of surface drifters which passed through each lattice. The current variance ellipses were calculated with $0.5^{\circ}$ grid spacing. Because the path of the EKWC changes every year in the western part of the Ulleung Basin and the current paths in the Yamato Basin keep changing with many eddies, the current variance ellipses are relatively large in these region. We present a schematic map of the East Sea surface current based on the surface drifter data. The significance of this study is that the surface ocean circulation of the East Sea, which has been mainly studied by numerical model simulations and the sea surface height data obtained from satellite altimeters, was analyzed based on in-situ Lagrangian observational current data.

Vertical Profiles of CO2 Concentrations and CO2 Storage in Temperate Forest in Korea (한국 활엽수림의 이산화탄소 농도의 연직구조와 저류항)

  • Thakuri, Bindu Malla;Kang, Minseok;Chun, Jung Hwa;Kim, Joon
    • Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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    • 2013.11a
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    • pp.23-24
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    • 2013
  • Micrometeorological fluxes measured over a tall forest in a complex terrain are difficult to interpret. $CO_2$ storage often makes significant contributions to net ecosystem exchange of $CO_2$ (NEE) in early morning and during nighttime due to calm and stable conditions. We measured the above-canopy $CO_2$ flux along with its concentration profiles at eight levels within and above the canopy to evaluate $CO_2$ storage term. Our question is whether or not the $CO_2$ storage term can be estimated accurately from a single level measurement of $CO_2$ concentration in a complex terrain. Our objectives are (1) to document vertical profiles of $CO_2$ concentration and (2) to compare the diurnal and seasonal variations of $CO_2$ storages estimated from single and multi-level $CO_2$ concentration data. Seasonally averaged Diurnal variations of $CO_2$ concentration ranged from 398 to 455 ppm near the forest floor at 0.1 m whereas they ranged from 364 to 395 ppm at 40 m in the atmosphere. The diurnal variation of vertical profiles of $CO_2$ concentration shows very interesting features with season. At all eight levels, diurnal variation of $CO_2$ concentration showed little change in winter. In spring, the diurnal variations of $CO_2$ concentration at 8 levels showed three distinct groups of layers with height: the first layer: 0.1m (near surface), second layer: 1.0 m and 4.0m (below canopy) and the third layer: 7.4m to 40.7 m (near canopy and above). In summer, these three groups of layers were further separated with larger variations whereas such distinction became smaller in fall. The diurnal variation of $CO_2$ concentration in the first three layers near surface always showed higher concentration with larger variability. Typically, $CO_2$ concentration showed peaks in early morning and in the evening. After the evening peak, $CO_2$ concentration gradually increased except for those near the surface (i.e., 0.1, 1.0 and 4.0 m) where the concentrations actually decreased. We suspect that this could be attributed to the drainage flow of $CO_2$ along the hill slope from the headwater to downstream, which is not taken into account for net ecosystem $CO_2$ exchange. In comparison to the results of other studies, the distinct and different vertical structures of $CO_2$ concentrations observed at our site may be due to complex terrain and weak turbulent mixing under calm conditions at the site. The annual mean of diurnal variation of $CO_2$ storage flux from single level ranged from -0.6 to $0.9{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and from multi-level from -1.2 to $1.0{\mu}\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. When compared against the results from the multi-level concentrations, the storage flux estimated from a single-level concentration was generally adequate except for specific hours near sunrise and sunset. Further details and their implication will be discussed in the presentation.

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Forward Osmotic Pressure-Free (△𝜋≤0) Reverse Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure Approximation of Concentrated NaCl Solutions (정삼투-무삼투압차(△𝜋≤0) 법 역삼투 해수 담수화 및 고농도 NaCl 용액의 삼투압 근사식)

  • Chang, Ho Nam;Choi, Kyung-Rok;Jung, Kwonsu;Park, Gwon Woo;Kim, Yeu-Chun;Suh, Charles;Kim, Nakjong;Kim, Do Hyun;Kim, Beom Su;Kim, Han Min;Chang, Yoon-Seok;Kim, Nam Uk;Kim, In Ho;Kim, Kunwoo;Lee, Habit;Qiang, Fei
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.235-252
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    • 2022
  • Forward osmotic pressure-free reverse osmosis (Δ𝜋=0 RO) was invented in 2013. The first patent (US 9,950,297 B2) was registered on April 18, 2018. The "Osmotic Pressure of Concentrated Solutions" in JACS (1908) by G.N. Lewis of MIT was used for the estimation. The Chang's RO system differs from conventional RO (C-RO) in that two-chamber system of osmotic pressure equalizer and a low-pressure RO system while C-RO is based on a single chamber. Chang claimed that all aqueous solutions, including salt water, regardless of its osmotic pressure can be separated into water and salt. The second patent (US 10.953.367B2, March 23, 2021) showed that a low-pressure reverse osmosis is possible for 3.0% input at Δ𝜋 of 10 to 12 bar. Singularity ZERO reverse osmosis from his third patent (Korea patent 10-22322755, US-PCT/KR202003595) for a 3.0% NaCl input, 50% more water recovery, use of 1/3 RO membrane area, and 1/5th of theoretical energy. These numbers come from Chang's laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. Relative residence time (RRT) of feed and OE chambers makes Δ𝜋 to zero or negative by recycling enriched feed flow. The construction cost by S-ZERO was estimated to be around 50~60% of the current RO system.

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.