• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.779-790
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• 1993

A prototype of the feeding-milking robot was developed in the Hungarian Institute of Agricultural Engineering in 1988-89. Before starting with the operation tests the cleaning system had to be elaborated . The cleaning system has two parts. Those are the complete cleaning of the system, producing a practically sterile state, as well as flushing through the milking device between milking of two cows. Separate electronic sensor development was necessary for both system which can connect to the control system of the robot. To clean the system pneumatic air input was applied. As an effect of the local adjustment of the electronic control system optimal flow conditions can be formed what is more favourable comparing to the earlier solutions of cleaning due to the mechanical effect. In the flushing through overpressure air is applied. The air and the cleaning liquid input duration can be adjusted to the local conditions. The electronic control unit can be connected to the electric ircuits of robot.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.175-182
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• 1981

This study was designed to compare the effect of protein with that of calorie, both of which were supplemented by separate feeding, on the recovery rate and metabolic change of undernourished rats. During the two weeks of food restriction, the weight of body and some major internal organs was reduced, compared with normal growing rats, but the extent of reduction was various. After that, recovery food was supplemented for two weeks. The amount of body nitrogen retention and its -percentage were lower in unsupplemented and sugar supplemented groups. Among the supplemented groups, its amount was increased according as the protein intake was higher, while its percentage was decreased. Body and internal organs weight change showed a similar tendency. Interrelation between calorie intake and body fat retention (liver fat content and epididymal fat pad weight) was not found regularly. Consequently, the recovery rate from restriction was higher in protein supplemented group than calorie supplemented group. But no significant difference could be found between the groups.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2012

For high production rate of parts requiring multiple operations such as punching, blanking, or other operations are generally done with progressive dies. However, progressive die is generally limited to use for sheet metal forming due to the technical difficulties in rod or bulk material. This study proposes a new technique of progressive die and forming process for asymmetric automotive door striker, which is conventionally manufactured with separate tandem processes using solid rod. In order to design forming process and die, FEM simulation was performed to divide proper intermediate processes and analyze its formability. As a result, Forming processes were divided into 3 stages with upper and side punches and also, workpiece feeding and location mechanism was designed and manufactured in this study. Finally, forming tryouts were carried out by using the manufactured progressive die to verify the forming quality and productivity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1980

Threshing operation may be one of the most important processes in the paddy post-production system as far as the grain loss and labor requirement are concerned . head-feeding type threshers commercially available now in Korea originally were developed for threshing dry paddy in the range of 15 to 17 % in wet basis. However, threshing wet-paddy with the grain moisture content above 20 % has been strongly recommended, especially for new high-yielding Indica -type varieties ; (1) to reduce high grain loss incurred due to the handling operations, and (2) to prevent the quantitative and qualitative loss of milled -rice when unthreshed grains are rewetted due to the rainfall. The objective of this study were to investigate the adaptability of both a head-feeding type thresher and a throw-in type thresher to wet-paddy , and to find out the possiblilities of improving the components of these threshers threshing. Four varieties, Suweon 264 and Milyang 24 as Tongil sister line varieties, minehikari and Jinhueng as Japonica-type varieties, were used at the different levels of the moisture content of grains. Both the feed rate and the cylinder speed were varied for each material and each machine. The thresher output quality , composition of tailing return, and separating loss were analyzed from the sampels taken at each treatment. A separate experiment for measurement opf the power requirement of the head-feeding type thresher was also performed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. There was a difference in the thresher output quality between rice varieties. In case of wet-paddy threshing at 550 rpm , grains with branchlet and torn heads for the Suweon 264 were 12 % and 7 % of the total output in weight, respectively, and for the Minehikari 4.5 % and 2 % respectively. In case of dry paddy threshing , those for the Suweon 264 were 8 % and 5% , and for the Minehikari 4% and 1% respectively. However, those for the Milyang 23 , which is highly susceptable to shattering, were much lower with 1 % and 0.5% respectively, regardless of the moisture content of the paddy. Therefore, it is desirable to breed rice varieties of the same physical properties as well as to improve a thresher adaptable to all the varieties. Torn heads, which increased with the moisture content of rall the varieties except the Milyang 23 , decreased as the cylinder speed increased, but grains with branchlet didnt decrease. The damaged kernels increased with the cylinder speed. 3. The thresher output quality was not affected much by the feed rate. But grains with branchlet and torn heads increased slightly with the feed rate for the head-feeding type thresher since higher resistance lowered at the cylinder speed. 4. In order to reduce grains with branchlet and torn heads in wet-paddy threshing , it is desirable to improve the head-feeding type thresher by developing a new type of cylinder which to not give excess impact on kernels or a concave which has differenct sizes of holes at different locations along the cylinder. 5. For the head-feeding type thresher, there was a difference in separating loss between the varieties. At the cylinder speed of 600 rpm the separating losses for the Minehikari and the Suweon 264 were 1.2% and 0.6% respectively. The separating loss of the head-feeding type thresher was not affected by the moisture content of paddy while that of the Mini-aged thresher increased with the moisture content. 6. From the analysis of the tailings return , to appeared that the tailings return mechanism didn't function properly because lots of single grains and rubbishes were unnecessarily returned. 7. Adding a vibrating sieve to the head-feeding type thresher could increase the efficiency of separation. Consequently , the tailing return mechanism would function properly since unnecessary return could be educed greatly. 8. The power required for the head-feeding type thresher was not affected by the moisture content of paddy, but the average power increased linearly with the feed rate. The power also increased with the cylinder speed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1445-1454
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• 2010

Two separate animal trials were conducted to evaluate the coincidence of dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) predicted by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) and observed actually in crossbred growing bulls kept in a traditionally confined feeding system in China. In Trial 1, 45 growing Simmental${\times}$Mongolia crossbred F1 bulls were assigned to three treatments (T1-3) with 15 animals in each treatment. Trial 2 was conducted with 60 Limousin${\times}$Fuzhou crossbred F2 bulls allocated to 4 treatments (t1-4). All of the animals were confined in individual stalls. DMI and ADG for each bull were measured as a mean of each treatment. All of the data about animals, environment, management and feeds required by the CNCPS model were collected, and model predictions were generated for animals on each treatment. Subsequently, model-predicted DMI and ADG were compared with the actually recorded results. In the three treatments in Trial 1, 93.3, 80.0 and 73.3% of points fell within the range from -0.4 to 0.4 kg/d for DMI mean bias; similarly, in the four treatments in Trial 2, about 86.7, 73.3, 73.3 and 80.0% of points fell within the same range. These results indicate that the CNCPS model can accurately predict DMI of crossbred bulls in the traditionally confined feeding system in China. There were no significant differences between predicted and observed ADG for T1 (p = 0.06) and T2 (p = 0.09) in Trial 1, and for t1 (p = 0.07), t2 (p = 0.14) and t4 (p = 0.83) in Trial 2. However, significant differences between predicted and observed ADG values were observed for T3 in Trial 1 (p<0.01) and for t3 in Trial 2 (p = 0.04). By regression analysis, a statistically different value of intercept from zero for the regression equation of DMI (p<0.01) or an identical value of ADG (p = 0.06) were obtained, whereas the slopes were significantly different (p<0.01) from unity for both DMI and ADG. Additionally, small root mean square error (RMSE) values were obtained for the unbiased estimator of the two variances (DMI and ADG). Thus, the present results indicated that the CNCPS model can give acceptable estimates of DMI and ADG of crossbred growing bulls kept in a traditionally confined feeding system in China.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.343-354
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• 2010

본 연구는 국내에서 생산된 주요 동계 사료 작물인 청보리 및 호밀 사일리지를 이용하여 거세 한우의 비육 중기용으로 조제된 TMR의 소 체내 이용성을 배합사료 및 볏짚으로 구성된 관행 사료와 비교하고자 반추위 누관이 장착된 소 3두를 이용하여 3 $\times$ 3 Latin square design 방법으로 실시되었다. 관행사료 급여구(대조구)에는 1일 두당 7kg (비육 중기용 배합 사료 5.6kg 및 볏짚 1.4kg, 건물 기준)을, 그리고 청보리 사일리지 TMR구(BS-TMR) 및 호밀 사일리지 TMR구(RS-TMR)에는 1일 두당 8kg (건물 기준)을 각각 동일한 양으로 2등분하여 2회(08:00 및 18:00)에 걸쳐 급여하였다. 두 종류의 사일리지 TMR 모두에 각각 기타 원료사료와 사일리지를 80:20의 비율(급여상태 기준)로 혼합하여 조제하였다. 반추위액의 pH는 전체 채취시간에 걸쳐 시험사료간 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 대조구 사료에 비하여 사일리지 TMR 급여구에서 다소 높은 경향을 보였으며, 암모니아 농도 역시 처리간 차이가 없었으나 사료 급여 후 3시간부터 청보리 사일리지를 급여한 소의 반추위액에서 다소 낮은 경향을 보였다. 반추위액의 총 VFA 농도는 사료 급여 후 6시간 까지 다른 처리구에 비하여 호밀사일리지 TMR (RS-TMR)을 급여한 처리구에서 상대적으로 높았다. 반추위액의 acetate의 조성 비율은 반추위액의 모든 채취시간에 걸쳐 TMR을 급여한 처리구에서 높은 경향을 보였으며, 대조구인 관행사료 급여에 비하여 TMR 사료 급여 직전(P<0.005) 및 급여 후 9시간(p<0.048)에서 현저히 높은 비율을 보였다. Propionate 조성 비율의 경우 사료 급여 후 1시간에 대조구 사료에 비하여 사일리지 TMR을 섭취한 소에서 높은(p<0.046) 반면 butyrate 조성 비율은 대조구에서 다소 높은 경향을 보였으며, 사료급여 1시간 후에 TMR 사료 급여구에 비하여 현저히(p<0.029) 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다른 사료에 비하여 호밀 사일리지 TMR에서 건물유효분해율(EDDM) 및 조단백질 유효분해율(EDCP)이 높은 경향을 보였다. 또한 NDF의 경우 관행사료에 비하여 청보리 및 호밀 사일리지 TMR에서 높은 b 값(p< 0.039) 및 c 값(p<0.006)으로 인하여 TMR의 유효분해율(EDNDF)이 관행사료보다 높은(p< 0.049) 것으로 나타났다. 조사된 모든 주요 성분(DM, CP, EE 및 NDF)에서 관행사료에 비하여 사일리지 TMR의 전장소화율이 다소 높았으며, TMR 중 호밀 사일리지 TMR (RS-TMR)의 소화율이 NDF를 제외한 성분에서 청보리 사일리지 TMR 보다 소화율이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 본 시험 결과를 종합하면, 청보리 또는 호밀 사일리지 TMR의 체내 영양소 이용율이 관행 사료에 비하여 다소 개선된 결과를 보였는데, 이는 TMR이 반추위 내 발효 안정화에 기여하였으며 아울러 TMR의 섬유소 소화율이 더 개선되었기 때문인 것으로 여겨진다. 그러나 동계사료작물 사일리지의 품질이 사료작물의 수확시기 등에 따라 달라질 수 있으므로 향후 이 점이 고려된 동계사료작물 TMR의 소 체내 이용성 조사가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1246-1254
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• 2004

Two separate trials were designed to determine effects of dietary level of whole flaxseed (WFS) on fatty acid composition of serum, and subcutaneous, perirenal, intermuscular, and intramuscular adipose tissues of Korean Hanwoo cattle. Twentyone bulls (trial 1) and 15 cows (trial 2) were assigned to diets containing 0, 10 or 15% WFS. Relative treatment effects were similar between bulls and cows. The proportion of C18:3 in serum and to a lesser extent in adipose tissues were increased by dietary inclusion of WFS, reflecting supplemented lipid composition of WFS that escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed WFS had a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids in serum and adipose tissues than animals fed diets without WFS, while the opposite trend was observed in unsaturated fatty acids with little differences between two WFS groups. WFS-fed animals had higher proportions of C18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:3, and 22:3 and lower proportions of C12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 in intramuscular fat than animals fed diets without WFS. Furthermore, feeding WFS increased proportions of both $\omega$-3 and $\omega$-6 fatty acids but decreased the ratio of $\omega$-6/$\omega$-3 substantially. In conclusion, feeding WFS can be an effective method of increasing absorption of unsaturated fatty acids, and subsequent deposition in adipose tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.263-270
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Lycii fructus on the serum lipid in rats fed high fat diet. We compared the effects of L. fructus and L.fructus water extract both adminstered with high fat diets on rats that had previously been on high fat or standard diets. Two separate experiments were conducted for 6 weeks. respectively. In experiment I, 4 groups of rats were fed experimental diets consisting of either \circled1 6 weeks of a standard diet(control), \circled2 6 weeks of a high-fat diet(HHC), \circled3 3 weeks of a high-fat diet followed by 3 weeks of a high-fat diet containing L. fructus(HHL) or \circled4 6 weeks of a high-fat diet with L. fructus extract in place of water for the last 3 weeks (HHT). In the second set of experiments, a high-fat diet (SHC), high-fat diet containing L.fructus(SHL) or high-fat diet with L. fructus extract in place of water (SHT) were fed for 3 weeks after 3 weeks of standard diet feeding. Rats fed L. fructus diet consumed more diets than high-fat diets. THe results of experiment I showed significant decreases(p<0.05) in serum triglyceride(TB) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with L. fructus feedings, but did not show andy changes in total cholesterol (TC) level. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased significantly(p<0.05) with L. fructus feedings. Therefore, the ration of LDL-C to HDL-C(LDL-C/HDL-C) which is used as an atherosclerosis index was significantly (p<0.05) low, while the HDL-c/TC ration was significantly(p<0.05) high with L.fructus intake. However, no significant were found in serum cholesterols and TG levels in experimentII. The results of these experiments indicate that , regardless of the feeding from, L. fructus can be beneficial in lowering serum TG and LDL-C levels for habitual high-fat diet intakers. L.fructus also seems to be effective in elevating serum HDL-C level, theregy having beneficial effects on atherosclerosis by influencing the serum lipoprotein profile.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.657-664
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• 1997

432 Babcock ISA white leghorn pullets reared for 8 weeks on a standard managemental conditions were exposed to feed/nutrient and light restrictions from 9 to 20 weeks of age. Four feeding regimes i. e. 100, 85 or 70 percent of the recommended allowance and low energy (2,500 Kcal/kg) low protein (13% CP) ration were fed each in the three light regimes i. e. (A) Natural day light starting from 13.24 hr/day at 8 weeks of age and ending 10.41 hr/day at the end of 20 weeks; (B) Constant 11 hr/day light and (C) starting with 13 hr/day at 8 weeks and decreasing @ 20 min/week till 20 weeks of age. At the age of 20 weeks all the birds were shifted to separate cages under uniform lighting feeding and management. During the 21st week light was increased to 12 hr a day and thereafter with an increase of 30 min per week, increased to 16 hr a day at the age of 29 weeks. From 20 weeks onward till 72 week age, all the birds were offered commercial layer rations ad libitum, prepared according to climatic conditions. The results of the study revealed that birds reared under natural and constant light had higher weights than decreasing light, yet they could not out perform during production period. The effect of feed and nutrient restriction, on the other hand, was found significant during rearing as well as production period. The birds exposed to higher level of feed and those exposed to nutrient restriction were lighter in weight. The 100% fed birds laid their first egg at an early age. However, those reared on 85% of the recommendation excelled all other groups in terms of produced number of eggs, egg mass, hen housed and hen day production and net returns.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.637-643
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• 2019

Three separate feeding trials were performed to evaluate the dietary inclusion of pigments on growth and pigmentation of Semisulcospira coreana. In the first trial (Exp-1), snails (80 mg/snail) were fed diets containing green laver Enteromorpha intestinalis, seaweed fulvescens Capsosiphon fulvescens, chlorella Chlorella vulgaris, green tea, mugwort, kale, broccoli, sea tangle, dried laver Pyropia yezoensis, a synthetic edible dye, and a diet containing no pigment (control) for 12 weeks. Results showed that dietary treatments had no significant effects on growth performance. However, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents of the snail's edible portion were markedly affected and the highest values were found in snails fed green laver. In the second (Exp-2) and third (Exp-3) experiments, the effect of green laver and chlorella were examined in diets for relatively smaller (35 mg/snail) and bigger (139 mg/snail) snails than those examined in the Exp-1, respectively. Feeding the bigger snails with chlorella significantly enhanced their growth rates compared to control group. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents of the edible portions of snails were significantly increased by dietary chlorella supplementation. These findings suggest that dietary green laver or chlorella could improve the pigmentation of S. coreana without any adverse effects on growth.