• 디자인학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2007

산후조리원은 불과 십여 년 전부터 등장한 시설이지만, 현재 우리나라의 산후 조리 문화를 바꿔놓았다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 저 출산이 사회적 현상이 되어버린 지금 대부분의 산모들은 산후 조리원을 이용하고 있다. 하지만 산후조리원은 법적, 제도적 뒷받침이 되어있지 않은 상태로, 세무서에 사업자 신고만 하면 누구나 시설을 운영할 수 있기 때문에 기본적인 시설을 갖추지 못한 산후조리원이 난립하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 대상자나 운영면에서 일반 시설과 다른 특성을 갖고 있으나 보건 복지법 상이나 의료법 상에서의 시설 기준이 명확치 못한 산후 조리원의 효율적 공간 구성과 사용자의 편의을 고려한 실내 환경 계획을 제시 하였다. 진행은 서울 경기지역의 산후조리원 6곳을 선정하여 조리원 공간의 구성을 진입공간, 거주공간, 공용공간, 간호공간, 관리 및 부속공간 등의 5가지로 구분하여 그 실태를 조사하고, 개선방향을 제시함으로써 향후 건립될 산후 조리원의 실내 환경 계획을 수립하고자 한다. 본 연구는 산후 조리원 이용자들의 만족도를 높이고, 보다 효율적으로 시설이 운영되어 질 수 있도록 도움을 주는 실내 건축 계획의 기초적 자료가 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the status of disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. Method: A survey of 193 Korean healthcare facilities was conducted from February 8 to March 7, 2013. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$ test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe with SPSS WIN 18.0. Results: Of the healthcare facilities 93.2% had specific guidelines for disinfection/sterilization, but only 47.9% had a committee on disinfection/sterilization for decision-making, less than half (42.7%) conducted regular monitoring of actual practices, while 83.9% had established procedures for recovery in case of problems with the disinfection process and 89.0% kept records and archives of disinfection practices. Cleaning process, selection of chemical disinfectants and process of disinfection and sterilization were found to be inadequate in some healthcare facilities. Perception score for adequacy of medical instruments was 8.10, environmental disinfection was 7.20, and sterilizer management was 8.45 out of a possible 10. Conclusion: Compared to larger institutions, smaller healthcare facilities had less effective disinfection and sterilization management systems, while some facilities showed inadequate practices for medical equipment and general sterilization. Better academic and state-level support is recommended for smaller facilities in order to establish a better system-wide management system.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권1호
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• pp.60-72
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• 2006

본 논문은 해방 이후 가정용 연료재의 대체와 산림녹화의 연관성을 평가하였다. 해방 이후 1960년대 초반까지 총 입목축적의 약 17%에 해당하는 연간 1천만 $m^3$ 내외의 목재를 가정용 연료재로 소비한 까닭에 우리나라는 심각한 산림황폐화에 직면하게 되었다. 1955년 가정용 연료재의 소비량이 그대로 유지될 경우 10년 내에 전국의 산림이 민둥산이 될 정도로 심각한 상황이었다. 이런 문제를 해결하기 위해 상공부는 국내의 유일한 부존자원인 무연탄을 이용하여 가정용 연료재를 대체하는 에너지정책을 추진하였다. 농림부는 대도시 내 임산연료의 반입을 금지하고 가정용 연료재를 연탄으로 대체하여 나갔다. 이런 정책은 점차 성공을 거두어 1970년에 이미 취사용 연료로 임산연료를 사용하는 도시 가구는 5.2%에 불과하였다. 또한 1970년대 이후 가정용 연료재의 실질적 소비자인 농촌인구가 도시로 급격히 이주함에 따라 연료재 소비량도 자연스럽게 감소하였다. 농촌지역의 취사용 연료재는 1985년 이후 가스로, 난방용 연료재는 1980년 이후 연탄으로 급격히 대체되었다. 결국 가정용 연료재의 대체라는 근본적인 변화가 토대가 되어 지난 1세기 이상 진행된 산림황폐화는 마침내 마침표를 찍게 되었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

Purpose: In Korean rhinoplasty, alloplasts such as silicone rubber have been used for dorsal and tip augmentations. However, alloplasts have produced complications such as deviation, exposure, and infection. Although autogenous tissue is an ideal material, the amount of the cartilage in Korean is not sufficient. Therefore, the authors developed a method to harvest the maximum amount of the septal and conchal cartilage. The authors first performed a complete septal extension graft for short and retruded columella and then performed nasal augmentation using various autogenous tissues. Methods: These surgical techniques were performed on 11 patients. Their average age was 27 years. An open approach with a V-shaped columellar labial incision was performed. At first, the complete septal extension graft was fixed on the entire caudal margin of the septum, and the alar cartilage was suspended to the septal extension graft to make the tip projected and the columella advanced caudally. A temporal fascial ball was used for radix augmentation. For dorsal augmentation, a batten-shaped septal cartilage graft wrapped with or without the temporal fascia or a diced cartilage graft wrapped with the temporal fascia was performed. For nasal tip augmentation, a shield graft and a cap graft or a folded conchal cartilage graft was performed.Results: The mean follow-up period was 11.2 months. The overall results were natural and satisfactory. Two patients underwent slight absorption and caudal displacement. With the exception of these cases, no complications were observed. Conclusion: Korean rhinoplastic surgeons are accustomed to using the alloplasts despite of serious complications. When rhinoplasty using autogenous tissue was performed, some complications occurred such as the displacement of the diced cartilage graft wrapped with the fascia, but many of the complications of alloplastic rhinoplasty were avoided. Therefore, we propose that by this time Korean rhinoplastic surgeons need to change their preference from alloplastic rhinoplasty to autogenous rhinoplasty.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2008

Purpose: The pedicle of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous(TRAM) flap and deep inferior epigastric arterial perforator flap is deep inferior epigastic artery (DIEA) and accurate anatomic knowledge about perforator of DIEA is very important for the elevation of these flap. The authors investigated a detailed vascular network of perforator of DIEA in Koreans. Methods: 24 fresh cadavers were studied. Among them, 15 were examined based on the plain X-ray examination for the distribution and location of perforator of DIEA. And 9 fresh cadavers were examined based on the 3-dimensional computed tomography(CT) study for the distance between ending point of perforator of DIEA and mother artery, the distance between most medial mother artery and midline, the distance between most lateral mother artery and midline, and the running type of perforators of DIEA. Results: Based on the plain X-ray examination, suitable(external diameter$${\geq_-}0.5mm$$) perforators of DIEA are located between the level of umbilicus and 8 cm below it. Based on the 3D-CT study, average distance between the ending point of perforator of DIEA and the mother artery is 30.26 mm on the left, 28.62 mm on the right, respectively. The average distance between most medial mother artery and midline is 17.13 mm on the left, 15.76 mm on the right, respectively. The average distance between most lateral mother artery and midline is 56.31 mm on the left, 50.90 mm on the right, respectively. The main running course of suitable perforators of DIEA is type a, which is a direct musculocutaneous perforator vessel from main vascular axis passing outward to join the subdermal plexus, directly. Conclusion: 3-dimensional computed tomography study as well as plain X-ray examination provided more accurate and detail informations about perforators of DIEA in Koreans. These informations will help us understand the detailed vascular anatomy and operation with ease and safe in the lower abdomen of Koreans.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1998

상업공간에 있어서 디스플레이는 현대의 고도 산업사회에서는 대량생산, 대량유통체계의 판매촉진수단으로서 극히 중요한 분야로 대두되고 있다. 뿐만아니라 생활의 질적 향상으로 인해 다양화, 개성 화되고 있는 고객들의 요구를 만족시켜주기 위한 중요한 요소로서 그 역학이 한층 중요시되고 있다. 더욱이 상업건축물의 입면은 비주얼 머천다이징에 있어서 매장의 레이아웃을 비롯한 전시공간 설정 및 표현에 커다란 영향을 미치고 있다. 매장의 입면 유형은 정보를 제공하는 선전 소구 기능을 가짐과 동시에 외부공간구성의 중요한 요소로서의 역할을 하고 있다. 이와 같이 건축물의 입면을 이루고 있는 도입부공간은 매장의 일부이며 가로(街路)공간과도 관련되어 있어 그 기능적인 문제와 표현상의 문제를 다루는데 있어 매장과 가로의 양측 면의 관계를 고려하지 않을 수 없다. 본 연구는 내부와 외부의 절충공간으로서의 도입공간을 중심으로 매장에 있어 서 입면이 갖는 제반 특성을 파악하고 각 특성간의 상호관계를 규명하였으며, 매장의 입면유형이 매장환경에 미치는 제반요소인 구획, 유도계획, 배치계획 등과의 관계를 제 조명하려 하였다. 따라서 서울 명동소재의 패션전문매장이 현황조사를 통해 입면 유형과 비주얼 프리젠테이션과의 관계를 분석하고, 비주얼 머천다이징의 개념에 입각한 공간구성의 방향을 제시하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2005

It has been suggested that nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may act as a mediator of cytokine-induced effects on bone turn-over. NO is also recognized as an important factor in bone remodeling, i.e., participating in osteoblast apoptosis in an arthritic joint. The components of Agastache rugosa are known to have many pharmacological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Agastache rugosa leaf extract (ELAR) on NO production and the iNOS expression in ROS 17/2.8 cells activated by a mixture of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-$alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$. A preincubation with ELAR significantly and concentration-dependently reduced the expression of iNOS protein in ROS 17/2.8 cells activated with the cytokine mixture. Consequently, the NO production was also significantly reduced by ELAR with an IC$_{50}$ of 0.75 mg/mL. The inhibitory mechanism of iNOS induction by ELAR prevented the activation and translocation of NF-$\kappa$B (p65) to the nucleus from the cytosol fraction. Furthermore, ELAR concentration-dependently reduced the cellular toxicity induced by sodium nitroprusside, an NO-donor. These results suggest that ELAR may be beneficial in NO-mediated inflammatory conditions such as osteoporosis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2005

The effects of ginsenosides Rg$_3$(R) , Rg$_3$(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ (a mixture of Rg$_5$ and Rk$_1$ 1:1, w/w), which are components isolated from processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), on memory dysfunction were examined in mice using a passive avoidance test. The ginsenosides Rg3(R), Rg3(S) or Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$, when orally administered for 4 days, significantly ameliorated the memory impairment induced by the single oral administration of ethanol. The memory impairment induced by the intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine was also significantly recovered by ginsenosides Rg3(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$. Among the three ginsenosides tested in this study, Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ enhanced the memory function of mice most effectively in both the ethanol­and scopolamine-induced amnesia models. Moreover, the latency period of the Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$­treated mice was 1.2 times longer than that of the control (no amnesia) group in both models, implying that Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ may also exert beneficial effects in the normal brain. We also evaluated the effects of these ginsenosides on the excitotoxic and oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell damage in primary cultured rat cortical cells. The excitotoxicity induced by glutamate or N­methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was dramatically inhibited by the three ginsenosides. Rg$_3$(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ exhibited a more potent inhibition of excitotoxicity than did Rg$_3$(R). In contrast, these ginsenosides were all ineffective against the H$_2$O$_2$- or xanthine/xanthine oxidase-induced oxidative neuronal damage. Taken together, these results indicate that ginsenosides Rg$_3$(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ significantly reversed the memory dysfunction induced by ethanol or scopolamine, and their neuroprotective actions against excitotoxicity may be attributed to their memory enhancing effects.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.718-723
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• 2002

CKD-602 (7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)-camptothecin) is a recently-developed synthetic camptothecin analogue and currently under clinical development by Chong Kun Dang Pharm (Seoul, Korea). CKD-602 showed potent topoisomerase inhibitory activity in vitro and broad antitumor activity against various human tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in animal models. This study describes the pharmacodynamics of the immediate and delayed cytotoxicity induced by CKD-602 in a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, and its intracellular drug accumulation by HPLC. The present study was designed to address whether the higher activity of CKD-602 with prolonged exposure is due to delayed exhibition of cytotoxicity and/or an accumulation of anti proliferative effect on continuous drug exposure. The drug uptake study was performed to determine whether the delayed cytotoxicity is due to a slow drug accumulation in cells. CKD-602 produced a cytotoxicity that was exhibited immediately after treatment (immediate effect) and after treatment had been terminated (delayed effect). Both the immediate and delayed effects of CKD-602 showed a time dependent decrease in 4IC_{50}$ values. Drug uptake was biphasic and the second equilibrium level was obtained as early as at 24hr, indicating that the cumulative and delayed antitumor effects of CKD-602 were not due to slow drug uptake. On the other hand, CKD-602 treatment was sufficient to induce delayed cytotoxicity after 4hr, however, longer treatment (＞24hr) enhanced its cytotoxicity due to the intracellular accumulation of the drug, which requires 24hr to reach maximum equilibrium concentration. In addition, $C^n$$\times$T=h analysis (n=0.481) indicated that increased exposure times may contribute more to the overall antitumor activity of CKD-602 than drug concentration. Additional studies to determine the details of the intracellular uptake kinetics (e.g., concentration dependency and retention studies) are needed in order to identify the optimal treatment schedules for the successful clinical development of CKD-602.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1287-1292
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• 2005

KR-33028 (N-[4-cyano-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl]guanidine) is a new cardioprotective agent for preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study was performed to identify the metabolic pathway of KR-33028 in human liver microsomes and to compare its metabolism with that of cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Human liver microsomal incubation of KR-33028 in the presence of NADPH and UDPGA resulted in the formation of four metabolites, M1, M2, M3, and M4. M1 and M2 were identified as 5-hydroxy-KR-33028 and 7-hydroxy-KR-33028, respectively, on the basis of LC/MS/MS analysis with the synthesized authentic standard. M3 and M4 were suggested to be dihydroxy-KR-33028 and hydroxy-KR-33028-glucuronide, respectively. Metabolism of KR-33028 in cryopreserved human hepatocytes resulted in the formation of M1, M2, and M4. These data show a good correlation between major metabolites formed in human liver microsomes and cryopreserved human hepatocytes. In addition, KR­33028 was found to inhibit moderately the metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates. Based on the results obtained metabolic pathway of KR-33028 is proposed.