• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.77-93
• /
• 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant social changes through government prevention and control measures, changes in people's risk perceptions, and lifestyle changes. In response, urban inhabitants changed their behaviors significantly, including their preferences for transportation modes and urban spaces in response to government quarantine policies and concerns over the potential risk of infection in urban spaces. These changes may have long-lasting effects on urban spaces beyond the COVID-19 pandemic or they may evolve and develop new forms. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential for urban spaces to adapt to the present and future pandemics by examining changes in urban residents' preferences in travel modes and urban space use due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study found that overall preferences for travel modes and urban spaces significantly differ between the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. During the pandemic, preferences for travel modes and urban spaces has decreased, except for privately owned vehicles and green spaces, which are perceived to be safe from transmission, show more favorable than others. Post-pandemic preferences for travel modes and urban spaces are less favorable than pre-pandemic with urban spaces being five times less favorable than transportation. Although green spaces and medical facilities that were positively perceived during the pandemic are expected to return to the pre-pandemic preference level, other factors of urban spaces are facing a new-normal. The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on urban residents' preferences for travel modes and urban space use. Understanding these changes is crucial for developing strategies to adapt to present and future pandemics and improve urban resilience.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.9-21
• /
• 2022

Today's cities require deeper understanding of the thermal environment and PM₁₀ as their management becomes more critical. Based on these circumstances, this study investigated the Granger causality between the thermal environment and PM₁₀ of the 25 districts of Seoul, the most populous and urbanized city in Korea. The results of the Granger causality test on the thermal environment and PM₁₀ were classified into 12 types. Except for type 12, the temperature and urban island heat intensity of the other 11 types operated as a Granger-cause to each other in both directions. Temperature operates as a Granger-cause of urban island heat intensity in type 12. The PM₁₀ level and urban pollution island intensity operated as a Granger-cause to each other in all districts. For types 1 and 2, thermal environment operated as a Granger-cause to PM₁₀ in one direction, and type 3-type 12 confirmed that thermal environment and PM₁₀ operated as a Granger-cause in both directions. Findings reveal the intricate causalities between thermal environment and PM₁₀ at the district level and suggest mitigation strategies that are more location based.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.33-45
• /
• 2019

The Legal Floor Area Ratio (L-FAR) has been used as a major urban planning tool for efficient management of land use, landscape, and density. The Developed Floor Area Ratio (D-FAR) in each parcel is realized by such physical and institutional factors as urban tissue, local characteristics, and zoning with the L-FAR. The Achieved Floor Area Ratio (A-FAR), the ratio of the D-FAR to the L-FAR, is the relationship between realized density and the intended/desired outcomes of the regulations. The A-FAR informs the efficiency of L-FAR and its effect on parcels, and is an indicator of the demands of real estate developments under the zoning regulation. This study used detailed data of each parcel's characteristics, including parcel size, road width, and the number of roads bordered by a parcel, to identify the influencing factors on A-FAR. This analysis confirmed that the parcel size has a non-linear negative effect in the residential zone but a linear positive effect on A-FAR in the commercial zone. The width of the parcel's frontage in the commercial zone has a positive effect on the value, while in the residential zone the narrower width has higher A-FAR. In Seoul, the residential zone has higher A-FAR than the commercial zone, which means that the former has a relatively higher development pressure but a lower designated L-FAR. This result reflects that Seoul's residential zone absorbs the demand of commercial uses because of the significant permitting of mixed land use and has high-density residential buildings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.131-142
• /
• 2016

Urban agriculture, which can be defined as agriculture performed in a city, is suggested as an alternative solution to restore deserted community and expand green land in city area through cultivation activities. In Korea, 'Urban Agriculture Promotion and Support Act' was enforced from May 2012. In addition, in the same year, Seoul Metropolitan Government declared 'the beginning of urban agriculture era,' established municipal ordinance, and increased budget to actively support urban agriculture. As a result, urban agriculture practices have been increasing every year. Yet, the way of developing urban agriculture in a uniform way of expanding green land has led to difficulties of securing proper spaces. Accordingly, 'roof top' spaces have gained attention. This study analyzes rooftop garden, one of the spaces of carrying out urban agriculture, from the publicness perspective. The study selected a case study of a public rooftop garden in Mullae-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, investigated present conditions and usage features of the garden, and explored the conditions to be a 'public' roof top garden. Through theoretical analysis, both physical and non-physical indicators were derived for analysis framework; physical aspects- accessibility, locality, openness, comfortness, and non-physical aspects- subjectivity, cooperativeness, and a sense of community. The results of this study are as follows. First, openness and locality scores were the highest, and comfortness scored the lowest, in ensuring the publicness of Mullae roof top garden. Second, non-physical indicators had stronger effect than physical indicators on rooftop garden users' awareness on publicness and building a garden community. In conclusion, in order to vitalize roof top garden, users should be engaged from the very first planning stage of building a garden, opening hours should not be limited, and more importance should be put on users to subjectively manage the operation of rooftop garden than merely creating a physical environment.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2015

This study has the purpose to investigate the landscape plans focused on the public sector housing complexes in the Seoul Metropolitan Area in the 2000s. The targeted subjects of this study are 24 districts conducted by the Corporation, and the spatial extent is limited to Seoul metropolitan area. The scope of the research is limited to the public sector, because this sector has been conducted preferentially for public needs rather than the development profit, and has positively reflected the will "pre plan - post development". In view of the study methodologies, this study examined the transition process in Korea housing complex and analyzed the design reports to extract the key planning concepts and planning methods of landscape planning. The main concepts of landscape planning analyzed in this study were urban landscape, natural landscape, streetscape, architectural landscape, axis for viewing, landmark, skyline and landscape by areas. The key planning methods of landscape planning were landmark, which is a point landscape element, axis for viewing and skyline, which are linear landscape elements, landscape by areas which is an area landscape element, and finally complex landscape, walking landscape and nightscape, which are three-dimensional landscape elements.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 2007

사회적 경제적 환경적 영향에 대한 장기적인 고려 없이 진행된 개발도상국가의 도시화와 인구증가는 도시의 슬럼화 등 다양한 문제를 초래하고 있다. 본 연구는 베트남 하이퐁시를 대상으로 생태적 도시계획모델을 제시하는 것을 목표로 한다. 본 연구에서 적용한 생태적 계획과정은 크게 네 단계로 구분할 수 있다. 첫째, 기존에 연구된 생태적 도시계획 과정 및 절차를 검토, 정리하였다. 둘째, 한국을 포함한 성공적 사례를 검토함으로써 베트남에 적용 가능한 전략과 친환경적 개발 요소 등을 도출하였다. 베트남과 비슷한 경제발전 과정을 거친 한국의 일산, 분당 등 생태도시 사례로 부터 네 가지 전략을 도출하였다. 셋째, 대상지 분석 및 토지적합성평가를 실시하였으며 절대보전, 상대보전, 개발가능 지역 등을 도출하였다. 마지막으로 앞의 세 단계를 토대로 생태적 신도시건설을 위한 토지이용계획을 수립하였고, 블루네트워크(수체계), 그린네트워크(녹지체계), 화이트네트워크(바람길체계), 휴먼네트워크(자전거 및 보행도로체계), 문화네트워크(역사자원체계)의 다섯 가지 네트워크개념을 적용하였다. 각 네트워크별, 각 네트워크간의 연결 및 순환을 강조함으로써 현존하는 자연적 문화적 자원을 보전, 신도시의 가치로 창출되게 하고자 하였다.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2011

Urban space is the main contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, a primary cause of global warming. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, planning at a city-level is necessary. The aim of this research is to develop a carbon emission model which can be used to create and manage urban spaces. In order to achieve this aim, the following methodologies were utilized. First, urban planning criteria related to population, landuse, and activity level were selected through theoretical speculation. Second, carbon dioxide emission was calculated based on electricity, gas energy, heating, petroleum, and water usages. Third, Seoul was selected as a case study city, and a carbon emission model was developed through a relational analysis between Seoul's urban planning criteria and carbon emissions. Thus far, various efforts have been made to respond to climate changes in urban spaces, but these have been limited to analyzing contributing factors in terms of their total amounts of carbon emissions in the entire city. However, the carbon emission model of this study is derived from urban planing criteria at a detailed scale. This sets our study apart from other studies by demonstrating a specific model in a local setting which can be utilized for lowering carbon emissions at a city level.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
• /
• v.2 no.4 s.7
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2002

Since it is important to understand the bio-climatic change in Seoul for ecological city planning in the future, this paper gives an overview on bio-climate analysis of urban environments at Seoul. We analyzed its characteristics in recent years using the observations of 24 of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). In urbanization, Seoul metropolitan area is densely populated and is concentrated with high buildings. This urban activity changes land covering, which modifies the local circulation of radiation, heat and moisture, precipitation and creating a specific climate. Urban climate is evidently manifested in the phenomena of the increase of the air temperature, called urban heat Island and in addition urban sqall line of heavy rain. Since a city has its different land cover and street structure, these form their own climate character such as climate comfort zone. The thermal fold in urban area such as the heat island is produced by the change of land use and the air pollution that provide the bio-climate change of urban eco-system. The urban wind flow is the most important climate element on dispersion of air pollution, thermal effects and heavy shower. Numerical modeling indicates that the bio-climatic transition of wind wake in urban area and the dispersion of the air pollution by the simulations of the wind variation depend on the urban land cover change. The winds are separately simulated on small and micro-scale at Seoul with two kinds of kinetic model, Witrak and MUKLIMO.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the selection process of the marathon course and the progress of the related urban landscape design projects. The study revealed that the initially selected course of the downtown Namdaemum changed to the riverside course that runs around Gangnam and Han river. This change implied that showing the developed landscape of Seoul was much more considered than showing the traditional landscape of Seoul. The urban design plan had changed in 1986 after the marathon course was finalized. The development project of downtown was changed to Gangnam area including Teheran-ro. The city also redeveloped the substandard housing zones around the Olympic facilities. As a result, developed areas and modern apartments of the riverside was emphasized in international TV game broadcast. This embedded the industrialized and modernized image of Seoul to foreigners. Also, Koreans started to recognize the Han river as Seoul's representative landmark. Accordingly, Seoul succeeded in creating a modernized urban landscape image through the Olympic marathon course.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.25-36
• /
• 2021

The honey bee has a crucial ecological status for maintaining the natural ecology system. Pollination mediations by honey bees are recognized as an efficient way to enhance the quality of biological diversity and green areas in the nature and the urban ecological system. However, the population of bee around the world is decreasing and we do not know exactly how bees react to the physical environment in the urban area. This study is a basic research for the improvement of pollination services in the Korean urban ecological system. It aims to induce and review environmental variables which have high relations with the activities of pollination mediation insects in the urban area. The study established a Maxent model using five urban environmental variables that reflect the ecology of Bombus ignitus and the place information where Bombus ignitus appears in 18 spots of Seoul city, and compared with previous research results on Apis millifera. Bombus ignitus preferred places with more natural environments such as mountain forest areas and vicinities of streams. They preferred Stratified Tree Area the most among the vegetation types existing in the urban area. Comparing chicken models, both species saw their response value drop as the building coverage rose. In the case of Apis millifera and Bombus ignitus variables, the response value of both species was high in 10 out of 20 types. The result of this study is expected to provide basic information for improving the pollination services in the Korean urban area and to be utilized as the basic materials for the future urban planning.