• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.124-140
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• 2023

Objectives: This study examined the changes in dietary habits, the prevalence of chronic diseases, and mental health problems in the regional areas of the Republic of Korea before and after the COVID-19 pandemic to provide evidence of the status of regional health inequalities. Methods: This study analyzed Korean adults aged 19 or older who participated in the Korea Community Health Survey (n = 686,708) and Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods (n = 19,109) from 2018 to 2020. The participants were classified according to their residence area (Seoul metropolitan area, Metropolitan cities, Provinces); 2018-2019 were defined as before COVID-19, and 2020 as after COVID-19. The dietary behaviors, chronic diseases, and mental health problems were measured using a self-report questionnaire. Results: After COVID-19, the eating-out usage rate in the Seoul metropolitan area and Provinces decreased compared to before COVID-19 (P < 0.001), and when responding that they eat out, the frequency of eating out with household members in the Seoul metropolitan area increased (P = 0.024). The deliveries/takeout usage rate in the Provinces decreased after COVID-19 compared to before (P < 0.001). After COVID-19, the prevalence of obesity decreased in all regions (P < 0.001), and the prevalence of hypertension increased significantly in the Provinces (P = 0.015). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased continuously before and after COVID-19 in all regions (P < 0.002). High-risk subjective stress levels increased significantly in the Seoul metropolitan area (P < 0.001), and sleep duration significantly increased in all regions (P < 0.001). Major depressive disorder was reduced significantly in Metropolitan cities (P = 0.042) and Provinces (P < 0.001). Conclusions: After the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of chronic diseases and mental health problems showed regional differences along with changes in dietary habits. It is necessary to reflect the regional differences in dietary habits in future policies resolving regional health inequalities.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.99-118
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• 2006

We have focused on the building appearance according to the change of conservation policy and urban fabric in Bukchon, Seoul. The Urban Hanok, urban traditional housing type, had been evolved in modern contort from 1920's to 1960's, that is to say, many buildings(Urban Hanok) in Bukchon area has built up with a lot and road at the same time. But the change of conservation policy has an effect on the urban fabric and building(wooden structure, RC and brick building). Thus many types of building in Bukchon has undergone a various change. The purpose of this paper is to define a change factor of Bukchon buildings. Thus we need to pay attention to policy and urban fabric. We reached the result as follows. First, the change of architecture regulations according to the several policies(an aesthetic area, an altitude area for sky line restriction and so on) brought into building deformation and eventually the historic scenery of Bukchon has been spoiled. Second, the change of policy had an effect on the change of roads and lots. Buildings on a widen road and a united lot was built newly. But new buildings built up with a concrete or brick structure was not in harmony with the historic scenery of Bukchon area. Third, a development method of a large lot with lack prudence(disregarded a scale and size of lot) did damage to Urban hanok and urban fabric. With the understanding on the relationship of buildings, a urban fabric and a policy in Bukchon, we can define the identity and correspond with the urgent request for a the conservation of historic urban scenery In addition we can suggest the policy and the design guidelines for the reservation and rehabilitation for Bukchon, Seoul.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.249-260
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• 2017

UHI (Urban Heat Island) is an important environmental issue occurring in highly developed (or urbanized) area such as Seoul Metropolitan City of Korea due to modification of the land surface by man-made structures. With the advance of the remote sensing technique, land cover types and LST (Land Surface Temperature) influencing UHI were frequently investigated describing that they have a positive relationship. However, the concept of land cover considers material characteristics of the urban cover in a comprehensive way and does not provide information on how human activities influence on LST in detail. Instead, land use reflects ways of land use management and human life patterns and behaviors, and explains the relationship with human activities in more details. Using this concept, LST was segmented according to land use types from the Landsat imagery to identify the human-induced heat from the surface and interannual and seasonal variation of LST with GIS. The result showed that the LST intensity of Seoul was greatest in the industrial area and followed by the commercial and residential areas. In terms of size, the residential area could be defined as the major contributor among six urban land use types (i.e., residential, industrial, commercial, transportation, etc.) affecting UHI during daytime in Seoul. For temperature, the industrial area was highest and could be defined as a major contributor. It was found that land use type was more appropriate to understand the human-induced effect on LST rather than land cover. Also, there was no significant change in the interannual pattern of LST in Seoul but the seasonal difference provided a trigger that the human life pattern could be identified from the satellite-derived LST.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.407-414
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed to assess based on field investigation the distribution characteristics of airborne fungi in an area of Seongdong-gu, Seoul. Methods: Three sites, a living area, forest and traffic site, were selected for evaluation of monthly level of outdoor airborne fungi. An on-site survey was executed between January 2009 and December 2009. During the experimental period, air sampling was performed every month in the afternoon (2:00 pm-5:00 pm) using a cascade impactor. Results: Outdoor airborne fungi measured in Seoul, Korea over one year showed a concentration range from 850CFU $m^{-3}$ to 15,200CFU $m^{-3}$. The mean respirable fraction of outdoor airborne fungi was 67% compared to total concentration. Regardless of measurement site, there was no significant concentration difference in outdoor airborne fungi between periods of yellow dust and non-yellow dust (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation relationship between outdoor airborne fungi and atmospheric factors such as temperature and relative humidity. The predominant genera of airborne fungi identified were Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces and Penicillium. Conclusion: Monthly levels of outdoor airborne fungi were highest in April and November and lowest in August. In seasonal concentration distribution, the autumn showed the highest level of outdoor airborne fungi, followed by spring, summer and winter. In regional concentration distribution, the highest level of outdoor airborne fungi was generally found in the forest, followed by the living area and traffic site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2 s.109
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• pp.16-31
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• 2005

This study was carried out to design a bridge-type ecological corridor plan in a forested neighborhood park affected by road construction in Dongjak-gu, Seoul. In order to study the site conditions, we analyzed topography, ecosystem structure, and user behavior and trail use. Existing vegetation was classified into 12 types. Based on a vegetation analysis, the Populus albaglandulosa and Robinia pseudoacacia communities, where planted species are dominant, were distributed extensively in the southern forest area. Planted areas with a single-layer structure of Korean landscape woody plants and Robinia pseudoacacia communities with a single-layer structure were distributed extensively in the northern forest and water-supply area. Based on a study of 28 quadrats, the similarity index between the multi-layer plant communities distributed in the southern forest and the single-layer planted areas was low. Twenty-four species of wild birds(355 individuals) were found in the survey area, including nine interior species and three urban species. The study of user behavior and numbers showed most users were walkers and few users were observed in the southern forest while most users were observed in the northern forest and water supply area. We selected some wild birds as model species to represent migrating species believed to use this park as an ecological corridor during migration. We suggested the new park plan include the following: improvement of vegetation structure for wildbird migration and habitat, connection of park trails for users and presentation of a landscape linked to nature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.3 s.74
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• pp.49-58
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• 2004

The first and perhaps the most critical and perhaps the most important step in the process of predicting future traffic volume in a region (Zone) is to estimate the number of trips generated in from each traffic analysis zone. Most trip generation models for urban transportation planning, and highway in Korea are regression models. In Korea the category analysis has not been tried for last decades since the proper data such as the household travel behavior data have not been collected. Recently, the comprehensive household travel behavior survey such as ${\ulcorner}$1996 The Household Travel Behavior Survey${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$2002 The Household Travel Behavior Survey${\lrcorner}$ has been done. In this paper, the cross-classification tables of Seoul Metropolitan Area including the City of Seoul and Kyonggi Province are estimated by the category analysis. The tables are compared with regression models and ${\ulcorner}$2002 The Household Travel Behavior Survey${\lrcorner}$ data in terms of predictive capabilities in Seoul Metropolitan Area. Improvement strategies for trip generation forecast in Seoul Metropolitan Area are proposed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.200-204
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• 2009

Purpose: The epicanthal fold is a unique finding in the medial canthal area of many Asians. Various methods have been developed to eliminate this fold. However, excessive and prominent scarring in the medial canthal and nasal area and recurrence restricted application of epicanthoplasty. The authors performed a epicanthoplasty using Y-V advancement flap method in order to obliterate the epicanthal fold without making incisions in the nasal area and as a result, to avoid postoperative scarring. Methods: Sixty one patients underwent epicanthal fold correction using Y-V advancement flap method from July 1999 to February 2005. There were 4 males and 57 females with ages ranging from 9 to 60 years. The epicanthoplasty was performed combined with double eyelid operation, ptosis correction, augmentation rhinoplasty, nasal alar reduction, and nasal tip-plasty. Results: There were few complications in our studies, and most of the patients were satisfied with the results. Conclusion: Remarkable advantages of our Y-V advancement flap epicanthoplasty are as follows: 1) minimal postoperative scarring in the medial canthal area, 2) application of modified double eyelid operation, 3) wider opening of the medial palpebral fissure, 4 the correction of entropion or epiblepharon, 5) no recurrence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

From 1990, Seoul Metropolitan Government has established an urban master plan for the efficient city management by introducing the central place structure with a multi-tiered hierarchy. In the plan, Seoul City uses the strategy of developing the station influence area around the urban railway, in order to form the central place structure, effectively. . Therefore, reviewing impacts of urban railway is the most fundamental study for understanding changes in the spatial structures of Seoul. In the study, we have analyzed the changes in the central place structure of Seoul City with the public land price changes in station influence area around the urban railway at each year of 2000, 2005, and 2010. As a result, we could easily recognize the changes in the hierarchical central place structure by analyzing the time-series changes of public land price in station influence area.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal and internal fit of nano-composite CAD-CAM restorations. Materials and Methods: A full veneer crown and an mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) inlay cavity, which were prepared on extracted human molars, were used as templates of epoxy resin replicas. The prepared teeth were scanned and CAD-CAM restorations were milled using Lava Ultimate (LU) and experimental nano-composite CAD/CAM blocks (EB) under the same milling parameters. To assess the marginal and internal fit, the restorations were cemented to replicas and were embedded in an acrylic mold for sectioning at 0.5 mm intervals. The measured gap data were pooled according to the block types and measuring points for statistical analysis. Results: Both the block type and measuring point significantly affected gap values, and their interaction was significant (p = 0.000). In crowns and inlays made from the two blocks, gap values were significantly larger in the occlusal area than in the axial area, while gap values in the marginal area were smallest (p < 0.001). Among the blocks, the restorations milled from EB had a significantly larger gap at all measuring points than those milled from LU (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The marginal and internal gaps of the two nano-composite CAD/CAM blocks differed according to the measuring points. Among the internal area of the two nano-composite CAD/CAM restorations, occlusal gap data were significantly larger than axial gap data. The EB crowns and inlays had significantly larger gaps than LU restorations.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2014

The concentration of 5 metals such as As, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in 5 frequent using herbal medicinal prescriptions in Korea were analyzed according to the consuming area. The ready prepared 5 prescription samples were obtained from Korean regional hospitals nationwide. All the sample were well powdered and pre-treated to being a solution, and then analyzed by ICP/MS. As was detected the highest concentration of 0.55 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Gyunggi-do, the lowest was 0.01 mg/kg of Sipjeondaebotang of Seoul C. The highest concentration of Co was found to be in Bojoongikgitang of Seoul B and the lowest was also detected in Bojoongikgitang of Seoul A. Cd concentration, Ojeoksan of Chungcheong-do, Bojoongikgitang of Seoul B and yookmijihwangtang of Chungcheong-do showed the low level of 0.1 mg/kg. In turn, the highest level of Cr was 5.59 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Gyunggi-do B. The lowest concentration of Cr was 0.04 mg/kg in Sipjeondaebotang of Seoul C and the highest was 0.94 mg/kg in Samooltang of Gangwon-do. Finally, the lowest concentration of Pb was 0.00 mg/kg in Sipjeondaebotang of Chungcheong-do and the highest was 0.134 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Jeju-do. As a result it seems that the same prescription can not guaranteed the safety from toxic metals since those metal concentrations are dramatically varied according to the area where the each prescribed medicine available.