• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.405-414
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• 2007

This paper describes a preliminary work on prosody modeling aspect of a text-to-speech system for Thai. Specifically, the model is designed to predict symbolic markers from text (i.e., prosodic phrase boundaries, accent, and intonation boundaries), and then using these markers to generate pitch, intensity, and durational patterns for the synthesis module of the system. In this paper, a novel method for annotating the prosodic structure of Thai sentences based on dependency representation of syntax is presented. The goal of the annotation process is to predict from text the rhythm of the input sentence when spoken according to its intended meaning. The encoding of the prosodic structure is established by minimizing speech disrhythmy while maintaining the congruency with syntax. That is, each word in the sentence is assigned a prosodic feature called strength dynamic which is based on the dependency representation of syntax. The strength dynamics assigned are then used to obtain rhythmic groupings in terms of a phonological unit called foot. Finally, the foot structure is used to predict the durational pattern of the input sentence. The aforementioned process has been tested on a set of ambiguous sentences, which represents various structural ambiguities involving five types of compounds in Thai.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to survey the major elements that have changed English from a synthetic language to an analytic one. Therefore, this paper has looked at the differences between synthetic languages and analytic ones. In synthetic languages, the relation of words in a sentence is synthetically determined by means of inflections, while in analytic languages, the functions of words in a sentence are analytically determined by means of word order and function words. Thus, Old English with full inflectional systems shows the synthetic nature. However, in the course of time, Old English inflections came to be lost by phonetic changes and operation, which made English dependent on word order and function words to signal the relation of words in a sentence. The major phonetic changes that have shifted English are the change of final /m/ to /n/, the leveling of unstressed vowels, the loss of final /n/, and the decay of schwa in final syllables. These changes led to reduction of inflections of English as well as the loss of grammatical gender. The operation of analogy, the tendency of language to follow certain patterns and to adapt a less common form to a more familiar one, has also played an important role in changing English.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2008년도 한국컴퓨터종합학술대회논문집 Vol.35 No.1 (C)
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• pp.236-241
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• 2008

본 논문은 표현 패턴(expression patterns)을 이용한 한국어-영어 기계 번역 방법에 대하여 논의한다. 표현 패턴은 한국어-영어 기계 번역을 위하여 의미적이고 표현적인 관점에서 한국어 표현에 적합한 영어 표현을 대응하여 정의하였다. 그리고 새로운 한국어 파싱 방법을 개발할 것을 제안하였다. 한국어 파싱 방법은 한국어의 교착어로서의 특징, 표현 패턴 개념, 문장 분할 개념, 그리고 파싱 과정에 의미 구조를 포함하는 개념 등을 포함하여 개발할 것을 주장하였다. 논문의 마지막 부분에는 간단한 한국어 문법을 정의하여 새로운 한국어 구문 분석 방법의 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제43호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2002

In this paper, speech style is divided into two - read speech and dialogue. In the experiment, read speech and dialogue use the same sentence to control discrepancy from different sentence. While the number of AP in read speech is less than in dialogue, the number of IP in read speech is more than in dialogue. The number of syllables which consist of AP is more various in dialogue. Intonational patterns of the first AP in IP make a difference. In dialogue, there is a pattern which has many high tones - LHH. The FO range in dialogue is wider than in read speech.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.103-129
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• 2006

This paper presents a case study of the effectiveness of debate class in promoting speaking skills of advanced learners. The researcher adopted English debate techniques in an English speaking class during four-week teacher training program and investigated how teachers responded to the new technique. Forty-five middle and high school teachers participated in the study and classroom observation, pre-survey, post-survey, and focus group interviews were used as the major research methods. The teacher pre-survey results presented that teachers prefer a conversation class where they can directly acquire proper sentence patterns and speaking strategies rather than spend time in performing communicative events. The results of the focus group interview and post-survey confirmed that a debate class can meet this specific teachers' needs. Most teachers responded positively to the debate classes since: 1) debate techniques are relatively new ideas to Korean teachers; 2) debate techniques require speed and accuracy in speech; thus teachers could learn to present their ideas logically and efficiently in a limited time through repeated argument exercises. The study result implies that debate technique can be an effective vehicle in an EFL context to promote advanced learners' logical thinking skills and logical English sentence structures.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

This study investigates the effect of pitch range reset in Korean listeners' processing of syntactically ambiguous participle structures. Unlike Japanese and English,in Korean, the downtrend or the reset of pitch range does not consistently differentiate Accentual Phrases (AP), a lower level of phrasing, from Intonational Phrases (IP), a higher level of phrasing. Therefore, we explore Korean listeners' comprehension patterns for syntactically ambiguous speech strings varying in 1) the relative height of F0 peaks across prosodic units, and 2) the types of prosodic phrasing, to see whether pitch range reset informs the recovery of syntactic structure even though it is not reflected in the intonational hierarchy in Korean. The results show that the hierarchical level of prosodic phrasing affects the parsing pattern of syntactic ambiguity. The pitch range reset also cued the location of syntactic boundaries, but this effect was confined to phrases across AP.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.47-64
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• 2003

In the present study, the production of grammatical morphemes of Korean-speaking children with and without developmental language impairments was investigated. Ten children with language impairments (LI) (CA: 4; 4-6; 11, LA: 3; .6-5; 10) and 10 normal children (CA: 3;1-6;3, LA: 3;5-5;11) with matched language abilities participated in the study. Sixty pairs of pictures were used to elicit 12 types of predetermined grammatical morphemes. The two pictures of a pair were designed to elicit two sentences of the same sentence structure. After the investigator described one picture of a pair, the children were asked to describe the other picture. The LI children made more errors than the normal children in the production of 6 types of grammatical morphemes including: locative case marker, dative case marker, two connective endings of predicates representing cause and goal, and suffixes for passive and causative verbs. However, the LI children produced some grammatical morphemes as accurately as. the normal children. The two groups were similar in their error patterns. Some explanations for Korean-speaking LI children's use of grammatical morphemes were suggested.

• 인지과학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.417-433
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• 2014

이 연구는 한국인 프랑스어 학습자들이 프랑스어 담화 내의 대명사를 해석할 때 담화 구조의 영향을 받는지 알아보았다. 한국인 프랑스어 학습자, 프랑스어 원어민 참가자들은 세 문장으로 구성된 46개의 짧은 이야기를 읽고 이야기의 연결이 얼마나 자연스러운지 7점 척도로 평가했다. 이야기들은 마지막 문장의 주어가 이전 문장의 주어와 동일한지 여부와 마지막 문장의 주어가 반복된 명사구 또는 대명사로 지시되었는지에 따라 4가지 경우로 나누어졌다. 프랑스어 원어민 참가자들은 선행연구에서와 같이 마지막 주어가 이전 문장의 주어와 동일할 때, 주어가 변환될 경우에는 대명사보다 반복 명사구로 언급될 때 이야기가 더 자연스럽다고 판단하였다. 반면 한국인 참가자들은 주어 연속 여부에 무관하게 대명사 주어 문장을 반복 명사구 주어 문장보다 부자연스럽다고 판단하였다. 이와 같은 한국인 프랑스어 학습자의 대명사 해석 방식은 영 프랑스어권 아동의 모어 학습과정에서 대명사 해석의 기제 습득과정과 비교하여 논의되었다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 단어간 관계 패턴을 학습한 후 이에 기반하여 자연 언어 문장을 생성하는 방법을 소개한다. 기존의 문장 생성 방법론에서는 내재된 문법 규칙의 존재를 가정하거나 템플릿을 사용하고 있으나, 본 논문에서 소개하는 방법론에서는 태깅 등의 부가 정보 없이 단어의 동시 등장 빈도만을 활용하여 단어간 관계 패턴을 학습한다. 단어간 관계 패턴은 하이퍼네트워크 방법론에 기반하여 학습되었다. 학습이 진행됨에 따라 하이퍼네트워크의 복잡도가 높아지며, 학습 모델에 축적되는 언어 관계 패턴의 수가 증가한다. 학습된 모텔의 유효성은 학습 패턴에 기반한 자연 언어 문장 생성을 통해 확인하였다. 실험 결과 학습이 진행됨에 따라 문법적으로 성립하는 문장의 비율이 향상하였다. 파서를 이용하여 생성된 문장을 구성하는 문법 규칙을 분석한 후 문법 규칙의 분포를 학습에 사용한 코퍼스의 문법 규칙 분포와 비교한 결과 학습에 사용된 코퍼스의 문법적 특성을 학습할 수 있는 잠재력을 갖고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제37권
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• pp.309-334
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• 2014

This study is based on the Korean-Chinese parallel corpus, utilizing the Korean connective morpheme '-myenseo' and contrasting with the Chinese expression. Korean learners often struggle with the use of Korean Connective Morpheme especially when there is a lexical gap between their mother language. '-myenseo' is of the most use Korean Connective Morpheme, it usually contrast to the Chinese coordinating conjunction. But according to the corpus, the contrastive Chinese expression to '-myenseo' is more than coordinating conjunction. So through this study, can help the Chinese Korean language learners learn easier while studying '-myenseo', because the variety Chinese expression are found from the parallel corpus that related to '-myenseo'. In this study, firstly discussed the semantic features and syntactic characteristics of '-myenseo'. The significant semantic features of '-myenseo' are 'simultaneous' and 'conflict'. So in this chapter the study use examples of usage to analyse the specific usage of '-myenseo'. And then this study analyse syntactic characteristics of '-myenseo' through the subject constraint, predicate constraints, temporal constraints, mood constraints, negatives constraints. then summarize them into a table. And the most important part of this study is Chapter 4. In this chapter, it contrasted the Korean connective morpheme '-myenseo' to the Chinese expression by analysing the Korean-Chinese parallel corpus. As a result of the analysis, the frequency of the Chinese expression that contrasted to '-myenseo' is summarized into