• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 1985

A study was undertaken to observe the distribution and ultrastructure of the sensory papillae of the liver and lung flukes which was obtained from experimentally infected rats and dogs. For this study, the rats were artificially infected with metacercariae isolated from Pseudorasbora parve, and the dogs were artificially infected with metacercariae isolated from Cambaroides similis. The liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis) were collected from the bile ducts of the rats which were autopsied 5 weeks later since infection. The lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani) were collected from the lung of the dogs which were autopsied 3 months later since infection. With the collected worms, ultrastructure of sensory papillae was studied by means of a scanning and transmission electron microscope. The liver flukes were compared with the lung flukes. The results of the observation are as follows. 1. The sensory papillae of the liver flukes was classified into 3 types and most of sensory papillae were distributed on the oral sucker. 2. The sensory papillae of the lung flukes were distinguished 8 types. The sensory papilla type VIII was specifically distributed on the oral sucker and type I, II were distributed on the tegumental surface of the worm. The sensory papillae of the lung flukes were mostly observed between oral sucker and ventral sucker of the worm excusively 3. The sensory papillae of the liver flukes were distributed around the sucker while those of the lung flukes were developed between spine. 4. The sensory papillae were formed by many tegumental ridge in the liver flukes while was made of many small sensory papillae in the lung flukes. 5. The sensory cilia were observed between tegumental ridges in the sensory papilla of the liver flukes and also in lung flukes. And they are alike in that respect. 6. The sensory papillae were not developed in the posterior part of the liver and lung flukes but mostly nerve endings were formed in the tegumental syncytium, and it was connected with neuropile.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1986

The tegumental ultrastructures oi Echinostoma hortense adults were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The worms of 4 weeks of age were harvested from albino rats experimentally infected with the metacercariae obtained from the loach. The results were as follows: 1. The worms were leaf-like and their anterior end portion, including oral sucker and head crown, ventrally curved to face posteriorly. The tegument of whole body was wrinkled transversely and covered with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. 2. The oral sucker had roundly swollen (type I ) sensory papillae on the ventral half of its lip and mini-ciliated knob-like (type I ) sensory papillae, arranged in 2∼3 rows, on the dorsal outer surface. 3. Aspinous ventral sucker had many of type I papillae arranged in a circular band on its outer surface. The tegument around the genital opening was of similar feature to the ventral sucker, but sensory papillae were hardly found around the former. 4. Scale-like spines with broad base and round tip were distributed densely on the tegument anterior to the ventral sucker but they became sparse in posterior half of the ventral surface, finally to disappear at posterior extremity. A few number of type I papillae were observed on the ventral surface. The results suggest that the tegument of 5. hortense is similar to that of other echinostomes etapecially 5. revolutum. But the number and arrangement of collar spines, and/or the type and distribution of sensory papillae seem characteristic features of E. hortense differed from other echinostomes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

The worm of Thelazia callipaeda Railliet et Henry, 1910 (The oriental eye worm) was frequently observed in the eyes of animal and human in Korea. But it did not clearly describe about the ultrastructural character on the sensory papillae and cuticular striation of the worm. This study was performed to investigate the ultrastructure and character on the cuticular surface of the worm that was extracted from the eyes of two patients in Korea University Medical Center, using the scanning electron microscopy. According to the mouth, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and tail portion of the worm, the size of cuticular striation on each portion was measured. The size of cuticular striation on the worm surface was $1.8{\mu}m$ in the mouth and tail portion, $4.0{\sim}4.5{\mu}m$ in the middle portion of the worm. On the scanning electron microscopy, the female worms were developed phasmids in the tail end and male worms were developed sensory papillae and external sexual organ on the tail end. The sensory papillae on the tail end were composed anterior ventral postcloacal papillae, middle ventral postcloacal papillae, subventral postcloacal papillae, and lateral papillae. According to the result in this study, it is considered that the character of the cuticular striation and the sensory papillae were able to accept as classifying key for the identification of species.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.151-157
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• 2004

Developmental surface ultrastructure of Macroorchis spinulosus was studied by scanning electron microscopy. One-day-old juvenile fluke was leaf-shaped and bent ventrally. Body surface was covered densely with peg-like spines and with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. Ciliated sensory papillae were concentrated around oral sucker. Several unciliated sensory papillae occurred equidistantly on oral sucker and acetabulum. The ciliated papillae appeared in two longitudinal lines symmetric bilaterally on dorsal surface. On adult flukes, tegumantal spines became wider in middle of the body surface. The cytoplasmic processes differentiated into more fine velvety form. It is likely that the differentiated fine cytoplasmic processes are an increased absorptive surface to adult M. spinulosus. It is suggested that single pointed tegumental spines on anterior half of the body may be supportive for this fluke to migration.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

The present study was performed to observe tegumental ultrastructure of Echinoparyphium recurvatum according to developmental stages. Worms (1, 3, 5 and 15-day old) were recovered from chicks experimentally infected with metacercariae from radix auricularia coreana. One-day old worms were elongated and ventrally concave, and covered with peg-like tegumental spines except the adjacent areas of the head crown and excretory pore. Type I sensory papillae were distributed on the lip of the oral sucker, and grouped ciliated papillae were around the oral sucker. Peg-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the anterior surface of the ventral sucker level. The ventral sucker had an aspinous tegument and no sensory papillae. Tegumental spines on the posterior surface of the ventral sucker level were sparsely distributed and disappeared posteriorly. In 3 and 5-day old worms, the tegument around the oral sucker was aspinose and wrinkled concentrically. The ventral sucker had a wrinkled tegument and many bulbous papillae. Type I sensory papillae were distributed between the bulbous papillae. Tegumental spines were spade-shaped with a terminal tip. A total of 45 collar spines including 4 end group ones on both ventral corners was alternately arranged in 2 rows. The 15-day old worms were very stout and their tegumental spines were tongue-shaped without a terminal tip, From the above results, it is confirmed that the surface ultrastructure of E. recurvatum was generally similar to that of other echinostomatid flukes. However, some features, i.e., morphological change of tegumental spines and appearence of sensory papillae on the ventral sucker according to development, and number, shape and arrangement of collar spines, were characteristic, which may be of taxonomic and bioecological significance.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.230-234
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• 2014

Eleotris oxycephala was described in detail as the first reliable record from Korea based on a single specimen (62.1 mm SL) collected from the lower reach of Jwagwang stream near Busan, Korea. The specimen is easily distinguished from three congeners occurring in the northern West Pacific by having separation between two rows of sensory papillae on opercle and the fourth row of the papillae on cheek not extending beyond the 11th longitudinal sensory-papillae.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2003

The tegumental ultrastructure of juvenile and adult Himasthla alincia (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) was observed by scanning electron microscopy. One-, 5- (juveniles) and 20-day-old worms (adults) were harvested from chicks experimentally fed metacercariae from a bivalve, Mactra veneriformis. The juvenile worms were elongated and cu wed ventrally. The head crown bore 31 collar spines, arranged in a single row. The lip of the oral sucker had 12 paired, and 3 single type 1 sensory papillae, and the ventral sucker had about 25 type II sensory papillae. The anterolateral surface between the two suckers was densely packed with tegumental spines with 4-7 pointed tips. The adult worms were more elongated and filamentous, and had severe transverse folds over the whole body surface. On the head crown and two suckers, type 1 and 11 sensory papillae were more densely distributed than in the juvenile worms. Retractile brush-like spines, with 8-10 digits, were seen on the anterolateral surface, whereas claw-shaped spines, with 2-5 digits, were sparsely distributed posteriorly to the ventral sucker The cirrus characteristically protruded out, and was armed with small spines distally. The surface ultrastructure of H. alincia was shown to be unique among echinostomes, especially in the digitation of its tegumental spines, the distribution of sensory papillae and by severe folds of the tegument.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 1984

A number of studies on the papillae of cercariae of trematodes reported that the papillar patterns (or chaetotaxy) of cercariae might be an excellent method to attain better understanding of the digenetic trematodes (Richard, 1971 ; Short and Cartrett, 1973; Bayssade-Dufour, 1979) . The present study was aimed to determine the number, distribution pattern and structure of the sensory papillae of Metagonimus yokogawai cercariae, and to elucidate the chaetotaxy of this digenetic trematode. M. yokogawai cercariae were pipetted from a vial in which infected snails (Semisulcospira libertina) had been kept for 3 hours. The snails were collected from an endemic area of M. yokogawai, Boseong river in west-southern part of Korea. Observations of papillae were based on light microscopy of those stained with silver nitrate, and on scanning electron microscopy The results are summarized as follows: 1, All papillae observed were uniciliated. 2. Cilia in anterior tip were shorter than the others in other portions. 3. The body papillae were arranged in essentially symmetrical patterns, Total number of the papillae was 126(63 pairs) in average; anterior tip 40(20 pairs), ventral 20(10 pairs), lateral 42(21 pairs), and caudal 8(4 pairs). 4. The chaetotany of M. yokogawai cercaria was: Ci cycle ($3+3C_{I}V,{\;}2+2C_{I}L,{\;}2+3C_{I}D),{\;}C_{II}{\;}cycle(2C_{II}V,{\;}1C_{II}L,{\;}2C_{II}D),{\;}C_{lll}{\;}cycle{\;}(1+lC_{III}V,{\;}1C_{IlI}L),{\;}C_{IV}{\;}cycle{\;}(1C_{IV}V,{\;}IC_{lV}L){\;}in{\;}cephalic{\;}region:{\;}A_I(1A_{IV}V,{\;}1+2A_{I}L,{\;}1A_{I}D),{\;}A_{II}(1A_{II}V,{\;}1+3A_{II}L,{\;}1A_{II}D),{\;}A_{III}(1A_{III}V,{\;}1+1A_{III}L,{\;}1A_{III}D){\;}and{\;}A_{IV}(1A_{IV}V,{\;}2A_{IV}L)$ in antacetabular region: $1M_{I}V{\;}and{\;}2M_{I}L$ in median: $1+1P_{I}L,{\;}1P_{II}L,{\;}1P_{II}D,{\;}1P_{III}L,{\;}1P_{IV}L{\;}and{\;}1P_{IV}D$ in postacetabular region: 2-2-2-2 in caudal region.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.107-112
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• 2002

A scanning electron microscopic study was performed on the surface ultrastructure of Pygidiopsis summa (Digenea: Heterophyidae) adults. Metacercariae were collected from gills and muscles of mullets (Mugil cephalus) caught in a known endemic area, and adult flukes were harvested from dogs after 8 weeks of experimental infection. The worm was calabash form with its posterior part broader than the anterior part. Tegumental spines were densely distributed over the body surface, except on the suckers and genital apparatus, and around the excretory pore. Well differentiated spines were observed on the anterior half of the body, with 14-16 tips ventrally, and 19-20 tips dorsally. On the oral sucker. three pairs of type I sensory papillae (uni-ciliated knob-like swellings) and one pair of type II sensory papillae (aciliated round-swellings) were observed on the anterior and posterior parts of the lip, respectively. On the lip of the ventral sucker, one pair of type II sensory papillae was distributed only on its posterior part. Sperms were seen emerging from or entering into the genital apparatus. The results showed that the surface ultrastructure of P. summa was unique among the heterophyid trematodes, especially in digitation of tegumental spines and in distribution of sensory papillae on oral and ventral suckers.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1994

Surface ultrastructure of Pawctrema timonnauini developmental stages was studied using a scanning electron microscope. The metacercariae were collected from the marine clam, Topes phiLippinam and juvenile and adult worms were recovered at 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after experimental infection of mice. The metacercariae had a large oral sucker and characteristic lateral projections. Around the lip of the oral sucker many type I and type II sensory papillae were observed, and type III papillae were located symmetrically on the medial side of the lateral projection. Numerous type I papillae were grouped around the genital pore. The tegumental spines were distributed over the worm surface except the lip of the suckers and genital pore. The 1-day old worm had a well-developed ventral sucker, with 6 type II sensory papillae on its outer surface and another 6 type I papillae on the inner side. Two small type I papillae were seen on the anterior side of the ventral sucker. The genital pore was small and opened separately from the ventral sucker and 15 type I papillae were grouped around it. The 2-, 3-. and 7-day worms revealed that as they grew to be adults, the spine tips became multipointed, the genital pore formed a genital atrium, and the cytoplasmic process became well differentiated. In 2- and 3-day worms 10 type II papillae encircling the lip of the oral sucker, and additional 4 papillae at the dorsal side of 4 dorsal type II papillae were a characteristic feature. The distribution pattern of sensory papillae around the oral sucker and genital pore, and 2 type I papillae on the anterior side of the ventral sucker, was so peculiar in R timonnnuini, that they seem to be useful keys for taxonomic differentiation from other gymnophallids.