• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.903-927
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• 2012

본 연구는 2007년 개정 교육과정에서 도입된 자유탐구활동의 지도방안에 대한 시사점을 얻기 위하여 중학생의 소집단 자유탐구 활동 중 물리 영역 탐구문제 구성과정을 변인의 추출 및 명료화의 관점에서 분석하였으며, 변인의 명료화가 진행되는 단계에서 학생의 어려움을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 참여 학생은 서울 소재 대학 영재원 과학반 소속 중학생 4명이며 '계란낙하'라는 하나의 주제를 가지고 13차시, 30시간동안 자유탐구활동을 진행하였다. 학생들의 탐구문제 구성에서 나타난 변인의 추출 및 명료화 과정을 분석하기 위하여 선행연구를 토대로 변인 추출의 수준 및 변인의 명료화 수준에 대한 분석틀을 제안하였다. 학생들은 과학적 탐구의 과정을 반복적이고 점진적으로 수행하면서 탐구문제를 5차례 변경하였다. 종속변인이 독립변인보다 먼전 추출되었으며 변인 추출의 수준 및 명료화의 수준도 높게 나타났다. 학생들은 여러 종류의 독립변인들을 외연적 수준에서 추출하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 학생들은 이론적 설명 모형의 부재로 중요한 독립변인을 추출하는 것을 어려워하며 그 때문에 독립변인과 통제변인을 구분하지 못하는 현상도 함께 나타나는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 학생들은 탐구주제의 선택 뿐 만 아니라 종속변인과 독립변인의 추출 및 정의하는데 현실적 여건에 의해 제약을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 학생들은 종속변인이나 독립변인을 추출하는데 있어서 모두 감각적인 현상이나 외연적 특성인 깨지는 것, 높이 등이 부각되는 것으로 판단되었다. 종속변인의 이론적 정의나 조작적 정의를 하는데 있어서 해당 지식이 부족하여 어려움을 겪었으며, 그 결과 해당하는 변인의 과학 사전적 정의를 이해해도 해당 탐구상황에 적용하여 설명모형을 만들어내지는 못하였는데, 이는 이후 독립변인 및 통제 변인을 추출하는데 영향을 준 것으로 판단된다. 이론적 설명모형의 부재는 학생들의 이론적 배경에 대한 이해의 부족에서도 비롯되지만, 과학적 탐구가 시행착오적인 해보기나 무작정적인 변인사이의 관계 설정하기가 아닌 이론에 근거한 실증적 활동이라는 인식이 부족한 것에 기인한다고 판단할 수 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.3-33
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• 1971

Nursing of today has as one of its objectives the solving of problems related to human needs arising from the demands of a rapidly changing society. This nursing objective, I believe, can he attained by the appropriate application of scientific principles in the giving of comprehensive nursing care. Comprehensive nursing care may be defined as nursing care which meets all of the patient's needs. the needs of patients are said to fall into five broad categories: physical needs, psychological needs, environmental needs, socio-economic needs, and teaching needs. Most people who become ill have adjustment problems related to their new situation. Because patient teaching is one of the most important functions of professional nursing, the success of this teaching may be used as a gauge for evaluating comprehensive nursing care. This represents a challenge foe the future. A questionnaire consisting of 67 items was distributed to 200 professional nurses working ill direct patient care at Yonsei University Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. 160 (80,0%) nurses of the total sample returned completed questionnaires 81 (50.6%) nurses were graduates of 3 fear diploma courser 79 (49.4%) nurses were graduates of 4 year collegiate nursing schools in Korea 141 (88,1%) nurses had under 5 years of clinical experience in a medical center, while 19 (11.9%) nurses had more than 5years of clinical experience. Three hypotheses were tested: 1. “Nurses had high levels of concept and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of a statistical method, the mean average. 2. “Nurses graduating from collegiate programs and diploma school programs of nursing show differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by a statistical method, the mean average, although the results showed little difference between the two groups. 3. “Nurses having different amounts of clinical experience showed differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of a statistical method, the mean average. 2. “Nurses graduating from collegiate programs and diploma school programs of nursing show differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by a statistical method, the mean average, although the results showed little difference between the two groups. 3. “Nurses having different amounts of clinical experience showed differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of the T-test. Conclusions of this study are as follow: Before attempting the explanation, of the results, the questionnaire will he explained. The questionnaire contained 67 questions divided into 9 sections. These sections were: concept, content, time, prior preparation, method, purpose, condition, evaluation, and recommendations for patient teaching. 1. The nurse's concept of patient teaching: Most of the nurses had high levels of concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching. Though nursing service was task-centered at the turn of the century, the emphasis today is put on patient-centered nursing. But we find some of the nurses (39.4%) still are task-centered. After, patient teaching, only a few of the nurses (14.4%) checked this as “normal teaching.”It seems therefore that patient teaching is often done unconsciously. Accordingly it would he desirable to have correct concepts and knowledge of teaching taught in schools of nursing. 2. Contents of patient teaching: Most nurses (97.5%) had good information about content of patient teaching. They teach their patients during admission about their diseases, tests, treatments, and before discharge give nurses instruction about simple nursing care, personal hygiene, special diets, rest and sleep, elimination etc. 3. Time of patient teaching: Teaching can be accomplished even if there is no time set aside specifically for it. -a large part of the nurse's teaching can be done while she is giving nursing care. If she believes she has to wait for time free from other activities, she may miss many teaching opportunities. But generally proper time for patient teaching is in the midmorning or midafternoon since one and a half or two hours required. Nurses meet their patients in all stages of health: often tile patient is in a condition in which learning is impossible-pain, mental confusion, debilitation, loss of sensory perception, fear and anxiety-any of these conditions may preclude the possibility of successful teaching. 4. Prior preparation for patient teaching: The teaching aids, nurses use are charts (53.1%), periodicals (23.8%), and books (7.0%) Some of the respondents (28.1%) reported that they had had good preparation for the teaching which they were doing, others (27.5%) reported adequate preparation, and others (43.8%) reported that their preparation for teaching was inadequate. If nurses have advance preparation for normal teaching and are aware of their objectives in teaching patients, they can do effective teaching. 5. Method of patient teaching: The methods of individual patient teaching, the nurses in this study used, were conversation (55.6%) and individual discussion (19.2%) . And the methods of group patient teaching they used were demonstration (42.3%) and lecture (26.2%) They should also he prepared to use pamphlet and simple audio-visual aids for their teaching. 6. Purposes of patient teaching: The purposes of patient teaching is to help the patient recover completely, but the majority of the respondents (40.6%) don't know this. So it is necessary for them to understand correctly the purpose of patient teaching and nursing care. 7. Condition of patient teaching: The majority of respondents (75.0%) reported there were some troubles in teaching uncooperative patients. It would seem that the nurse's leaching would be improved if, in her preparation, she was given a better understanding of the patient and communication skills. The majority of respondents in the total group, felt teaching is their responsibility and they should teach their patient's family as well as the patient. The place for teaching is most often at the patient's bedside (95.6%) but the conference room (3.1%) is also used. It is important that privacy be provided in learning situations with involve personal matters. 8. Evaluation of patient teaching: The majority of respondents (76.3%,) felt leaching is a highly systematic and organized function requiring special preparation in a college or university, they have the idea that teaching is a continuous and ever-present activity of all people throughout their lives. The suggestion mentioned the most frequently for improving preparation was a course in patient teaching included in the basic nursing program. 9. Recommendations: 1) It is recommended, that in clinical nursing, patient teaching be emphasized. 2) It is recommended, that insertive education the concepts and purposes of patient teaching he renewed for all nurses. In addition to this new knowledge, methods and materials which can be applied to patient teaching should be given also. 3) It is recommended, in group patient teaching, we try to embark on team teaching.