• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.637-642
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• 2012

Background Fingertip injuries involving subtotal or total loss of the digital pulp are common types of hand injuries and require reconstruction that is able to provide stable padding and sensory recovery. There are various techniques used for reconstruction of fingertip injuries, but the most effective method is functionally and aesthetically controversial. Despite some disadvantages, cross-finger pulp flap is a relatively simple procedure without significant complications or requiring special techniques. Methods This study included 90 patients with fingertip defects who underwent cross-finger pulp flap between September 1998 and March 2010. In 69 cases, neurorrhaphy was performed between the pulp branch from the proper digital nerve and the recipient's sensory nerve for good sensibility of the injured fingertip. In order to evaluate the outcome of our surgical method, we observed two-point discrimination in the early (3 months) and late (12 to 40 months) postoperative periods. Results Most of the cases had cosmetically and functionally acceptable outcomes. The average defect size was $1.7{\times}1.5$ cm. Sensory return began 3 months after flap application. The two-point discrimination was measured at 4.6 mm (range, 3 to 6 mm) in our method and 7.2 mm (range, 4 to 9 mm) in non-innervated cross-finger pulp flaps. Conclusions The innervated cross-finger pulp flap is a safe and reliable procedure for lateral oblique, volar oblique, and transverse fingertip amputations. Our procedure is simple to perform under local anesthesia, and is able to provide both mechanical stability and sensory recovery. We recommend this method for reconstruction of fingertip injuries.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.163-172
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to provide experimental evidence and theoretical background for the applicability of bilateral transfer paradigm to the rehabilitation programs for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Children with hemiplegia, which means unilateral motor disabilities, display abnormal motor and postural patterns of the affected side due to hemiparesis, spasticity, and sensory disorders, resulting in a decreased motor abilities of the affected side compared to unaffected side. Accordingly, they tend to rely on the unaffected limb for everyday activities, which further deteriorates the functions of the affected side by causing associated reaction, abnormal postural patterns, and hypertonus. Rehabilitation programs developed for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy include neurodevelopmental treatment, application of cast or splint to unaffected limb, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and task oriented model. These programs, however, have several drawbacks, such as discontinuity in treatment effect and psychological hatred to the force use of the affected side. In order to solve these problems and enhance the efficiency of the rehabilitation programs, it is required to maximize the use of the affected side without hatred. Characteristics of the control system, such as temporal coupling and spatial assimilation between limbs and neural crosstalk at different levels of central motor pathway, suggest that the bilateral transfer paradigm may enhance the efficiency of the rehabilitation programs for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1998

The incidence of brachial plexus injury is increasing because of the development of motor vehicle but the the results of treatment was reported poor due to its complex anatomical structure and changes of function and sensory during the recovery after trauma. But the results of treatment has been improved by the recently introduced high sensitive diagnostic method that can evaluate accurately the site and extent of the injury and treatment method. Restoration of the elbow flexion is the most important goal of treatment after brachial plexus injury and nerve graft, neurotization and muscle transfer were used for methods of treatment. From December 1992 to May 1994, the author performed 6 cases of latissimus dorsi transfer at the same side for the improvement of elbow flexion in the patients of brachial plexus injury. There were 5 cases of male, one case of female and average age was 22 years old. The causes of injury were traffic accident in 3 cases, gun shot injury, falldown and birth injury in each one case and in all cases, the type of injury were upper arm type. The average follow up period were 1 year 5 months ranging from 12 months to 4 years 5 months. In all cases, active elbow flexion was impossible before operation and average muscle power was grade I. We analysed the active range of motion, muscle power and the functional results. At the last follow up, range of active elbow flexion was average $124^{\circ}$ and flexion contracture was average 11 degrees and the average of muscle power was grade IV. In the functional analysis, there were two cases of excellent, three cases of good and 1 case of fair. There was no complications including wound infection, vascular compromise and donor site problem. The results of latissimus dorsi transfer for improvement elbow flexion in the patients of brachial plexus injury is one of the useful mettled for the restoration of elbow flexion.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.68-78
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate Seonyudo Park and Kkummaru in terms of haptic space. This is an attempt to escape from the limits of optical space that identifies the space with abstract concepts. Haptic perception of the space refers to feeling the space with all the senses through non-hierarchical interactions. Time of the haptic space is revealed by Deleuze's crystalline description and Bergson's pure recollection that is not useful to identify objects. According to two concepts, the running present forks into the past and the future, and the nature of time appears at the point of indiscernibility in which the past, present, and future coexist. Thought on time about the architecture provides a valid point of view to understand the relationship of visitor's sensory experience of space, recollection, and emotion. In this respect, it can be said that Joh sung-yong's two works explored for new areas of architectural experience by building up the potential image of the subject which is placed in the human memory. And then this study shows that two works recover the relationship between the past and the present so that they give an opportunity to consider the meaning of time in the architecture.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.108-122
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• 2005

The gait training strategy in very important things for central nervous system(CNS) injury patients. There are many method and strategy for regaining of the gait who had CNS injury. A human being has central pattern generator(CPG) is spinal CPG for locomotion. It is a neural network which make the cyclical patterns and rhythmical activities for walking. Sensory input from loading and hip position is essential for CPG stimulation that makes the central neural rhythm and pattern generating structure. From sensory input, the proprioceptive information facilitate proximal muscles that controlled in voluntarily from cortical level and visual and / or acoustical information facilitate distal muscles that controlled voluntarily from subcortical level. Gait training method can classify that is functional level and structural level. Functional level includ level surface gait, going up and down the stair. It is important to facilitate a guide tempo in order to activate the central pattern generators. During the functional test or functional activities, can point out the poor period in gait that have to be facilitate in structural level. There are many access methods with patient position and potentiality. The methods are using of rhythmic initiation, replication and combination of isotonic with standing position. Clinically using it on weight transfer onto the stance leg, loading response, loading response and pre-swing, terminal stance, up and downwards stairs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.103.1-103.1
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• 2014

Due to their excellent optical and electrochemical properties, conjugated polymers have attracted much attention over the last two decades and employed to opto-electrical devices. In particular, conjugated polymers possess many attractive features that make them suitable for a variety of sensing task. For example, their delocalized electronic structures can be strongly modified by varying the surrounding environment, which significantly affected molecular energy level. In other word, conjugated polymers can detect and transduce the environmental information into a fluorescence signal. Conjugated polymers also display amplified quenching compared to small molecule counterparts. This amplified fluorescence quenching is attributed to the delocalization and migration of the excitons along the conjugated polymer backbones. Long backbones of conjugated polymer provide the transporting path for electron as a conduit, allowing that excitons migrate rapidly into quencher site along the backbone. This is often referred to as the molecular wire effect or antenna effect. Moreover, structures of conjugated polymers can be easily tailored to adjust solubility, absorption/emission properties, and regulation of electron/energy transfer. Based on this versatility, conjugated polymers have been utilized to many novel sensory platforms as a promising material. In this tutorial, I will highlight a variety of fluorescence sensors base on conjugated polymer and explain their sensory mechanism together with selected examples from reference literatures.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 2005

The attractant (orange light) or repellent (white light) signal is transmitted from SRI (Sensory Rhodopsin I) via protein-protein interaction with its transducer Htrl (Halobacterial Transducer for Sensory Rhodopsin I) which in turn controls a cytoplasmic phospho-transfer pathway that modulates flagella motor switching in Halobacterium salinarum. Some mutations in both SRI and Htrl showed an unusual mutant phenotype called inverted signaling, in which the cell produces a repellent response to normally attractant light. Twelve mutations at the Glutamate 56 (E56) position in the second transmembrane helix of Htrl were introduced by site-specific random mutagenesis. Almost all E56 mutants showed orange-light inverted responses in pH and temperature-dependent manners except E56D and E56Y. Except for these two mutants, all mutants accelerated the $S_{373}$ decay compared to wild-type at $18^{\circ}C$. This supported that there is an interaction between SRI and the second transmembrane of Htrl. Also a structural model of Htrl based on the Tar crystal structure and the secondary structure prediction program proposed the E56 residue to be in the middle of the proton channel. The most important observation is that the E56 mutant provides the evidence that this residue is very sensitive for signal relay, which can be explained by the open and closed conformations of the channel (A and R conformations) in SRI, as was postulated by the unified conformational shuttling model for transport and signaling.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.54-59
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• 2017

Background: Light touch cue is a sensory input that could potentially help in the control of posture. The immediate stimulatory effect of light touch cues using a cane during gait is associated with postural stability. This strategy can help post-stroke individuals regain their ability to perform the sit-to-stand (STS) transfer safely. Objects: The effects of light grip on postural control during the STS transfer in post-stroke subjects were investigated. Methods: Eleven participants (6 men, 5 women) with hemiplegia due to stroke were recruited in the study. The subjects with hemiparesis performed STS transfer in three randomly assigned conditions (1) without a cane (2) light grip with a cane (3) strong grip with a cane. Results: The difference in weight-bearing distribution between the left and right feet, when the subjects were instructed to stand up, was $52.73{\pm}2.13%$ without a cane, $42.75{\pm}3.26%$ with a strong grip, and $43.00{\pm}2.55%$ with a light grip (p<.05). The rate of rise in force indicates the peak power provided by subjects during their STS transfers. The rate of rise in force was statistically significantly lower without a cane than that with a light grip or a strong grip (p<.05). The subjects' centers of pressure sway on the mediolateral side during STS transfers statistically significantly declined with a light grip or a strong grip when compared to those without a cane (p<.05). Conclusion: When the subjects with hemiparesis used a cane during STS transfers, their duration, center of pressure sway, and difference in weight-bearing distribution were all reduced. The subjects also exhibited similar results during STS transfers with a cane gripped lightly. This result may provide guidelines for the use of assistive devices when patients with hemiparesis practice STS transfers in clinical settings.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2015

Neural stimulating implantable medical devices (IMDs) have been widely used to treat neurological diseases or interface with sensory feedback for amputees or patients suffering from severe paralysis. More recent IMDs, such as retinal implants or brain-computer interfaces, demand higher performance to enable sophisticated therapies, while consuming power at higher orders of magnitude to handle more functions on a larger scale at higher rates, which limits the ability to supply the IMDs with primary batteries. Inductive power transmission across the skin is a viable solution to power up an IMD, while it demands high power efficiencies at every power delivery stage for safe and effective stimulation without increasing the surrounding tissue's temperature. This paper reviews various wireless neural stimulating systems and their power management techniques to maximize IMD power efficiency. We also explore both wireless electrical and optical stimulation mechanisms and their power requirements in implantable neural interface applications.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.2062-2072
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• 1994

This paper presents the development of a fuzzy controller for driving camera pan/tilt device so that the camera's viewing direction can automatically track a moving object. To achieve computational efficiency a non-contact type displacement follower is used as a feedback sensor instead of a vision camera. The displacement follower, however, is extremely sensitive to object's lighting condition and results in unstable response at high speed. To this end, a fuzzy controller is developed in such a way to provide stable tracking performance at high speed where the sensory signal is subjected to intermittant disturbances of large magnitude. The test result shows stable tracking response even for high speed and non-uniform lighting condition. The resulting camera autotracking system can be adopted as an effective tool for visual transfer in the context of teleoperation and autonomous robotics.