• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.315-327
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• 1995

Diverse neurotoxic insults result in proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes, a subtype of glia in central nervous system. The hallmark of this response, often terms "reactive gliosis", is the enhanced expression of the major intermediate filament protein of castrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These changes in the astrocytes suggest that GFAP may be a useful biochemical indicator of neurotoxicity. To investigate this possibility, we administered intra-peritoneally prototype nerotoxicants, metharnphetamine (MAP, 5 mg/kg), cocaine (30 mg/kg), N-buthyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS, 300 mg/kg) and trimethytin (TMT, 8 mg/kg) to Wistar Rats and then assessed the effects of these agents on content of GFAP, which were determined by Sandwish ELISA and evaluated with neurotoxic symptoms, and quantitative changes of imrnunoreactivity of GFAP by light microscopic image analysis in specific regions. We found that assay of GFAP revealed time- and region-dependant patterns of neurotoxicity. The GFAP immunoreactivity of rat brain was increased in substantia nigra and hippocampus by MAP, NBBS and TMT; in roedial septal nucleus and nucleus accurnbens, it was also increased by RrBBS. Sandwich ELISA showed that GFAP levels of cerebrum in all groups on days 3 and 7 and that of brainstem(including cerebellum) in MAP, NBBS groups on day 1 and 3 were increased. A review of the background, design and results of these experiments are presented in this paper. Our findings indicate that GFAP is a sensitive and specific biomarker of neurotoxicity.otoxicity.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2018

In this paper, we consider duty-cycled wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in which sensor nodes are periodically dormant in order to reduce energy consumption. In such networks, as the duty cycle interval increases, the energy consumption decreases. However, a higher duty cycle interval leads to the increase in the end-to-end (E2E) delay. Many applications of WSNs are delay-sensitive and require packets to be delivered from the sensr nodes to the sink with delay requirements. Most of existing studies focus on only reducing the E2E delay, rather than considering the delay bound requirement, which makes hard to achieve the balanced performance between E2E delay and energy consumption. A few study that considered delay bound requirement require time synchronization between neighboring nodes or a specific distribution of deployed nodes. In order to address limitations of existing works, we propose a duty-cycle scheduling algorithm that aims to achieve low energy consumption, while satisfying the delay requirements. To that end, we first estimate the probability distribution for the E2E delay. Then, by using the obtained distribution we determine the maximal duty cycle interval that still satisfies the delay constraint. Simulation results show that the proposed design can satisfy the given delay bound requirements while achieving low energy consumption.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.401-407
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• 2017

The movie content, which is more firmly established as the best popular art, is the main entertainment content that reflects the current trend based on the most common contents and consensus on the culture of the global community. However, since modern films are more sensitive to popular tastes that appeal to amusement and stimulating emotions, reduction of opportunities for intellectual pleasure through appreciation of artistic expressions is inevitable and unavoidable. In this paper, however, we try to analyze the symbolic meaning of the short in the film, to grasp the inner nature of the film projected in the film, and ultimately to express the theme message. Effective symbolism exposes emotions to create moods and moods, and to express deeply with the audience, expressing the inner psychological state and will of the person. By conveying the meaning behind the surface image to the audience unconsciously, it is possible to transmit the message intentionally more effectively and strongly. In addition, it can be expected to create effects such as an associative action or an increase in contrast energy on the screen through collision of irony and image in the expectant emotion composition of the audience.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.138-142
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate how light touch with a finger affects balance ability when a posture is maintained in the condition of visual information blockage and to provide a fundamental material for developing balance ability in the process of rehabilitation treatment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study subjects were 17 healthy men and women in their twenties and thirties who were studying at S University in Seoul. The system was comprised of an equilateral triangular force platform. Subjects were asked to step on the foot position of the force platform (Good Balance, Finland) barefooted for 30 seconds, with eyes closed, hands hanging down loosely, and feet comfortably apart. It was connected to a laptop by using Bluetooth technology. An experiment was conducted in the following three circumstances: 1) no-touch trial, 2) light touch to the back (T7 area), and 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand. Each subject was given a 10-minute break between consecutive measurements. The experimental circumstances were performed randomly. Anteroposterior sway (APSV), mediolateral sway velocity (MLSV), and velocity moment (VM) were measured. Results: The APSVs (mm/s) were $9.32{\pm}3.37$ and $5.45{\pm}2.98$; the MLSVs (mm/s), $6.39{\pm}3.35$ and $3.31{\pm}2.48$; and VM ($mm^2/s$), $17.13{\pm}11.75$ and $6.76{\pm}8.31$ in the first and second experimental circumstances, respectively. APSV, MLSV, and VM values were significantly improved with the 1) no-touch trial and 2) light touch to the back trail conditions compared with the 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study revealed that the balance ability for maintaining a body posture was influenced more by light touch to the back (T7) than by light touch with the sensitive fingertip and body sway diminished after visual information was blocked.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2005

Particularly in research related to seawater intrusion the change of fluid electrical conductivity is one of major concerns, and effective monitoring can help to optimize a water pumping performance in coastal areas. Special considerations should be given to the mounting of sensors at proper depth during the monitoring design since the vertical distribution of fluid electrical conductivity is sensitive to the characteristics of seawater intrusion zone. This tells us the multi-channel electrical conductivity monitoring is of paramount consequence. It, however, is a rare event when this approach becomes routinely available in that commonly used commercial stand-alone type sensors are very expensive and inadequate for a long term monitoring of electrical conductivity or water level due to their restricted storage and difficulty of real-time control. For this reason, we have developed a real-time monitoring system that could meet these requirements. This system is user friendly, cost-effective, and easy to control measurement parameters - sampling interval, acquisition range, and others. And this devised system has been utilized for the electrical conductivity monitoring in boreholes, Yeonggwang-gun, Korea. Monitoring has been consecutively executed for 24 hours, and the responses of electrical conductivity at some channels have been regularly increased or decreased while pumping up water. It, with well logging data implemented before/after pumping water, verifies that electrical conductivity changes in the specified depths originate from fluid movements through sand layer or permeable fractured rock. Eventually, the multi-channel electrical conductivity monitoring system makes an effective key to secure groundwater resources in coastal areas.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2014

The skin-tone in portrait photography is one of the most sensitive parts that need retouching by a photographer. To investigate the emotional reactions related to users' preferences for the skin-tone variations in portrait photography, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment included JND(Just Noticeable Difference) test to determine the general distribution of preferences with many photographs that varied in phases up to an extreme one, as a result, preferences for the brightest skin-tone and the red or magenta one were found. Based on the first experiment, we reduced the number of samples by adjusting their brightness to the brightest phase constantly. To intensify the second experiment, we reduced the number of the other colored samples to only one and made samples for five phases from green to magenta, namely the most preferred skin-tone in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the common preference for a neutral skin-tone and the partial difference between the two gender groups were found. In conclusion, the users' preference for a particular skin-tone was positively affected by emotions such as 'happiness' or 'comfortable'. With this investigation, we compiled some statistically meaningful facts to confirm that the preferences of the users depend positively on controlling the skin-tone in portrait photography.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adequate clothing pressure of upper and lower body foundation garment and subjective assessment of those compressive foundation depending on various wearing conditions. Eighteen women in their 30s and 40s participated in the experiments for this study to evaluate the level of clothing pressure of girdle and waist nipper. Subjects were divided into two groups by the wearing habits of foundation, one is the group of wearing foundation garment 'tightly' and the other is 'loosely', It was found that the group wearing foundation garment 'loosely' was much more sensitive than the group of 'tightly' in everyday life. The adequate pressure of upper foundation, waist nipper was about $1.5{\pm}0.8$ kPa which is lower than that of the lower body foundation, girdle. And at the same time, the sensitivity of the pressure level was higher when subjects are wearing waist nipper compared with wearing girdle. Therefore, precise pattern making process is necessary to meet the adequate level of pressure of the upper body foundation such as waist nipper, specially for those who used to wear clothing loosely.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.129-142
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• 1998

This research is focused on the inducement of the constitutive equation considering the creep strain component and on the development of a finite element method program. The purpose of this research was to contribute to the design of construction structures or to the construction management in soft clay ground through predicting the long-term strain of construction structures reasonably bused on the above program. Modified Cam Clay model was adopted to describe the elastic-plastic behavior of clayey soil. And in the calculation of the creep sprain, the secondary coefficient of consolidation C. was applied for considering the volumetric creep element and the constants m, $\alpha$, A were rosed by the empirical creep equation proposed by Singh 8E Mitchell for considering the deviatoric creep element. To examine the reliability of the program which is developed in this study, the estimated values by this program were compared with the theoretical solution and the experimental results. And the applicability of the developed program was found to be reliable from the sensitive analysis of each parameters used in this study. According to the results obtained from the application of the program on the field measurement data, the estimated values by the program were found with be consistent with the actual values. And from the analysis of the displacement of embankments, the case of considering the creep behavior induced much fower errors than the case of neglecting it. But the results obtained from considering the volumetric creep behavior only were slightly underestimated the results from considering the deviator creep behavior showed the slightly overestimated values. Therefore, it remains the task of further studios to develop the laboratory test devices to obtain the reliable creep parameters, and to select the appropriate soil parameters, etc.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.619-628
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• 2019

In this paper, we designed a beta ray sensor for a true random number generator. Instead of biasing the gate of the PMOS feedback transistor to a DC voltage, the current flowing through the PMOS feedback transistor is mirrored through a current bias circuit designed to be insensitive to PVT fluctuations, thereby minimizing fluctuations in the signal voltage of the CSA. In addition, by using the constant current supplied by the BGR (Bandgap Reference) circuit, the signal voltage is charged to the VCOM voltage level, thereby reducing the change in charge time to enable high-speed sensing. The beta ray sensor designed with 0.18㎛ CMOS process shows that the minimum signal voltage and maximum signal voltage of the CSA circuit which are resulted from corner simulation are 205mV and 303mV, respectively. and the minimum and maximum widths of the pulses generated by comparing the output signal through the pulse shaper with the threshold voltage (VTHR) voltage of the comparator, were 0.592㎲ and 1.247㎲, respectively. resulting in high-speed detection of 100kHz. Thus, it is designed to count up to 100 kilo pulses per second.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.83-93
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to present emergency rehabilitation, cause and the countermeasure of reinforcement about reinforced retaining wall and the slope collapse of the phyllite ground. The study area is broken easily because this area has rock mass discontinuity such as stratification, foliation, joint and fold. And this area consists of the ground where it happens easily to the failure of structure like reinforced retaining wall because of the phyllite ground sensitive to weathering. Counterweight fill in front of reinforced retaining wall was performed as emergency rehabilitation about displacement of reinforced retaining wall and the failure at the rear of slope on phyllite ground. After that, additional displacement didn't occur. Boring and geophysical exploration were launched to present emergency rehabilitation and develop the long-term method of reinforcement. This could grasp anticipated range of the failure section and identify internal and external factors of the cause of the slope collapse. Several methods of reinforcement were suggested by conducting the numerical analysis. When conducting design and construction of major structures at the ground which has complex discontinuities, the precise site investigation should be conducted. During construction, immediate action for over-displacement should be taken by performing the periodic measurement.