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Das strategische Verstehen der Werbeanzeige (광고텍스트의 전략적 이해)

  • Oh Jang-Geun
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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    • v.1
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    • pp.287-311
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    • 1999
  • Das $verst\"{a}rkte$ Interesse der Sprachwissenschaft, sich mit expositorischen Gegenwartstexten zu befassen, fuhrte in den 60er Jahren zu einer intensiven Betrachtung lingualer Erscheinungen der Werbesprache. $Zun\"{a}chst$ widmete man sich der exemplarischen Erforschung lexikalischer, syntaktischer und stilistischer Erscheinungen, die als charakteristisch $f\"{u}r\;\"{o}konomisch$ oder ideologisch $gepr\"{a}gte\;Anpreisung\;eingesch\"{a}tzt$ wurden. Eine weitere Intention bestand darin, die Korrelation zwischen Werbe­sprache und Standardsprache zu definieren. Bald erkannte man, $da\ss$ eine werbliche Aussage nicht allein durch sprachliche, sondern auch durch visuelle und auditive $Ausdrucksmodalit\"{a}ten\;gepr\"{a}gt$ wurde. Die Erforschung dieser extralingualen Zeichensysteme ist bis heute nicht soweit ausgereift, $da\ss\;global\;g\"{u}ltige$ Aussagen gemacht werden $k\"{o}nnen$, denn eme umfassende Darstellung des visuellen Vokabulars fehlt. Neben den formal-gestalterischen Aspekten untersuchte man, welche Inhalte auf welche Weise vermittelt wurden und welchen psychologischen Effekt sie evozierten. Parallel dazu existierte die Intention, die vielschichtigen $\"{o}konomischen$, gesellschaftlichen und politischen Bedingungen werblicher Kommunikation zu ergrtinden. In diesem Beitrag wurde davon ausgegangen, $da\ss$ Werbeanzeigen unter Verstehensaspekten systematisch untersucht werden sollen, wenn der Kommunikatonszweck der Werbeanzeigen darin besteht, den Text­rezipienten (den potentiellen Konsumenten) sie sich leicht $einpr\"{a}gen$ zu lassen und eine Kaufentscheidung $\"{u}ber$ das entsprechende Produkt $auszul\"{o}sen$. Dabei gelten Werbeanzeigen als multimediale Texte, in denen verbale und nonverbale Zeichen sich gegenseitig $erg\"{a}nzen$ und wechselseitig determinieren $k\"{o}nnen$. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden also das Zusammenwirken der verschiedenen Sinnsteuerungsfaktoren, die im $Verstehensproze\ss$ der Werbeanzeigen aktiviert werden $k\"{o}nnen$ und ihre Relevanzwerte zum Erfassen des Textsinns thematisiert. $Daf\"{u}r$ wird die Textsorte 'Werbeanzeige' $Zun\"{a}chst$ als Untersuchungsgegenstand definiert und eindeutig von anderen Textsorten abgegrenzt. Daran $schlie{\ss}en\;sich\;die\;Erkl\"{a}rung$ und die Kritik des strategischen Verarbei­tungsmodells von van Dijk/Kintsch an. Nach der Kritik des Strategiemodells von van Dijk/Kintsch wurde die Werbeanzeige 'Whisky-Chivas Regal' zur empirischen $Begr\"{u}ndung$ des strategischen Verstehensansatzes $ausgew\"{a}hlt$ und analysiert. Aus der funktional-strategischen Verstehensanalyse der Werbeanzeige 'Whisky­Chivas Regal' $l\"{a}{\ss}t\;sich\;folgern,\;da\ss$ neben der schematischen Strategie vier verschiedene Verarbeitungsstrategien, $n\"{a}mlich$ syntaktische, semantische, nonverbale und sozio-kulturelle Strategien, hier eingesetzt werden sollen, um das $vollst\"{a}ndige$ Verstehen der Werbeanzeige 'Whisky-Chivas Regal' zu erreichen. Ohnehin besteht ein Untersuchungsziel der vorliegenden Arbeit darin, die bisher meines Erachtens nicht intensiv und engagiert genug $gef\"{u}hrte$ Diskussion $\"{u}ber$ die hier behandelten verstehenstheoretischen Fragestellungen und ihren Anwendungen anzuregen. Falls sich diese $\"{U}berlegungen$ zu weit von dem, was man gemeinhin unter, Textverstehen' versteht, entfernen, und deshalb dazu beitragen $k\ddpt{o}nnten,\;konkrete\;Einw\"{a}nde\;und\;Gegenvorschl\"{a}ge$ zu provozieren, die durch eine fruchtbare Auseinandersetzung zu einem breiten Konsens $\"{u}ber$ eine Verstehenstheorie $f\"{u}hren,\;h\"{a}tte$ damit diese Untersuchung einen guten Dienst geleistet.

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Inhibition of HBV replication and gene expression in vitro and in vivo with a single AAV vector delivering two shRNA molecules

  • Li, Zhi;He, Ming-Liang;Yao, Hong;Dong, Qing-Ming;Chen, Yang-Chao;Chan, Chu-Yan;Zheng, Bo-Jian;Yuen, Kwok-Yung;Peng, Ying;Sun, Qiang;Yang, Xiao;Lin, Marie C.;Sung, Joseph J.Y.;Kung, Hsiang-Fu
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.59-64
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    • 2009
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly prevalent worldwide. The major challenge for current antiviral treatment is the elevated drug resistance that occurs via rapid viral mutagenesis. In this study, we developed AAV vectors to simultaneously deliver two or three shRNAs targeting different HBV-related genes. These vectors showed markedly better antiviral effects than ones that delivered a single shRNA in vitro. A dual shRNA expression vector (AAV-157i/1694i), which simultaneously expressed two shRNAs targeted the S and X genes of HBV, reduced HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA levels by $87{\pm}4$, $80.3{\pm}2.6$ and $86.2{\pm}7%$ respectively, eight days post-transduction. In a mouse model of prophylactic treatment, HBsAg and HBeAg were reduced to undetectable levels and the serum HBV DNA level was reduced by at least 100 fold. These results indicate that AAV-157i/1694i generates potent anti-HBV effects and that the strategy of constructing multi-shRNA expression vectors may lead to enhanced anti-HBV efficacy and overcome the evading mechanism of the virus and thus the development of drug resistance.

Effects of astaxanthin on antioxidant capacity of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) in vivo and in vitro

  • Xie, Jia-jun;Chen, Xu;Niu, Jin;Wang, Jun;Wang, Yun;Liu, Qiang-qiang
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.6.1-6.8
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    • 2017
  • The objective of this research was to study the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on growth performance and antioxidant capacity in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) both in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo study, two diets were formulated with or without astaxanthin supplementation (D1 and D2; 0 and 200 mg/kg) to feed fish for 6 weeks. In the in vitro study, cells from hepatopancreas of golden pompano were isolated and four treatments with or without astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$ supplementation were applied (control group: without both astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$ treated; $H_2O_2$ group: just with $H_2O_2$ treated; $H_2O_2$ + AST group: with both astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$treated; AST group: just with AST treated). Results of the in vivo study showed that weight gain (WG) and special growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with astaxanthin supplemented (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed D2 diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). Hepatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the reduced glutathione (GSH) of golden pompano fed D2 diet were significant higher than those of fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly declined as astaxanthin was supplemented (P < 0.05). Results of the in vitro study showed that the cell viability of $H_2O_2$ group was 52.37% compared to the control group, and it was significantly elevated to 84.18% by astaxanthin supplementation ($H_2O_2$ + AST group) (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the reduced glutathione (GSH) of cell were significant decreased by oxidative stress from $H_2O_2$ (P < 0.05), but it could be raised by astaxanthin supplementation ($H_2O_2$ vs $H_2O_2$ + AST), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) was significant higher in $H_2O_2$ group (P < 0.05) and astaxanthin supplementation could alleviate the cells from lipid peroxidation injury. In conclusion, dietary astaxanthin supplementation can improve the growth performance of golden pompano. Moreover, astaxanthin can improve the golden pompano hepatic antioxidant capacity both in vivo and in vitro study by eliminating the reactive oxygen species.

Eine Studie $\ddot{u}$ber $\ddot{A}$rztliche Konflikte in Deutschland und die alternative Beilegung von Rechtsstreitigkeiten - Deutsche Schlichtungsstellen und Gutachterkommission - (독일의 의료분쟁과 대체적 분쟁해결방안(ADR) - 독일 의료중재원과 의료감정위원회를 중심으로 -)

  • Nam, Jun-Hee
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.407-426
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    • 2009
  • Kennzeichnend f$\ddot{u}$r die $\ddot{a}$rztlichen T$\ddot{a}$tigkeiten, wenn Konflikte in medikament$\ddot{o}$sen Behandlungen auftreten, passiert es oft, dass es wegen unn$\ddot{o}$tigen Missverst$\ddot{a}$ndnissen oder Mangel an Verst$\ddot{a}$ndnis zwischen Arzt und Patient als extremes Ph$\ddot{a}$nomen zum impulsiven Strafprozess oder physischer Gewalt von Seite des Patienten kommt. In diesem Falle verteidigt sich der Arzt mit Schutzbehandlung und Behandlungsablehnung um die Folgen der $\ddot{a}$rztlichen Behandlung zu entweichen. Es ist dadurch auf beiden Seiten, Arzt und Patient, eine schwierige Sache. Denn der Versuch solche F$\ddot{a}$lle in Konflikten durch Zivilklage zu kl$\ddot{a}$ren, ist die Beweisf$\ddot{u}$hrung des Patienten und die dadurch in Lange gezogene Anklage meist durch die $\ddot{a}$rztliche Fachlichkeit und Behutsamkeit nicht wirklich m$\ddot{o}$glich. Infolgedessen ist es n$\ddot{o}$tig alternative Streitbeilegungsmethoden wie Schlichtung, Regelung oder Vermittelung einzuf$\ddot{u}$hren, anstatt von Gerichtsverfahren. Konflikte in einer $\ddot{a}$rztlichen Behandlung sind f$\ddot{u}$r den Patienten und auch f$\ddot{u}$r den Arzt eine Plage, denn physischer und geistiger Schaden wird dadurch verursacht. So ist eine schnelle Einf$\ddot{u}$hrung vertrauensw$\ddot{u}$rdiger Methoden in diesem Bereich notwendiger als in anderen. In diesem Aufsatz wird eine m$\ddot{o}$gliche Einf$\ddot{u}$hrung von einer passenden alternativen Beilegung von Rechtsstreitigkeiten in S$\ddot{u}$dkorea und ein Plan zur Aktivierung von dieser vorgef$\ddot{u}$hrt. Derzeitig wird in Deutschland als Alternative f$\ddot{u}$r Anklagen in den jeweiligen Bundesl$\ddot{a}$ndern die von den $\ddot{A}$rztevereinen erstellten und beaufsichtigten Schlichtungsstellen und Gutachterkommission in Rat genommen. Schlie$\ss$lich sollten wir aufgrund der vorliegenden Fakten und die Vor-und Nachteile dieser Schlichtungsmethoden auffassen und als Vorbild unserer anwenden und versuchen diese in Aktion zu bringen.

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Gallbladder Cancer: a Subtype of Biliary Tract Cancer Which is a Current Challenge in China

  • Qu, Kai;Liu, Si-Nan;Chang, Hu-Lin;Liu, Chang;Xu, Xin-Sen;Wang, Rui-Tao;Zhou, Lei;Tian, Feng;Wei, Ji-Chao;Tai, Ming-Hui;Meng, Fan-Di
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.1317-1320
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    • 2012
  • Biliary tract cancers, broadly described as malignancies that arise from the biliary tract epithelia, are usually divided into two major clinical phenotypes: cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, differing in etiopathogenesis, risk factors, and perhaps molecular and genetic signatures. Atypical symptoms and lack of tumor biomarkers make it difficult to diagnose in early stages. At the time of presentation, few patients are candidates for potentially curative surgical resection. We here assessed and compared features of a total of 150 cases divided into extra- and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and gallbladder cancers (GBC). Althought there were no significant differences in serum tumour marker levels, GBC patients had the poorest prognosis. Furthermore, gallbladder cancer respond poorly to chemotherapy or radiation therapy and approximately half of untreated patients died within 10 months. Therefore, treatment for patients with gallbladder cancer is still in challenge. Outcomes and survival of these patients had improved little over the past three decades - a period in which new successful treatments have greatly contributed to the prolonged patient survival for many other cancers.

A Study on the Positivity of HBsAg in Urban, Rural and Coastal Area (일부(一部) 도시(都市), 농촌(農村), 해안지역(海岸地域) 주민(住民)의 B형간염(型肝炎) 표면항원(表面抗原) 양성률(陽性率)에 관(關)한 비교연구(比較硏究))

  • Sohn, Seok-Joon
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.19 no.1 s.19
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    • pp.45-55
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    • 1986
  • It is well known that Korea is one of the endemic area for type B viral hepatitis. A screening test for HBsAg by RPHA method was performed to evaluate the prevalence of HBsAg among urban, rural and coastal area population during the period between Jan. 1985 and Aug. 1985. The results obtained are as follows; 1) The HBsAg was detected in 242 among 2,849 with positive rate of 8.49%. The positive rate by sex showed higher rate in males(9.07%) than females(6.79%) for HBsAg. But these differences by sen were not statistically significant. 2) By living area, the positivity of HBsAg was 8.67% in urban, 7.43% in rural and 8.37% in coastal area. But the differences were not statistically significant. 3) The positivity differences of HBsAg were significantly observed between male(9.26%) and female(6.44%) in urban area. But there was not in rural and coastal area. 4) The positivity was the highest in 4th decade in urban area. But 6th decade in rural and 4th and 5th decade in coastal area. Generally the positivity of HBsAg was more prevalent in young age and decreasing by the age increasing in the male. But in the female it was most common in 6th decade. 5) Elevated SGOT(>40 Unit) was significantly higher in HBsAg positive group(13.6%) than in HBsAg negative group(3.4%).

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Pretreatment Serum Albumin Level is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Patients with Stage IIIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Study of the Turkish Descriptive Oncological Researches Group

  • Tanriverdi, Ozgur;Avci, Nilufer;Oktay, Esin;Kalemci, Serdar;Pilanci, Kezban Nur;Cokmert, Suna;Menekse, Serkan;Kocar, Muharrem;Sen, Cenk Ahmet;Akman, Tulay;Ordu, Cetin;Goksel, Gamze;Meydan, Nezih;Barutca, Sabri
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.14
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    • pp.5971-5976
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    • 2015
  • Background: Several prognostic factors have been studied in NSCLC, although it is unknown which is most useful. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether pre-treatment serum albumin level has prognostic value in patients with Stage IIIB NSCLC. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 204 patients with Stage IIIB NSCLC who met the inclusion criteria. Pre-treatment serum albumin levels and demographic, clinical, and histological characteristics, as well as laboratory variables were recorded. A cut-off value was defined for serum albumin level and the patients were stratified into four groups on thios basis. Results: The majority of the patients was males and smokers, with a history of weight loss, and squamous histological type of lung cancer. The mean serum albumin level was $3.2{\pm}1.7g/dL$ (range, 2.11-4.36 g/dL). A cut-off value 3.11 g/dL was set and among the patients with a lower level, 68% had adenocarcinoma and 82% were smokers. The patients with low serum albumin levels had a lower response rate to e first-line chemotherapy with a shorter progression-free survival and overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that low serum albumin level was an independent poor prognostic factor for NSCLC. Conclusions: This study results suggest that low serum albumin level is an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with Stage IIIB NSCLC, associated with reduction in the response rate to first-line therapy and survival rates.

Analysis of Small Fragment Deletions of the APC gene in Chinese Patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, a Precancerous Condition

  • Chen, Qing-Wei;Zhang, Xiao-Mei;Zhou, Jian-Nong;Zhou, Xin;Ma, Guo-Jian;Zhu, Ming;Zhang, Yuan-Ying;Yu, Jun;Feng, Ji-Feng;Chen, Sen-Qing
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.12
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    • pp.4915-4920
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    • 2015
  • Background: : Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease mainly caused by mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene with almost complete penetrance. These colorectal polyps are precancerous lesions that will inevitable develop into colorectal cancer at the median age of 40-year old if total proctocolectomy is not performed. So identification of APC germline mutations has great implications for genetic counseling and management of FAP patients. In this study, we screened APC germline mutations in Chinese FAP patients, in order to find novel mutations and the APC gene germline mutation characteristics of Chinese FAP patients. Materials and Methods: The FAP patients were diagnosed by clinical manifestations, family histories, endoscope and biopsy. Then patients peripheral blood samples were collected, afterwards, genomic DNA was extracted. The mutation analysis of the APC gene was conducted by direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing for micromutations and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for large duplications and/or deletions. Results: We found 6 micromutations out of 14 FAP pedigrees, while there were no large duplications and/or deletions found. These germline mutations are c.5432C>T(p. Ser1811Leu), two c.3926_3930delAAAAG (p.Glu1309AspfsX4), c.3921_3924delAAAA (p.Ile1307MetfsX13), c3184_3187delCAAA(p.Gln1061AspfsX59) and c4127_4126delAT (p.Tyr1376LysfsX9), respectively, and all deletion mutations resulted in a premature stop codon. At the same time, we found c.3921_3924delAAAA and two c.3926_3930delAAAAG are located in AAAAG short tandem repeats, c3184_3187delCAAA is located in the CAAA interrupted direct repeats, and c4127_4128 del AT is located in the 5'-CCTGAACA-3', 3'-ACAAGTCC-5 palindromes (inverted repeats) of the APC gene. Furthermore, deletion mutations are mostly located at condon 1309. Conclusions: Though there were no novel mutations found as the pathogenic gene of FAP in this study, we found nucleotide sequence containing short tandem repeats and palindromes (inverted repeats), especially the 5 bp base deletion at codon 1309, are mutations in high incidence area in APC gene,.

Knockdown of HMGN5 Expression by RNA Interference Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Lung Cancer Cells

  • Chen, Peng;Wang, Xiu-Li;Ma, Zhong-Sen;Xu, Zhong;Jia, Bo;Ren, Jin;Hu, Yu-Xin;Zhang, Qing-Hua;Ma, Tian-Gang;Yan, Bing-Di;Yan, Qing-Zhu;Li, Yan-Lei;Li, Zhen;Yu, Jin-Yan;Gao, Rong;Fan, Na;Li, Bo;Yang, Jun-Ling
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.13 no.7
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    • pp.3223-3228
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    • 2012
  • HMGN5 is a typical member of the HMGN (high mobility group nucleosome-binding protein) family which may function as a nucleosomal binding and transcriptional activating protein. Overexpression of HMGN5 has been observed in several human tumors but its role in tumorigenesis has not been fully clarified. To investigate its significance for human lung cancer progression, we successfully constructed a shRNA expression lentiviral vector in which sense and antisense sequences targeting the human HMGN5 were linked with a 9-nucleotide loop. Inhibitory effects of siRNA on endogenous HMGN5 gene expression and protein synthesis were demonstrated via real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. We found HMGN5 silencing to significantly inhibit A549 and H1299 cell proliferation assessed by MTT, BrdU incorporation and colony formation assays. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that specific knockdown of HMGN5 slowed down the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and decreased the populations of A549 and H1299 cells at the S and G2/M phases. Taken together, these results suggest that HMGN5 is directly involved in regulation cell proliferation in A549 and H1299 cells by influencing signaling pathways involved in cell cycle progression. Thus, our finding suggests that targeting HMGN5 may be an effective strategy for human lung cancer treatment.

Association of miR-193b Down-regulation and miR-196a up-Regulation with Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis in Gastric Cancer

  • Mu, Yong-Ping;Tang, Song;Sun, Wen-Jie;Gao, Wei-Min;Wang, Mao;Su, Xiu-Lan
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.15 no.20
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    • pp.8893-8900
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    • 2014
  • Dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to be closely associated with tumor development, progression, and carcinogenesis. However, their clinical implications for gastric cancer remain elusive. To investigate the hypothesis that genome-wide alternations of miRNAs differentiate gastric cancer tissues from those matched adjacent non-tumor tissues (ANTTs), miRNA arrays were employed to examine miRNA expression profiles for the 5-pair discovery stage, and the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) was applied to validate candidate miRNAs for 48-pair validation stage. Furthermore, the relationship between altered miRNA and clinicopathological features and prognosis of gastric cancer was explored. Among a total of 1,146 miRNAs analyzed, 16 miRNAs were found to be significantly different expressed in tissues from gastric cancer compared to ANTTs (p<0.05). qRT-PCR further confirmed the variation in expression of miR-193b and miR-196a in the validation stage. Down-expression of miR-193b was significantly correlated with Lauren type, differentiation, UICC stage, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer (p<0.05), while over-expression of miR-196a was significantly associated with poor differentiation (p=0.022). Moreover, binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the UICC stage was a significant risk factor for down-expression of miR-193b (adjusted OR=8.69; 95%CI=1.06-56.91; p=0.043). Additionally, Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that patients with a high fold-change of down-regulated miR-193b had a significantly shorter survival time (n=19; median survival=29 months) compared to patients with a low fold-change of down-regulated miR-193b (n=29; median survival=54 months) (p=0.001). Overall survival time of patients with a low fold-change of up-regulated miR-196a (n=27; median survival=52 months) was significantly longer than that of patients with a high fold-change of up-regulated miR-196a (n=21; median survival=46 months) (p=0.003). Hence, miR-193b and miR-196a may be applied as novel and promising prognostic markers in gastric cancer.