• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.212-223
• /
• 2000

The purposes of this research were to add to the developing knowledge base about the burden and social support of grandmothers involved with caring grandchildren, and to examine whether a significant relationship exists between their burden and social support perceived by the grandmothers. A convenience sample of 102 grandmothers was recruited from five collective apartment areas at a small city in Korea. The criteria of selection of sample were that the grandmothers were raising their grandchildren under the age of 36 months for 3 months or longer at own or gandchildren's home. The instruments used were a 15-item multidemensional burden scale and a 8-item social support scale. Both scales were self report, five point Likert type scales. The higher the score, the higher the degree of burden and social support. Data was collected by two prepared research assistants visiting subjects' home from December 10, 1998 to March 20, 1999. The collected data were analysed using mean, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient computed by SPSS software. The results were as follows. 1. In the age distribution of grandmothers, the over half of subjects(58.8%) were under 60 years old. The majority(69.6%) of subjects were married at time of data collection. 79(77.5%) of the sample reported that their perceived health status was good or over. 2. The burden of the grandmothers was not scored high, and the item means on burden scale were ranged from 2.26 to 4.19 out of 5. 'Short of private time'(4.19) had the highest score, followed by 'fatigue'(3.92), 'short of rest'(3.75), and 'short of contact with friends and neighbors'(3.62). The lowest item was 'family doesn't help me'(2.26), and followed by 'family doesn't understand me'(2.33), 'angry with family' (2.43), and 'angry while caring for grandchild'(2.60). 3. There were significant relationships between the burden and present health status(p<.01), childcaring confidence(p<.01), and motive of caring(p<.01). 4. The score of social support, was ranging from 3.61 to 4.01 out of 5. 5. The relationship between burden and social support was found to be correlated negatively. The relationship was statistically significant(γ= - .2833, p<.001). In conclusion, it was found that the burden was not high and burden of grandmothers caring grandchildren was correlated negatively to social support. Therefore, these results provide a basis for developing a nursing intervention to reduce the burden of grandmothers.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.15-40
• /
• 2008

With the explosive growth of the Internet, Internet shopping malls have become recognized as one of the major purchasing channels for consumers, as well as one of the competitive distribution channels for companies that allow them to contact with customers without intermediaries. It has motivated information systems(IS) researchers to examine the factors influencing consumer behavior and the purchase decision process in the context of Internet shopping malls. Despite the extensive research that has been conducted on the purchase decision process of consumers in online shopping malls, the results have demonstrated a need for further understanding of consumer behavior due to the unique features of virtual space and the characteristics of online consumers. Previous studies from marketing and consumer behavior domains have suggested that the concept of involvement plays an important role in explaining consumers' purchase behavior. Despite the critical role of involvement and the explosive growth of e-commerce, little research has examined the role of involvement in the Internet shopping mall context. With this motivation, this study has two research objectives. First, it introduces and tests an theoretical model capable of better explaining consumers' intention to purchase in the Internet shopping mall context. The proposed model extends and integrates existing models on purchase intention by incorporating purchase experience, innovativeness, and perceived self-control as the consumer factors, along with perceived risk, information provision, and perceived price as the Internet shopping mall factors. Second, this study examines how involvement differences may affect consumers' intention to purchase. For this purpose, two factors from involvement theory, involvement type and involvement level, are introduced into the research model as moderating variables. In order to test the proposed model, the overall approach employed was a field study using the structural equation model. We developed our data collection instrument by adopting existing validated questions wherever possible. All question items were measured with a seven-point, Likert-type scale, with anchors ranging from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree.' Two IS researchers reviewed the instrument and checked its face validity. We collected empirical data for this study over a period of two weeks from subjects who had purchase experiences through Internet shopping malls. A total of 473 complete and valid responses were obtained. We carried out data analysis using a two-step methodology with AMOS 4.0. The first step in the data analysis was to establish the convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs. In the second step, we examined the structural model based on the cleansed measurement model. The empirical results partly support the proposed model and identify the moderating effect of involvement differences. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed, along with its limitations.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.357-366
• /
• 2008

Posterior cross-bite is a relatively frequent malocclusion in primary and early mixed dentition and the reported prevalence of posterior cross-bite varies from 7% to 23%. It has been defined as a transverse discrepancy in arch relationship which the palatal cusp of the upper posterior teeth do not occlude in the central fossa of the opposing lower teeth, and can be manifested in a single tooth or in a group of teeth. Posterior cross-bite does not often self-correct and therefore immediate treatment is recommended. Occlusal adjustment to eliminate premature contact that causes mandibular deviation, expansion of narrow maxillary arch, arrangement of the individual teeth to treat asymmetry within the dental arch are the methods of treating cross-bite. In the present case, functional posterior cross-bite was observed in the primary and the early mixed dentition children. The children were treated by the slow maxillary expansion and occlusal adjustment. The outcome of periodic examinations after the correction of cross-bite was favorable.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.137-148
• /
• 1998

This study compared the innovative characteristics of science teachers who participated in the First Student Science Inquiry Olympic and those of science teachers who did not participate in the event. The subjects were science teachers in three groups: (1) the active participants in the Inquiry Olympic who supervised the students contestants, (2) the observers of the Inquiry Olympic who came to see the event, and (3) the ordinary teachers who did not come to the Inquiry Olympic and were sampled through stratified cluster sampling. The study instrument was a questionnaire; all the subjects received the survey questionnaire by mail. The return rate was 45%. In general, the Inquiry Olympic participants(both the student supervisors and the observers) demonstrated different characteristics from the nonparticipants in four categories. Firstly, the Inquiry Olympic participants showed higher level of self actualization, for example, interest in science education, higher inner motivation, stronger desire to innovate than did the nonparticipants. Secondly, the participants demonstrated more involvement in professional activities and greater degree of upward social mobility than the nonparticipants. Thirdly, the participants had communication behaviors different from nonparticipants, e. g.. greater leadership of public opinions, more experience of contact with the change agent, greater tendency to regard their school society as modern. Lastly, the participants had higher social status than the nonparticipants. Implications and suggestions are made for the utilization of the innovation-oriented science teachers to implement of innovations in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.84 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1995

This study investigates the collective aspects of hunting motivation and hunters' attitude toward natural environment. Data were collected from three different types of respondents : 148 hunters who purchased hunting license between November 1992 and March 1993 in Cholla Province. 120 university students and 260 Suwon residents. The 26 items out of 90 items were selected to develop an attitude scale toward natural environment. Results of ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences among five groups(hunters, urban residents and students from 3 major fields) in terms of their attitude values. Hunters' attitude value toward natural environment was the highest among five different types of respondents. Two major motives for hunting participation are 'exercise' and 'like out-of-doors'. Factor analysis presents eight motivational dimensions underlying hunter's involvement in the activities: 1)stewardship, 2)social contact, 3)show-off, 4)sportsmanship, 5)like to kill, 6)recreation/relax, 7)economic gain, and 8)being alone. The correlation between the motivational factor of 'economic gain' and the attitudinal item of 'relationship between man and nature' was negative(r=-0.28). There is a positive correlation(r=0.24) between the motivation of 'being alone' and the attitude of 'needs for natural environment'. These relationships indicate that individual's attitude value decreases when one perceives nature as economic goods, while it increases when one visits nature to relieve stress and to develop self-esteem.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.173-180
• /
• 2020

This is the report of a case study to describe the results of applying an evaluation tool for communication ability when performing core basic nursing skills in fundamental nursing practice education. The communication ability evaluation tool was constructed based on a literature review and expert advice. The tool was applied to test 94 students who were taking fundamental nursing practice courses from October to November 2019. As a result, five factors (self-introduction, eye contact, emotional support, information provision, and therapeutic touch) were derived as evaluable items of communication ability to be evaluated when performing core basic nursing skill, and were evaluated when performing core basic nursing skills to measure vital signs. The average communication ability was 3.96 out of 5 points. According to the rubric, 95.8% of all students attained 'medium' and reached their goal achievement level. The findings of this study are meaningful in providing an important basis for improving the performance outcome evaluation process and for constructing a systematic evaluation system in fundamental nursing practicum. Further studies to secure the validity and reliability of this communication ability evaluation tool and comparative studies with various evaluation tools are suggested.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.173-180
• /
• 2019

Objectives : Loneliness is associated with negative mental and physical health. However, little is known about the risk factors of loneliness in the Korean elderly living alone. The aim of this study was to examine sociodemographic and social network related risks for loneliness among the elderly living alone. Methods : This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 1,091 subjects who are the community-residing elderly living alone. Sociodemographic status, medical condition, cognition, mood disorder and levels of loneliness were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a specific semi-structured interview conducted by a trained nurse. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data regarding sociodemographic variable and loneliness. Univariate and Multivariate regression analyses were applied to examine factors associated with loneliness. Results : The mean score of loneliness was 3.8 (SD=1.7). No family contact (standardized β=0.115, p<0.001), no religious attendance (standardized β=0.057, p=0.028), no gathering with friends (standardized β=0.088, p=0.001) and high score of Short for of Geriatric Depression Scale (standardized β=0.502, p<0.001) were significantly associated with high loneliness in the elderly living alone. Conclusions : Family function, social network and depressive mood could be significant risk factors for high loneliness in the elderly living alone. Public health promotion efforts to reduce loneliness should focus on improving family function, social network and decreasing depression.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.468-478
• /
• 2009

This research was performed to provide basic data for the development of infection related dental hygiene studies by surveying the current condition of recognition among students in the department of dental hygiene toward hospital infection management while receiving the following results by using a personal self-administered survey method targeting 303 students in the department of dental hygiene from certain areas. 1. With the current condition of recognition on the sanitization and sterilization of instruments among students in the department of dental hygiene(study), the rate at which surgical instruments are to be sterilized with autoclaves was 79.9% which was relatively higher than other instruments while it was shown that prosthetic instruments for treatment was 56.4%, conservative instruments for treatment was 51.8%, and ultrasonic scaler tip was 51.1% while the way syringe tips(36.1%) and the dental anesthetic apparatus(27.9%) were revealed to require sanitization by alcohol. 2. The 'hand wash' area was the highest with 4.71 while the 'materials and environment management' area and 'equipment management' area appeared high respectively with 4.43 and 4.41. 3. With the current condition of recognition on equipment management, 'equipments used for contagious patients are separately washed after a one-time use and must be sterilized or separated-and-discarded' was the highest with 4.82 while 'sterilization equipments with humidity or water on it are considered contaminated and are not used' showed the lowest recognition level with 3.90. 4. Regarding the current condition of materials and environment management, 'contagious and general trash are separated and discarded' was the highest with 4.70 while 'the refrigerator for medicine storage is cleaned on a regular basis once a month' was revealed as the lowest with 4.11. 5. With the current condition of recognition on hand washing, 'one must wash their hands after coming in contact with contagious patients, was the highest with 4.90 while washing hands after taking off gloves' appeared as the lowest with 4.51 point. To conclude department of dental hygiene there is to infection management and necessary about organization disinfecting and pasteurization to strengthen an education in order raising a stamp helping practical ratio about the infection management which whole, is from presence at a sickbed and connection does and about the infection management which is substantial and educational program development leads feed with the fact that deepening studying which is continuous must become accomplished becomes.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.128-135
• /
• 1995

Atomic force microscopy/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) techniques are increasingly used for tribological studies of engineering surfaces at scales, ranging from atomic and molecular to microscales. These techniques have been used to study surface roughness, adhesion, friction, scratching/wear, indentation, detection of material transfer, and boundary lubrication and for nanofabrication/nanomachining purposes. Micro/nanotribological studies of single-crystal silicon, natural diamond, magnetic media (magnetic tapes and disks) and magnetic heads have been conducted. Commonly measured roughness parameters are found to be scale dependent, requiring the need of scale-independent fractal parameters to characterize surface roughness. Measurements of atomic-scale friction of a freshly-cleaved highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite exhibited the same periodicity as that of corresponding topography. However, the peaks in friction and those in corresponding topography were displaced relative to each other. Variations in atomic-scale friction and the observed displacement has been explained by the variations in interatomic forces in the normal and lateral directions. Local variation in microscale friction is found to correspond to the local slope suggesting that a ratchet mechanism is responsible for this variation. Directionality in the friction is observed on both micro- and macro scales which results from the surface preparation and anisotropy in surface roughness. Microscale friction is generally found to be smaller than the macrofriction as there is less ploughing contribution in microscale measurements. Microscale friction is load dependent and friction values increase with an increase in the normal load approaching to the macrofriction at contact stresses higher than the hardness of the softer material. Wear rate for single-crystal silicon is approximately constant for various loads and test durations. However, for magnetic disks with a multilayered thin-film structure, the wear of the diamond like carbon overcoat is catastrophic. Breakdown of thin films can be detected with AFM. Evolution of the wear has also been studied using AFM. Wear is found to be initiated at nono scratches. AFM has been modified to obtain load-displacement curves and for nanoindentation hardness measurements with depth of indentation as low as 1 mm. Scratching and indentation on nanoscales are the powerful ways to screen for adhesion and resistance to deformation of ultrathin fdms. Detection of material transfer on a nanoscale is possible with AFM. Boundary lubrication studies and measurement of lubricant-film thichness with a lateral resolution on a nanoscale have been conducted using AFM. Self-assembled monolyers and chemically-bonded lubricant films with a mobile fraction are superior in wear resistance. Finally, AFM has also shown to be useful for nanofabrication/nanomachining. Friction and wear on micro-and nanoscales have been found to be generally smaller compared to that at macroscales. Therefore, micro/nanotribological studies may help def'me the regimes for ultra-low friction and near zero wear.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.30-34
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study is to report the operating result of the Hospice Cyber Counselling Program for improving quality of lift for terminal patients and their families. Methods: This study was performed followed by counsellor training, building strategy of public relations, management, and evaluation of the effect in order. Results: 72 subjects visited our cyber homepage and became members for approximately 9 months from Oct. 2004 to July 2005; 17 subjects in their 20s (23.6%), 12 subjects in their 30s (16.7%), 17 subjects in their 40s (23.6%), and 13 subjects above 50s (18%). Classified by diagnose related group, cancer related disease consist of 90%. As for the relationship between contents of counselling and counselling applicants, families consist of 90% and self-applicants only 10%. Only 30 members used on-line counselling and their counselling frequency was just 35 times. Although counselling frequency and the number of members who used the counselling site were not high, they tend to contact with a counsellor continuously and use the site actively after the first counselling. Conclusion: Cyber counselling program for hospice was practically managed to improve quality of life for terminal patients and their families as a basic activity for hospice business activation. Basic public relations with regard to hospice business by mass media and the press should be performed continuously and the hospice training program is required for medical personnel to be continue.