• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.487-492
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• 2007

Using the selective host-guest inclusion of $G_2$[naphthalene disulfonate], the structural isomers of 1,2-dibromobenzene and 1,3-dibromobenzene were separated. As such, 1,3-dibromobenzene was selectively included as guest into the host framework in mixture isomers over 30% fraction of 1,3- dibromobenzene ($X_{1,3-DBB}=0.3$) whereas 1,2-dibromobenzene as guest was selective to the inclusion below $X_{1,3-DBB}=0.3$. This was due to the selectivity of host framework toward the guest molecules playing a role of template to the host framework. From the powder pattern XRD of inclusion compounds crystallized in pure isomer and mixture solutions, the template roles of guest molecules to the host framework were confirmed. Using the DSC, it was found that the more energy was required to release 1,3-dibromobenzene of guest from the host framework than 1,2-dibromobenzene due to the higher thermal stability. The thermal stability of the $G_2NDS$-1,3-dibromobenzene inclusion compound was consistent with the high selectivity of 1,3- dibromobenzene to the host framework in broad range of fraction in the isomer mixture

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1509-1516
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• 2012

Nano-assisted inclusion separation of alkali metals from basic solutions was reported by inclusion-facilitated emulsion liquid membrane process. The novelty of this study is application of nano-baskets of calixarene in the selective and efficient separation of alkali metals as both the carrier and the surfactant. For this aim, four derivatives of $p-tert-calix$[4]arene bearing different sulfonamide moieties were synthesized and their inclusion-extraction parameters were optimized including the calixarene scaffold $\mathbf{3}$ (4 wt %) as the carrier/demulsifier, the commercial kerosene as diluent in membrane, sulphonic acid (0.2 M) and ammonium carbonate (0.4 M) as the strip and the feed phases, the phase and the treat ratios of 0.8 and 0.3, mixing speed (300 rpm), and initial solute concentration (100 mg/L). The selectivity of membrane over more than ten interfering cations was examined and the results reveled that under the optimized operating condition, the degree of inclusion-extraction of alkali metals was as high as 98-99%.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

Escherichia coli has been used as an expression work horse for foreign genes. This article summarized recent development in genetic engineering techniques for overproduction of medical proteins and industrial enzymes. Special emphasis was placed upon research activities concerning folding and refolding of inclusion bodies at genetic and fermentation levels. Plasmid and mRNA stabilization, development of strong inducible promoters, modification of translational elements and reduction of rpoteolytic degradation were carried out to elevate an expression level of a target protein. Optimization of culture conditions, improvement of denaturation and renaturation steps and coexpression of molecular chaperones or foldase were accomplished to produce active proteins in soluble form. Fusion protein systems with selective separation and surface display technology were also performed in an effort to make the E. coli expression system more effective and versatile.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1227-1230
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• 2006

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate effective cueing methods for selective muscle activation of gluteus medius muscles. Design: Cross sectional study design. Methods: Using the inclusion criteria for this study, 20 healthy adults, both males and females were selected for the measurement of muscle activation of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia latae muscles while performing clamshell exercise, basic movements in leg raise in side-lying, and 3 different cueing methods. Electromyogram was used to measure muscle activation, and both muscle activation and muscle ratio were compared during the basic movements and different cueing methods. Results: Gluteus medius activation was highest using "try not to make your body rotate" (cueing method 2) in both clamshell exercise and leg raise side-lying (F=5.533, p<0.05, F=7.771, p<0.05), and muscle ratio was highest in clamshell exercise using cueing method 2 (p<0.05) and "don't move your tensor fascia late" (cueing method 1) in leg raise side-lying (p<0.05). This study showed that cueing method 1 in leg raise side-lying and cueing method 2 in clamshell exercise were the most effective cueing methods for selective muscle activation of gluteus medius muscle. Conclusions: The results of this study may be used as basic information for future studies on muscle activation and muscle ratio for different cueing methods and different muscles in various exercises.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.269-278
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate effective cueing methods for selective muscle activation of the serratus anterior. Methods: Based on the inclusion criteria, 26 healthy adults, both males and females, were recruited for the measurement of muscle activation of the upper trapezius and serratus anterior muscles while performing basic movements in knee push-up plus (KPP) and dynamic hug (DH) positions using five different cueing methods. An electromyogram was used to measure muscle activation, and both muscle activation and muscle ratio (serratus anterior/upper trapezius) were compared during the basic movements and different cueing methods. The cueing methods were trapezius verbal cueing, trapezius verbal cueing + trapezius tactile cueing, emphasis verbal cueing, serratus anterior tactile cueing, and trapezius verbal cueing + trapezius tactile cueing + serratus anterior tactile cueing. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the muscles for the two exercises (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between the cueing methods (p < 0.05). The correlative effect between the muscles and cueing methods was also significant (p < 0.05). The muscle ratio in trapezius verbal cueing + trapezius tactile cueing + serratus anterior tactile cueing during KPP and DH was higher than in basic movements and other cueing methods. This confirms that trapezius verbal cueing + trapezius tactile cueing + serratus anterior tactile cueing is an effective cueing method for selective activation of the serratus anterior during KPP and DH. This study also demonstrated that cueing by a therapist may both increase and decrease selective muscle activation. Conclusion: Through this study, an effective cueing method to selectively activate the serratus anterior may be suggested, and the results of this study may provide basic information regarding future studies and clinical practice.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2012

This study investigated the extraction and stripping performance of PIMs consisting of PVC and Aliquat 336. Extraction and stripping of three representative heavy metals - namely $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$ - by the synthesized membranes were evaluated as a function of sodium chloride concentration and under different stripping solutions (0.01 M $HNO_3$, Milli-Q water, 0.01 M HCl and 0.01 M NaOH), respectively. Results reported here indicate that the formation of negatively charged metal chloride complex species was responsible for the extraction of the target metal to PIMs. Experimental results and thermodynamic modeling of the speciation of chloro metal complexes further confirm that the extraction selectivity between $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ can be controlled by regulating the chloride concentration of the feed solution. An acidic solution without any chloride was the most effective stripping solution, followed by Milli-Q water, and a diluted hydrochloric acid solution. On the other hand, the stripping of metals from PIMs did not occur when a basic stripping solution was used.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.32-35
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• 1999

Addition of ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CD) polymer during the biotransformation of digitoxin into digoxin using cell suspension cultures of Digitalis lanata enhanced the conversion yield. Digitoxin showed better adsorption to CD polymer compared to digoxin, so that the optimization of addition time was found to be necessary. In the case of adding CD polymer 24 hours after the feeding of substrate digitoxin, the highest digoxin production could be achieved. At this period, digitoxin was almost consumed by cells and productivity was proportionally enhanced according as the amount of substrate was increased. Immobilization of CD polymer did not promote the biotransformation. When 3.33 g/L of CD selective inclusion complex formation could be expected. Adsorption rate was found to be rapid and saturation was obtained within 10 hours of contact.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.03a
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• pp.35-35
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• 2011

The design and preparation of novel dye rotaxanes have gained much interest recently, since such structure usually exhibits peculiar spectral and optical changes. In spite of the promising results to date, increasing pressure remains to develop novel supramolecular structures based on stimuli-responsive systems. This presentation covers the study of inclusion complexes of cyclodextrins and various chromophores, with an emphasis on our most recent outcome of anisotropic hydrogel. In this system, physical gelation prepared from simple mixture of CD and a azo dye is completed through specific host-guest interaction. The obtained hydrogel exhibits respective morphological transitions based on supramolecular assembly and dissociation, leading to either precipitation or a sol-to-gel transition. It can identify different classes of metal ions, and, among them, naked-eye differentiation of lead ion is possible due to the coordination-induced unthreading of dye molecules. Accompanying structural changes were verified by numerous characterization techniques, including 2D-ROESY, HR-MAS, UV-Visible absorption, small-angle X-ray scattering, and induced circular dichroism measurements. Such properties discussed here will find useful in analytical applications, such as metal ion sensing and removal applications.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.897-904
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• 2019

Monascus purpureus recombinant mppC and mpp7 knockout strains were subjected to extractive fermentation in the context of azaphilone pigment production. Inclusion of Diaion HP-20 resin resulted in the selective production of unreduced azaphilone congeners, in addition to the early intermediate FK17-P2a, from ${\Delta}mppC$ and ${\Delta}mpp7$ strains that would otherwise mainly produce reduced congeners. Structural determination of two novel unreduced azaphilones from the ${\Delta}mpp7$ strain was accomplished. The unreduced azaphilone compound was converted into the cognate reduced congener in recombinant M. purpureus strains, demonstrating its intermediate role in azaphilone biosynthesis. This study demonstrates the possibility that extractive fermentation with Diaion HP-20 resin can be used to obtain cryptic azaphilone metabolites.