• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2008

다자유도 시스템의 내진 성능을 평가하기 위해서는 반복적인 비선형 시간 이력 해석이 필요하며 이를 위해 많은 계산과정과 노력이 필요하다. 이와 같이 해석에 따르는 어려움을 보완하기 위해 복잡한 다자유도 시스템을 반영할 수 있는 등가 단자유도 시스템을 개발하였다. 등가 단자유도의 이력 모델로는 일반적으로 이선형 모델과 삼선형 모델이 사용된다. 이러한 모델은 탄성 거동 이후 음강성을 가질 수 있도록 하여 지진 발생 시 중력하중에 의한 발생되는 효과를 반영하기 위해서이다. 본 연구에서는 철골모멘트 골조의 실제 응답을 예측하기 위하여 이러한 이력 모델들로 거동하는 등가단자유도 시스템의 필요조건에 대하여 평가하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 로스엔젤레스 지역의 SAC 9층 모멘트 저항 골조를 비선형 다자유도 시스템과 등가단자유도 시스템으로 모델링하여 반복하중 푸쉬오버 해석, 비선형 시간 이력해석 및 IDA(Incremental Dynamic Analysis)를 수행하여 비교 검토하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 강도저감 모델에 대해서도 평가를 수행하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.101-111
• /
• 2006

이 논문에서는 안정대륙권역(Stable Continental Regions, SCRs)에서의 중규모 지진에 의한 근단층지반운동(Near Fault Ground Motion, NFGM) 모델을 처음으로 제시한다. 근단층지반운동은 큰 진폭의 장주기 속도 펄스를 갖는 특징을 가지고 있다. 이 속도 펄스를 모델링하기 위해서는 그 주기와 진폭을 지진의 규모와 단층거리의 함수로 표현할 수 있어야 한다. 그런데 안정대륙권역에서는 관측 자료가 빈약하여 지진데이터로부터 이 관계식을 직접 유도하는 것은 어렵기 때문에 이 연구에서는 간접적인 접근법을 채택하였다. 속도 펄스의 주기와 진폭은 단층파열의 상승시간과 파열속도의 함수임이 알려져 있고 활성구조권역(Active Tectonic Regions, ATRs)에 속하는 미국 서부지역에서는 실험적 공식이 확립되어 있다. 안정대륙권역에서의 상승시간과 단층파열속도의 지진규모에 대한 함수관계는 WUS와 CEUS에서의 자료를 비교하여 도출하였다. 이 관계식들로부터 안정대륙권역에서의 NFGM의 속도 펄스의 주기와 진폭을 지진규모 및 단층 거리에 대한 관계식으로 유도하였다. 안정대륙권역에서의 NFGM의 가속도 시간이력은 추계학적으로 생성된 원역지진지반가속도에 새로운 관계식에 의한 속도 펄스를 중첩하여 얻어진다. 적용 예제로서 탄소성 단자유도 시스템의 근단층지반운동에 대한 응답을 분석하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.795-812
• /
• 2011

Estimation of damage probability of buildings under a future earthquake is an essential issue to ensure the seismic reliability. Fragility curves are useful tools for showing the probability of structural damage due to earthquakes as a function of ground motion indices. The purpose of this study is to compare the damage probability of R/C buildings with low and high level of strength and ductility through fragility analysis. Two different types of sample buildings have been considered which represent the building types mentioned above. The first one was designed according to TEC-2007 and the latter was designed according to TEC-1975. The pushover curves of sample buildings were obtained via pushover analyses. Using 60 ground motion records, nonlinear time-history analyses of equivalent single degree of freedom systems were performed using bilinear hysteretic model and peak-oriented hysteretic model with stiffness - strength deterioration for each scaled elastic spectral displacement. The damage measure is maximum inter-story drift ratio and each performance level considered in this study has an assumed limit value of damage measure. Discrete damage probabilities were calculated using statistical methods for each considered performance level and elastic spectral displacement. Consequently, continuous fragility curves have been constructed based on the lognormal distribution assumption. Furthermore, the effect of hysteresis model parameters on the damage probability is investigated.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제5권6호
• /
• pp.679-702
• /
• 2013

During an earthquake, soils filter and send out the shaking to the building and simultaneously it has the role of bearing the building vibrations and transmitting them back to the ground. In other words, the ground and the building interact with each other. Hence, soil-structure interaction (SSI) is a key parameter that affects the performance of buildings during the earthquakes and is worth to be taken into consideration. Columns are one of the most crucial elements in RC buildings that play an important role in stability of the building and must be able to dissipate energy under seismic loads. Recent earthquakes showed that formation of plastic hinges in columns is still possible as a result of strong ground motion, despite the application of strong column-weak beam concept, as recommended by various design codes. Energy is dissipated through the plastic deformation of specific zones at the end of a member without affecting the rest of the structure. The formation of a plastic hinge in an RC column in regions that experience inelastic actions depends on the column details as well as soil-structure interaction (SSI). In this paper, 854 different scenarios have been analyzed by inelastic time-history analyses to predict the nonlinear behavior of RC columns considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). The effects of axial load, height over depth ratio, main period of soil and structure as well as different characteristics of earthquakes, are evaluated analytically by finite element methods and the results are compared with corresponding experimental data. Findings from this study provide a simple expression to estimate plastic hinge length of RC columns including soil-structure interaction.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.237-262
• /
• 2015

In this study, we try to compare different intensity measures for evaluating nonlinear response of bridge structure. This paper presents seismic analytic fragility of a three-span concrete girder highway bridge. A complete detail of bridge modeling parameters and also its verification has been presented. Fragility function considers the relationship of intensities of the ground motion and probability of exceeding certain state of damage. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) has been subjected to the bridge from medium to strong ground motions. A suite of 20 earthquake ground motions with different range of PGAs are used in nonlinear dynamic analysis of the bridge. Complete sensitive analyses have been done on the response of bridge and also efficiency and practically of them are studied to obtain a proficient intensity measure for these types of structure by considering its sensitivity to the period of the bridge. Three dimensional finite element (FE) model of the bridge is developed and analyzed. The numerical results show that the bridge response is very sensitive to the earthquake ground motions when PGA and Sa (Ti, 5%) are used as intensity measure (IM) and also indicated that the failure probability of the bridge system is dominated by the bridge piers.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제17권3_4호
• /
• pp.573-591
• /
• 2004

A hybrid control system is presented for seismic-resistant building structures with and without soil-structure interaction (SSI). The hybrid control is a damper-actuator-bracing control system composed of passive and active controllers. An intelligent algorithm is developed for the hybrid system, in which the passive damper is designed for minor and moderate earthquakes and the active control is designed to activate when the structural response is greater than a given threshold quantity. Thus, the external energy for active controller can be optimally utilized. In the control of a multistory building, the controller placement is determined by evaluating the optimal location index (OLI) calculated from six earthquake sources. In the study, the soil-structure interaction is considered both in frequency domain and time domain analyses. It is found that the interaction can significantly affect the control effectiveness. In the hybrid control algorithm with intelligent strategy, the working stages of passive and active controllers can be different for a building with and without considering SSI. Thus SSI is essential to be included in predicting the response history of a controlled structure.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.329-339
• /
• 2002

본 연구에서는 비선형 정적해석법인 능력스펙트럼 법을 이용하여 성능목표를 만족하기 위하여 필요한 점탄성 감쇠기를 설계하는 절차를 제시하였다. 점탄성 감쇠기의 적정 크기를 구하기 위해 목표 변위에서 필요한 유효감쇠 비를 구한 다음 구조물의 이력거동에 의한 등가감쇠 비와 고유감쇠 비를 이용하여 필요한 감쇠기의 감쇠를 구하였다. 점탄성 감쇠기를 설치할 경우에는 구조물의 감쇠뿐만 아니라 강성도 변화하기 때문에 반복계산이 필요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 먼저 단자유도계에서 구조물의 설계변수를 변화시키면서 제안된 방법의 타당성을 검증하였다. 또한 10층의 철골조 건물에 적용하고 지진응답을 구하였다. 제안된 방법에 따라 설계된 감쇠기를 설치하고 수행한 시간이력해석 결과에 의하면 고려된 설계변수에 관계없이 목표변위를 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.691-708
• /
• 2018

An innovative Hybrid Passive Resistive configuration for Truss Girder Frames (HPR-TGFs) is introduced in the present study. The proposed system is principally consisting of Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVDs) and Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) as its seismic resistive components. Concurrent utilization of these devices will develop an efficient energy dissipating mechanism which is able to mitigate lateral displacements as well as the base shear, simultaneously. However, under certain circumstances which the presence of FVDs might not be essential, the proposed configuration has the potential to incorporate double BRBs in order to achieve the redundancy of alternative load bearing paths. This study is extending the modern Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD) procedure as the design methodology for HPR-TGF systems. Based on a series of nonlinear time history analysis, it is demonstrated that the design outcomes are almost identical to the pre-assumed design criteria. This implies that the ultimate characteristics of HPR-TGFs such as lateral stiffness and inter-story drifts are well-proportioned through the proposed design procedure.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.555-565
• /
• 2020

The main objective of seismic codes is to prevent structural collapse and ensure life safety. Collapse probability of a structure is usually assessed by making a series of analytical model assumptions. This paper investigates the effect of finite element modeling (FEM) assumptions on the estimated collapse capacity of a reinforced concrete (RC) frame building and points out the modeling limitations. Widely used element formulations and hysteresis models are considered in the analysis. A full-scale, three-story RC frame building was utilized as the experimental model. Alternative finite element models are established by adopting a range of different modeling strategies. Using each model, the collapse capacity of the structure is evaluated via Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Results indicate that the analytically estimated collapse capacities are significantly sensitive to the utilized modeling approaches. Furthermore, results also show that models that represent stiffness degradation lead to a better correlation between the actual and analytical responses. Results of this study are expected to be useful for in developing proper models for assessing the collapse probability of RC frame structures.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.261-280
• /
• 2014

In many parts of the world, reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, designed and built in accordance with older codes, have suffered severe damage or even collapse as a result of recent near-fault earthquakes. This is particularly due to the deficiencies of most of the older (and even some of the recent) codes in dealing with near fault events. In this study, a tested three-storey frame designed for gravity loads only was selected to represent those deficient buildings. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed, followed by damage assessment procedures. The results were compared with experimental observation of the same frame showing a good match. Damage and fragility analyses of the frame subjected to 204 pulse-type motions were then performed using a selected damage model and inter-storey drifts. The results showed that the frame located in near-fault regions is extremely vulnerable to ground motions. The results also showed that the damage model better captures the damage distribution in the frame than inter-storey drifts. The first storey was identified as the most fragile and the inner columns of the first storey suffered most damage as indicated by the damage index. The findings would be helpful in the decision making process prior to the strengthening of buildings in near-fault regions.