• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.375-390
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• 2015

Staircase is a vertical transportation element commonly used in every multistoried structure. Inclined flights of staircase are usually casted monolithically with RC frame. The structural configuration of stairs generally introduces discontinuities into the typical regular reinforced concrete frame composed of beams and columns. Inclined position of flight transfers both vertical as well as horizontal forces in the frame. Under lateral loading, staircase in a multistory RC frame building develops truss action creating a local stiffening effect. In case of seismic event the stiff area around staircase attracts larger force. Therefore, special attention is required while modeling and analyzing the building with staircase. However, in general design practice, designers usually ignore the staircase while modeling either due to ignorance or to avoid complexity. A numerical study has been conducted to examine the effect of ignoring staircase in modeling and design of RC frame buildings while they are really present in structure, may be at different locations. Linear dynamic analysis is performed on nine separate building models to evaluate influence of staircase on dynamic characteristics of building, followed by nonlinear static analysis on the same models to access their seismic performance. It is observed that effect of ignoring staircase in modeling is severe and leads to unsafe structure. Effect of location and orientation of staircase is also important in determining seismic performance of RC frame buildings.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권6A호
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• pp.955-963
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• 2006

곡선교의 기하학적 특징으로 인하여 곡선교의 지진응답은 직선교와는 다른 응답특성을 나타내게 될 것으로 예상된다. 본 논문에서는 곡선교의 모형화 방법 및 다양한 영향인자들의 적용에 따른 지진응답특성을 분석하고자한다. 곡선교의 지진응답 특성을 분석하기 위하여 일반적으로 사용되는 곡선교의 수치해석모형을 지점부가 보강된 모형으로 개선하였으며, 정밀모형과의 비교를 통하여 개선된 모형의 적합성을 검증하였다. 본 논문에서는 곡선교의 지진응답에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 곡선반경이나 받침배치 조건에 따른 곡선교의 지점부 및 교각에서의 변위와 수평력을 중심으로 분석하였다. 지진하중은 직교되는 2방향으로 작용하는 것으로 가정하여, 지진하중의 작용방향을 변화시키면서 지진응답을 분석하였으며, 대상교량으로는 곡선교의 대표적인 형식인 단경간 곡선교와 3경간 연속 곡선교를 선택하였다. 분석결과, 단경간 곡선교는 고정하중 및 지진하중의 작용으로 인한 지점부의 정반력 및 부반력이 크게 발생할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 연속 곡선교의 경우 대상교량의 곡선 반경에 따라 지진하중의 작용방향에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 곡선반경 변화에 따라 접선방향 받침배치와 현방향 받침배치의 지진응답 특성에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.739-749
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• 2007

탄성파 속도는 지층 물성에 따라 다양하게 분포한다. 탄성파 음원 모음도 상에 나타나는 이러한 특성은 균질 매질을 고려한 수치 모델링에서는 정상적으로 모사할 수 없으므로 무작위 불균질 매질을 고려한 수치 모델링이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 불균질 매질 모델을 설정하고, 가우스 자기상관 함수, 지수 자기상관 함수, 폰 카르만 자기상관 함수를 이용하여 단순 지층 구조에 적용하고 각각의 특성을 살펴보았으며, 이 가운데 폰 카르만 자기상관 함수가 단파장 불균질 속도매질을 잘 표현함을 알 수 있었다. 가스 하이드레이트 수치모델링은 동해 현장자료를 바탕으로 해저면과 모델크기를 결정하였으며, 수치모델링 결과 폰 카르만 자기 상관함수가 불균질 지층구조를 포함하는 가스 하이드레이트 속도모델에서 산란현상을 가장 적절하게 구현함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 동해 탄성파 탐사자료의 탄성파 음원 모음도에서 나타나는 해저면 기인 강진폭 위상역전 반사파(BSR: bottom simulated reflector)와 산란파들이 불균질 수치 모형실험에서 적절하게 구현되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.319-328
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• 2022

Ensuring the integrity of a country's infrastructure is necessary to protect surrounding communities in case of disaster. Embankment dam systems across the US are an essential component of infrastructure, referred to as lifeline structures. Embankment dams are crucial to the survival of life and if these structures were to fail, it is imperative that states be prepared. Southern California is particularly concerned with the stability of embankment dams due to the frequent seismic activity that occurs in the state. The purpose of this study was to create a numerical model of an existing embankment dam simulated under seismic loads using previously recorded data. The embankment dam that was studied in Los Angeles, California was outfitted with accelerometers provided by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program that have recorded strong motion data for decades and was processed by the Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data to be used in future engineering applications. The accelerometer data was then used to verify the numerical model that was created using finite element modeling software RS2. The results from this study showed Puddingstone Dam's simulated response was consistent with that experienced during previous earthquakes and therefore validated the predicted behavior from the numerical model. The study also identified areas of weakness and instability on the dam that posed the greatest risk for its failure. Following this study, the numerical model can now be used to predict the dam's response to future earthquakes, develop plans for its remediation, and for emergency response in case of disaster.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.557-570
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• 2017

In this study, the seismic performance levels of four bridges are determined using finite element modeling based on ambient vibration testing. The study includes finite element modeling, analytical modal analyses, ambient vibration testing and earthquake analyses of the bridges. For the purpose, four prestressed precast I beam bridges that were constructed for the Ankara-Sivas high speed railway line are selected for analytical and experimental studies. In the study, firstly a literature review related to the dynamic behavior of bridges especially precast beam bridges is given and then the formulation part related to ambient vibration testing and structural performance according to Turkish Seismic Code (2007) is presented. Next, 3D finite element models of the bridge are described and modeled using LARSA 4D software, and analytical dynamic characteristics are obtained. Then ambient vibration testing conducted on the bridges under natural excitations and experimental natural frequencies are estimated. Lastly, time history analyses of the bridges under the 1999 Kocaeli, 1992 Erzincan, and 1999 Duzce Earthquakes are performed and seismic performance levels according to TSC2007 are determined. The results show that the damage on the bridges is all under the minimum damage limit which is in the minimum damage region under all three earthquakes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.211-229
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• 2004

The main purpose of this paper is the numerical analysis of the non-linear seismic response of a RC building mock-up. The mock-up is subjected to different synthetic horizontal seismic excitations. The numerical approach is based on a 3D-model involving multilayered shell elements. These elements are composed of several single-layer membranes with various eccentricities. Bending effects are included through these eccentricities. Basic equations are first written for a single membrane element with its own eccentricity and then generalised to the multilayered shell element by superposition. The multilayered shell is considered as a classical shell element : all information about non-linear constitutive relations are investigated at the local scale of each layer, whereas balance and kinematics are checked afterwards at global scale. The non-linear dynamic response of the building is computed with Newmark algorithm. The numerical dynamic results (blind simulations) are considered in the linear and non linear cases and compared with experimental results from shaking table tests. Multilayered shell elements are found to be a promising tool for predictive computations of RC structures behaviour under 3D seismic loadings. This study was part of the CAMUS International Benchmark.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2015

Minimizing construction cost and reducing seismic damage are two conflicting objectives in the design of any new structure. In the present work, we try to develop a framework in order to solve the optimum performance-based design problem considering the construction cost and the seismic damage of steel moment-frame structures. The Park-Ang damage index is selected as the seismic damage measure because it is one of the most realistic measures of structural damage. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is employed as the optimization algorithm to search the Pareto optimal solutions. To improve the time efficiency of the proposed framework, three simplifying strategies are adopted: first, simplified nonlinear modeling investigating minimum level of structural modeling sophistication; second, fitness approximation decreasing the number of fitness function evaluations; third, wavelet decomposition of earthquake record decreasing the number of acceleration points involved in time-history loading. The constraints of the optimization problem are considered in accordance with Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) recommended seismic design specifications. The results from numerical application of the proposed framework demonstrate the efficiency of the framework in solving the present multi-objective optimization problem.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-51
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• 2020

In this study, the seismic response analysis of embankment dams was investigated through numerical modeling. The seismic behavior of dams under main earthquake records and wavelet-based records were studied. Earthquake records were decomposed using de-noising method (DNM) and down-sampling method (DSM) up to five levels. In decomposition process, low and high frequencies of the main earthquake record were separated into two signals. Acceleration response, spectral acceleration, and Fourier amplitude spectrum at the crest of embankment dams under different decomposition levels were evaluated. The seismic behavior under main and decomposed earthquake records was compared. The results indicate an acceptable agreement between the seismic responses of embankment dams under wavelet-based decomposed records and main earthquake motions. Dynamic analyses show that the DNM-based decomposed earthquake records have a better performance compared to DSM-based records. DNM-based records up to level 4 and DSM-based records up to level 2 have a high accuracy in assessment of seismic behavior of embankment dams. The periods corresponding to the maximum values of acceleration spectra and the frequencies corresponding to the maximum values of Fourier amplitude spectra of embankment dam crest under main and decomposed records are in good agreement. The results demonstrate that the main earthquake records can be replaced by wavelet-based decomposed records in seismic analysis of embankment dams.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1288-1293
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• 2009

This paper discusses about modeling method to simulate a nonlinear behavior like sliding or rocking of two stacked body system under earthquake condition. A double body system design can be an option to reduce seismic response of a component in comparison to a single body system for free standing structures. Therefore, according to the priority of components, the structure is to be designed by proper ratio of partition in their height for improvement of seismic capability and structural integrity. Nonlinear modeling and analysis using simple rigid body and dynamic system has been performed to check the trend in such cases. As a result, one of the two bodies can be chosen to reduce the seismic response from energy absorption of the other one by appropriate application of friction ratios not only in slip-slip condition but in slip-rock condition.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.2696-2707
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of various structural modeling schemes for evaluating seismic performances and fragility of the reactor containment building (RCB) structure in the advanced power reactor 1400 (APR1400) nuclear power plant (NPP). Four structural modeling schemes, i.e. lumped-mass stick model (LMSM), solid-based finite element model (Solid FEM), multi-layer shell model (MLSM), and beam-truss model (BTM), are developed to simulate the seismic behaviors of the containment structure. A full three-dimensional finite element model (full 3D FEM) is additionally constructed to verify the previous numerical models. A set of input ground motions with response spectra matching to the US NRC 1.60 design spectrum is generated to perform linear and nonlinear time-history analyses. Floor response spectra (FRS) and floor displacements are obtained at the different elevations of the structure since they are critical outputs for evaluating the seismic vulnerability of RCB and secondary components. The results show that the difference in seismic responses between linear and nonlinear analyses gets larger as an earthquake intensity increases. It is observed that the linear analysis underestimates floor displacements while it overestimates floor accelerations. Moreover, a systematic assessment of the capability and efficiency of each structural model is presented thoroughly. MLSM can be an alternative approach to a full 3D FEM, which is complicated in modeling and extremely time-consuming in dynamic analyses. Specifically, BTM is recommended as the optimal model for evaluating the nonlinear seismic performance of NPP structures. Thereafter, linear and nonlinear BTM are employed in a series of time-history analyses to develop fragility curves of RCB for different damage states. It is shown that the linear analysis underestimates the probability of damage of RCB at a given earthquake intensity when compared to the nonlinear analysis. The nonlinear analysis approach is highly suggested for assessing the vulnerability of NPP structures.