• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.224-228
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• 1991

This study was carried to know factors affecting emergence of major upland weeds in soil in order to get basic information on weed control methods. Firthy eight percent of weed seeds were distributed within soil surface to 10cm in soil and 2% of weed seeds were observed in 40~50cm soil layer in field. As planting depth was deeper, emergence of weeds became poor. However Capsella bursa-pastoris can emerge at soil surface. Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus lividus, Porturaca oleracea, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum upto 3cm, Eleusine indica, Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis upto 7cm. Emergence of weeds was very poor in very acid soil but good in soil pH 5.5~6.0. However emergence of weed was not affected by pH 3.5~4.0 or above. Emergence of E. indica, C. bursa-pastoris, A. retroflexus, A. lividus, C. album, E. crus-galli, Solanum nigrum, and S. viridis was good in loam soil and P. oleranea, D. sanguinalis in sandy loam soil. Emergence of weed seeds was not affected by fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1986

The growth, development, and morphological characteristics of Echinochtoa colons (L.) Link were determined through one life cycle. E. colons emerged 2 to 3 days after seeding (DAS) and reached the two leaf stage by 8 DAS. During the early growth stages, root length was greater than plant height, but the relationship was reversed from 4 weeks after seeding (WAS). Tillering started from the third leaf of the main culm as the sixth leaf on the main calm emerged. The unfolding of the leaves and tillering followed a regular pattern during the vegetative growth period. This resulted in the production of 19 tillers (5 primary, 12 secondary, 1 tertiary, and I nodal) at the 14-leaf stage. Shoot-root weight ratio was highest just before panicle initiation. The second spike from the top of the panicle was the shortest and produced the fewest seeds. Thereafter, spike length and the number of seeds per spike generally increased, the lower the position of the spike on the panicle. Seeds on the lower spikes weighed less and had lower germination ability than those from the upper spikes. Adventitious roots arose from the leaf sheath bases of a flowering stalk. The ability to produce adventitious roots was greater in a younger stalls than in an older stalk.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.347-351
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• 2008

Rhizomes of Acorus gramineus Soland have been used as sedatives, analgesics, and stomachics in Korean medicine. Even though A. gramineus produced in Korea is known as having better efficacy of a remedy than that in China, its cultivation area has not increased because of the lack of seedlings. To solve this problem, seed propagation method was tested. Seeds were harvested and sowed three times in June, 2005. The best results showed at greenish yellow seed stage harvested in mid June, and its germination ratio was 90.7%. Seeds were well stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. As for in vitro culture, multiple shoots were induced first in MS basal medium supplemented with $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA plus $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA, and then roots were induced in MS basal medium containing $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA or $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA plus $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA. Growth of A. gramineus seedlings in Wonyesangto, potting material sold in markets for horticultural plants, was superior to vermiculite.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2009

To obtain pure lines for breeding $F_1$ varieties of Primula malacoides, 10 lines that were considered uniform in growth and flowering characteristics were selected from self-crossings of the sixth generation ($S_6$). Plant height of the selected lines ranged from 20.8 to 33.2 cm, and number of leaves ranged from 33.6 to 54.2. The selected lines flowered at 181.4 to 207.8 days after sowing. Three lines, including 'PR-03-81', flowered in less than 190 days from sowing, while six lines, including 'PR-03-228', only flowered after more than 200 days from sowing. In terms of petal color, six lines, including 'PR-03-81', were pink, three, including 'PR-03-236', were purple, and line 'PR-03-275' was white. Flower diameter ranged from 2.4 to 2.9 cm, and number of pedicels per plant was between 15.4 and 26.4. Number of flowers per pedicel ranged from 20.2 to 30.2. Germination was more than 70%, and number of seeds per capsule (pod) ranged from 110.0 to 162.8. In summary, plant height was low and flower diameter was small and plants had many flowers and readily formed seeds. The selected lines are not only valuable as ornamental plants but could also be used as breeding materials for $F_1$ hybrids of Primula polyantha.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.342-351
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• 1990

Experiments were conducted to find out the possibilities of producing good quality seed of summer type soybean at Chuncheon, 74m above sea level and Jinboo, 600m above sea level in 1987. Local variety, Cheonan Jaelae was used. Seeds were sown June 25 harvested five times from 35 days after flowering with five days interval to 55 days. Vegetative period was longer in the early planting and high cool area, Jinboo, which resulted longer stem length than the late planting and in the plain area, Chuncheon. Pod number and 100 grain weight were shown more and heavier in Jinboo. Earlier planting and later harvesting resulted more pod number and heaveier 100grain weight. Grain yield was heigher in Jinboo, and earlier plainting shown more grain yield and its difference was greater in Jinboo. Long grain filling duration resulted more grain yield. Unripened seeds were produced more by earlier planting with earlier harvesting and earlier planting with late harvesting showed the high rates of pod and stem blight (Diaporthe Phaseolorum). Seed With high moisture content by early harvesting showed more rotten seeds in all planting dates production was more advantageous in the high cool area, Jinboo. Optimum planting date was between May 15 and June 5. Harvesting was desirable about 45-50 days after flowering with heigher germination rate seed yield.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2011

The machine transplanted rice has highly extended in the Republic of Korea due to a wage rise since 1976 and thus rice seedling raising nursery method has shifted from field into polyethylene film house. The rice seedling grown under a polyethylene film house was weak and tall because of limited sunlight and wind and so there was so complained among rice growing farmers in terms of missing hill and broken seedling after machine transplanting. In recent iron-coated seedling has reported on healthier and stronger than that of polyethylene film house. These seedlings were more stiff and thus more easy to handle during transplanting and less missing hills. The Iron-coated seed was proven to more stiff like seedling height, root growth and weight of shoot and root growth. This was more convenient during transfer of seedling raising box im machine transplanting. Thus, this study was carried out to grow a stiff and healthy seedling growth and development for machine transplanting. There were a normal seed germination and sprouting after iron-coated seeds treatment and this seedling was smaller and stiffer than that of untreated control. The leaf number and root growth of seedling which was iron-coated seeds would be better and total seedling fresh weight was greater than that of untreated control.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 1993

The experiment was conducted in 1992 to find out the approach to the development of prediction model of weed population in paddy fields. The weed seeds of 88% over were separated from the soil by using $K_2CO_3$ 50% solution with specific gravity 1.34. The weed seeds which were floated on the solution due to the difference of specific gravity between soil particles and the seeds were effectively withdrawn by using a vaccum pump attached with an aspirator. The seeds withdrawn together with solution were taken by filtering with a nylon net of $0.31{\times}0.16mm$ mesh. The pressing method was more efficient and practical for the viability test of weed seeds separated from the soil compared with the germination test and the TTC test. For the prediction of weed population by the number of weed seedlings emerged at the sampled soil, the sampling method of 0-10cm deep at 5-6 sites per field was applicable. At the prediction method by the number of seedlings emerged, the smaller the seed sizes, the lower the prediction coefficients of weed species. It was considered that the prediction method by the number of seedlings emerged was more practical than the prediction method by the number of seeds separated from sampled soil, in relation to similarities to weed population, time and expenses required for examining, technical difficulties and applicability of weed species.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.17-25
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to find out the optimum germination temperature and dehydration period at SMP processing, and applies 3 kind of seed treatment and compares yield with stand establishment of seeds of 12 pepper cultivars. It was showed that all 12 cultivars of nontreated seed does not entirely germinated in $15^{\circ}C$. It was that SMP seed germination rate 77(Yeomyeong)~100% (Deawang) high, and seeds 12 cultivars was tendency high by more than 93% at all temperatures excepting Bugang($35^{\circ}C$, 85%) and Yeomyeong($15^{\circ}C$, 77%). Dehydration condition of result were Gumsure, Dongbang Jonggagip, Hyangchon, Yeomyeong, Kwangbok, Wang by which 3 hours in $45^{\circ}C$ were proper, which 6 hours in $35^{\circ}C$ were proper Manitta, Joyang, and judged that 12 hours in $25^{\circ}C$ were proper in Bugang, Dabotap, Deawang. It was reported that water percentage of moisture content change of pepper seed by dehydration was difference a little in species, but was judged by 3-6 hours in $45^{\circ}C$. There was compared to SMP, Osmopriming, pH control by stand establishment were shown pH control of Hyangchon, Dabotap species was nontreated, osmopriming treatment. Also, Kwangbok species was tendency that stand establishment was low, and Deawang was good than other species. Yield of nontreated of yield day was tendency, and miss planted rate also appeared high for 90 day. There was difference in species, and processing of pH control and osmopriming was not shown stand establishment that is stabilized in all species. SMP processing condition could bring security of stable stand establishment in all species, and was considered that research that was under various environment condition should be proceeded conclusively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2002

We screened biotic and abiotic preventative,i(preventers) from natural resources to prevent the rusty phenomenon in ginseng roots. To select preventatives(preventers), soil microbes such as Agrobacterium and certain microbes isolated from the rusty ginsengs and the soil in which the rusty ginsengs were planted and used. It is also performed with germination tests of the seeds of Latuca Sativa L. We identified that how selected preventatives(preventers) effect the germination of ginseng seeds. Furthermore, how these influence on the rusty phenomenon and the growth of 1 -year-old ginsengs treated in the pavement. The final preventatives; ICPE-C1$\sub$05/, ICPE-P$\^$107/ were effective in not only the growth of ginseng, but also inhibition of the rusty phenomenon. Moreover, we selected abiotic soil improvers; called P, R, and W, respectively; to promote the effects of preventatives. R and W was excellented among choring improvers. The germination rate of 2-year-old ginsengs treated with ICPE-C$\sub$105/P, and ICPE-P$\sub$107/P was the highest under the effects of naturally selected preventatives mixing with abiotic soil improvers. All treat which was compounding preventers & improvers were so excellented of growth ginseng. Especially treats of ICPE-C$\sub$105/R and ICPE-P$\sub$107/R showed growth increased of each 67.3% and 52.7% As well, the growth of ginseng was the highest in the treatment of ICPE-C$\sub$105/R, and ICPE-P$\sub$105/R. Though rusty of rate was emerged 35% in control, preventers ICPE-C$\sub$105/R and ICPE-P$\sub$107/R were emerged 5.3%. It was affirmed effective of preventer. On the other hands, amounts of ginsenoside treated with preventatives showed to be changed. The ginsenoside was increased to 14.2% with treatment with ICPE-P$\sub$107/R which is highest among groups compared to control, and ICPE-C$\sub$105/P was increased to 5.0%. To sum up with total results, it is judged that biotic preventatives (ICPE-C$\sub$105/R, and ICPE-P$\sub$107/R) which we created improve both a high yield of ginseng and the inhibition of the rusty phenomenon. phenomenon.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of LED and QD-LED (Quantum Dot) irradiation on seed germination, antioxidant ability, and microbial growth, during red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts cultivation. Irradiated light was blue, red, blue + red and blue + red + far red (QD-LED) lights, and the controls were a fluorescent lamp (FL), and dark condition. Germination rate of red radish was highest in the dark condition. The plant height and fresh weight of red radish sprouts that irradiated each light for 24 hrs after 7 days growing in dark condition, did not shown significantly difference among treatments. After 24 hrs of light irradiation, cotyledon green was best in blue + red light, and the red hypocotyl was excellent in blue light and QD-LED light. DPPH and phenol contents were high in dark and blue + red light treatment, and anthocyanin content was high in blue light and QD-LED light. Total aerobic counts were similar in all treatments and did not show bactericidal effect, whereas E. coli count was lowest in QD-LED light treatment, and yeast and mold counts were lowest in FL only treatment. Results suggest that when red radish seeds were germinated in dark condition and cultivated for 7 days as sprouts, and then treated with blue light or QD-LED light for 24 hrs, the seeds produced good quality red radish sprouts with greenish cotyledon, reddish hypocotyl, high anthocyanin content, and lower level of E coli contamination.