• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.233-237
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the seedling establishment and yield of direct-sown Platycodon grandiflorus seeds cultured by three ridge width, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 m and four mulching materials, rice straw, rice bran, black plastic film, and no mulching in upland. Seedling establishment rate (70%) was the highest in rice straw mulched plot of 500 seeds/$m^2$ sowed and root yield after one year was also the highest in rice straw mulched treatment and followed by rice bran, no mulching, and black plastic film treatment. In this result, ridge width 120cm and rice straw mulching combined treatment was best for getting the highest seedling establishment ratio and seedling numbers per area. However, ridge width and mulching materials should be considered soil moisture content and weed population for saving labor cost.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

Shading and soil environment are the main factors of growth and yield in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Ginseng yield is directly related to survival rate because of increased missing plant for their growing period. Under field conditions, diseases and pests significantly affect plant survival rate. We evaluated the seedling establishment, growth and ginsenoside of the ginseng plants, under controlled management conditions in a plastic greenhouse, when their treated with different types of organic matter. Ginseng seeds were sown at a rate of three seeds per hole, and the seeding space measured $10cm{\times}15cm$. Compared to the control, treatment of cattle manure vermicompost (CMV) was shown to increase seedling establishment and decrease ginsenoside content. Root weights of plants treated with CMV were higher than those of plants treated with other types of organic matter. In addition, seedling establishment of 2-year-old ginseng plants was decreased when it was compared to that of 1-year-old ginseng plants. Our results indicated that organic matter type and rate were associated with seedling establishment, growth characteristic and ginsenoside content in greenhouse of ginseng direct-sowing culture.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.225-229
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• 1999

Unstable seedling stand establishment of wet direct seeding culture of rice is one of the major elements preventing the extension of its culture area. In order to develop methods of seedling stand improvement in direct seeded rice on flooded surfaces, three field experiments were conducted on silty loam soil using a cultivar 'Donjinbyeo' for three years, mainly focusing on water management after seeding and seed soaking with plant growth regulators (PGRs). Under the condition of shallow flooding after seeding, seedling stand rate increased and floating seedling rate decreased in both early and normal season seeding compared to deep flooding. With earlier draining time after seeding, there was a tendency towards preferential growth of the seminal root, increase of seedling stand and decrease of the floating seedling rate. Therefore the highest seedling numbers per unit area and the lowest floating seedling numbers were found upon drainage at 1 day after seeding (DAS), while a contrary tendency was shown upon conventional drainage at 7 DAS. Seed soaking with PGRs such as Metalaxyl or mixing of Metalaxyl with gibberellic acid (GA$_3$) significantly increased the seedling stand. In addition the effects of PGR treatment on seedling stand and the early growth of plants were greater under flooded conditions than under drained conditions after seeding, although draining of water after seeding improved the seedling establishment rate more when compared with the PGR treatment. These results suggest that draining management after seeding or maintaining of shallow flooding for a week is the most effective method to improve the seedling stand rate in wet direct seeding.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.125-139
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• 1996

The relationships between environmental factors and the establishment and growth of oak seelings were studied in the greenhouse. The early seedling performances of three oak species (Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis) were compared. Mean seed weight was the biggest in Q. variabilis, and the smallest in Q. serrata, and the germination rate was higher in Q. variabilis than in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata. The germination rate was significantly affected by seed weight class in Q. serrata, but not in Q. mongolica. Emergence of oak seedlings was similar in all three oak species, and especially the first leaf emergence increased about twenty days after germination. An experiment was designed using three environmental factors (light, soil moisture, fertilizer) to compare the response of the three oak species. Light and soil moisture significantly affected the seedling height growth of Q. variabilis, but the effect was marginal in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata. However, growth of seedling biomass was significant in all three oak species. In contrast, fertilizer did not affect seedling growth of any of the oak species. Q. variabilis is expected to grow well in large gaps because it is very sensitive and responds well to high light and high moisture conditions. Q. mongolica and Q. serrata are relatively tolerant to shade but may need gaps for the seelings to grow into saplings.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.214-222
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• 1998

These experiments were conducted to investigate water uptake, electrical conductivity, germination percentage, seedling growth, and seedling establishment rate in direct seeding cultivation of rice. The rice seeds of six japonica type varieties were coated with 12 kinds of polymers in a standard concentration of 0.2% using seed coating machine. The water absorption of the polymer-coated seeds under saturation conditions was not different among varieties, and was the highest in kulcel, maltrin, and waterlock on the polymer-coated seeds. The electrical conductivity with waterlock (55.0 $\mu scm^{-1}g^{-1}$) was higher than the control plot (45.6 $\mu scm^{-1}g^{-1}$) and other treatments. The germination of the polymer-coated seeds was 95.9% at control plot, 92.7% at low temperature and 35.7% at high temperature. The total dry weight of seed decreased in the order of low temperature, control plot, and high temperature, and was effective in pvp (polyvinyl pyrrolidone), opadry, and sacrust. The seedling establishment rate in direct seeding cultivation ranged from 74.9 to 81.0% in flooded paddy surface, and ranged from 64.7 to 76.6% in dry paddy. In both cases, it decreased in the order of early, medium and medium-late varieties, but was enhanced in daran 8600, sepirect, and sacrust. According to this study the recommended polymers for direct seeding cultivation of rice are daran 8600, sepirect, and sacrust.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.80-84
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• 2002

In spite of simple and cheap cultivation method, water broadcast-seeded rice demonstrates uneven and unstable seedling establishment per unit land area and requires more herbicide and labor-input for weed control. Three experiments were conducted in a phytotron at 18$^{\circ}C$ to evaluate the adaptability of seed-mat mulching cultivation technologies in water seeded rice for the uniform seedling establishment and the inhibition of weed occurrence without herbicide application. Five different kinds of mat with different mesh sizes and fabric properties were tested. The emergence of rice was the highest in Lawn-mat treatment, being comparable with the control, in which seeds were sown without mat. The Lawn-mat also exhibited the lowest mat tension. Mat tension may influence the emergence of rice. And once it was soaked in water, it didn't maintain its original shape any more. The emergence rate of rice was the lowest in Safer-mat treatment. In Lawn-mat treatment, which was the most effective for rice emergence in the first study, the differences of emergence and seedling establishment of rice depending on the seeding position (upper, beneath, and between mats) treatments were negligible, while they were higher in dry seeds than in pre-germinated seeds treatment. The emergence as affected by the kinds of mat also showed the same trend when tested using barnyard grass. Depending on the kinds of mat, the inhibition effect of weeds was the greatest in Safer-mat and the poorest in Lawn-mat. These results strongly suggest the possibility that the uniform seedling establishment and weed management without chemical could be achieved simultaneously by seed-mat mulching through the combination of effective mat for the emergence of rice and another efficient mat for the inhibition of weed occurrence. This possibility was also tested in the field.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2007

Experiments were conducted with aims to (1) estimate the biomass yield potential, (2) characterize the biomass and digestible dry matter production, and (3) reveal the characteristic seedling establishment of a whole crop rice variety, Nogyangbyeo, in dry- and wet-seeded rice. Maximum aboveground total biomass of Nogyangbyeo was 18 t $ha^{-1}$ in dry-seeded rice and 20 t $ha^{-1}$ in wet-seeded rice. Biomass yield potential of Nogyangbyeo was lower than that of Dasanbyeo. Comparatively, Nogyangbyeo was straw-dependent and Dasanbyeo was grain-dependent for biomass accumulation. Percentage of digestible dry matter (DDM) was higher in panicles than straw. Digestible dry matter yield was determined mainly by biomass yield rather than DDM percentage. Number of seedling establishment in Nogyangbyeo was $73m^{-2}$ in dry-seeded rice and $109m^{-2}$ in wet-seeded rice. Poor seedling establishment of dry-seeded Nogyangbyeo in the field condition was the result of low seed germination under low temperature and poor seedling emergence by deep sowing. Low seedling emergence rate of Nogyangbyeo was attributed mainly to slow elongation growth by slow leaf development and partly to mesocotyl and 1st internode lengths, not to genetically defined leaf length. The slow elongation growth of Nogyangbyeo was the same even in the high daily mean temperature of $24^{\circ}C$. Results suggest DDM yield in rice can be improved simply by increasing biomass and whole crop rice varieties should be adaptable to direct-seeding.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.194-198
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• 1998

An experiment was carried out to find out the priming effects of rice seeds, Oryza sativa L. (cv. Ilpumbyeo) on. the seedling establishment and early emergence under excess soil moisture conditions. Seeds were primed by soaking in -0.6 MPa polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. The primed seeds were sown in soils with various soil moistures (60, 80, 100, 120, and 140% field capacity) at 17 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Germination and emergence rates, plumule height, and radicle length of primed seeds were higher than those of untreated seeds at any soil moisture and temperature examined. The time from planting to 50% germination ($T_{50}$) of primed seeds was less than that of untreated seeds by 0.9～3.7 days. Germination rate, emergence rate, plumule height, and radicle length were highest at the soil moisture of 80% field capacity among the soil moistures. Priming effects of rice seeds on germination and emergence rates were more prominent under the unfavorable soil moistures (60, 100, 120, and 140% field capacity) than those under the optimum soil moisture condition (80% field capacity). However, priming effects on seedling growth were greater at near optimum soil moisture compared with too lower or higher soil moistures. Therefore, these findings suggest that priming of rice seeds may be a useful way for better seedling establishment under the adverse soil conditions.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.502-511
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• 1994

벼 건답직파에서 벼 품종들의 출아·입모 특성과 유아의 신장 특성과의 관계를 검토하고자 국내의 재래종, 육성종 및 샤레벼, 미국 직파재배품종, 이태리 품종 등 98개 품종을 토중 4.5cm에 파종하여 적습과 과습조건하에서 출아율, 입모율, 평균출아일수, 중배축장, 하위절간장, 초엽장, 불완전엽장 등을 조사하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 적습조건에서 입모율은 9∼92.5%, 평균출아일수는 12∼25일 범위였고, 과습조건에서의 출아율은 0∼90%, 평균출아일수 27∼34일로 양조건 모두 품종간 변이가 매우 컸으며, 대부분의 품종은 과습조건에서 출아율이 낮아지고 출아속도가 늦어졌다. 2. 출아·입모율과 유의한 정의 상관을 보인 형질은 적습조건에서는 중배축장, 초엽장, 불완전엽장이었고, 과습조건에서는 중배축장, 제1, 2절간장, 초엽장, 불완정엽장이었다. 3. 평균발아일수는 중배축장, 초엽장, 불완전엽장과 유의한 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 4. 표준편회귀분석결과 출아·입모의 품종간 차이에 가장 유의적으로 기여하는 형질은 적습조건에서는 중배축장과 초엽장, 과습조건에서는 중배축장과 제2절간장이었다. 5. 평균출아일수의 품종간 차에 유의적으로 기여하는 형질은 적습조건에서는 중배축장, 불완전엽장으로 회귀계수는 부의 방향이었으며, 제1,2절간장은 정의 방향이었다. 과습조건에서는 중배축장만이 유의적 기여를 하였는데 회귀계수는 부의 방향이었다. 6. 본 실험의 결과로 볼 때 건답직파조건에서 출아율이 높고 출아속도가 빠른 품종을 육성하기 위해서는 중배축, 초엽 및 불완전엽의 신장이 잘되는 특성의 선발이 바람직한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.320-327
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• 1990

심수토중 직파재배를 할 경우 이미 보급되어 있는 이항기를 이용한 효율적인 파종방법과 북부 평야지대의 적정파종기 및 파종량을 구명하고자 천마벼를 공시하여 1986년부터 1988년까지 3년간 춘천에서 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 밭흙 또는 논흙을 상토로 하여 육묘상자에 파종한 후 이앙기를 이용한 심수토중직파가 가능하였으며, 1mm 최아하여 파종하고 간단관수로 물관리를 하는 것이 입모율이 높았다. 2. 입모율은 4월 30일과 5월 10일 파종구에서 높았으며, 입모율이 70% 이상되는 파종한계온도는 일평균 기온 14.8$^{\circ}C$, 일평균 지온 16.3$^{\circ}C$였다. 3. 출수기는 파종이 10일 늦어짐에 따라 2-3일 지연되었으며, 동일파종기에서는 직파재배가 손이앙보다 출수기가 4일 늦었고, 기계이앙보다는 1일 빨리 출수하였다. 4. 수수는 손이앙이나 기계이앙에 비하여 직파재배에서 더 많았고 입모율이 높았던 4월 30일 파종구와 상자당 200g 파종구에서 많았다. 5. 수량으로 본 적정파종기는 5월 상순으로 추정되었고, 수량성은 481kg/10a으로 손이앙 기계이앙과 같은 수준이었으며, 적정파종량은 상자당 200g으로 10a당 6kg 정도로 추정된다. 6. 심수토중직파시 수량을 증대시킬 수 있는 중요한 요인은 입모율을 높여 단위면적당 수수와 입수를 증가시키는 것이었다.