• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2009

The seeds of Phellodendron amurense have difficulty to obtain because these plants show dioecism with independent distributions. This experiment was conducted to find the effects of soaking and prechilling treatment on the germination of P. amurense seeds. Seeds were soaked for 3, 5 and 10 days (soaking treatment), and placed on petri-dish at $4^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30 and 50 days after soaked at room temperature for 24 hours (prechilling treatment). After the treatments, germination percentage, mean germination time, germination speed and germination performance index were analyzed. As a result of sowing, prechilled seeds for 30 days had the highest percent of germination, whereas all of the soaked seeds showed lower percent of germination than non-treatment (control). In case of mean germination time, only prechilling for 30 days was more effective than control. In germination speed, all of the soaked seeds had lower values than control whereas all prechilled seeds except prechilled seeds for 20 days showed higher values than control. Especially prechilled seeds for 30 days showed the highest rate among the prechilling treatments. Germination performance index was similar to germination speed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.328-341
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• 2004

Presowing seed treatments used to enhance the rates of germination and afterward seedling emergence have not occasionally shown the same rate in indoor and field. The treatments considering germination mechanism and factors affecting germination must be totally included in indoor experiments so that the results drawn can be reproduced in the field. Seed germination is controlled by Phytochrome-mediated action changed with composition rates of red and far-red lights. Sunlight can penetrate soil into $6{\sim}9\;mm$ depth, which in turn means that seeds having $2{\sim}3\;mm$ in their width may receive the light if soil was covered 3 times over them. The penetrating light, moreover, turns to more far-red light than red light reverse to the sunlight. For germination tests after the artificial presowing seed treatments, therefore, seeds of smaller than 2 mm (< 2 mm), $2{\sim}3\;mm$, and larger than 3 mm (> 3 mm) must be done with incandescent lamp (IL) having more far-red light, with IL or in darkness, and in darkness, respectively. The 96 papers published in 13 Korean scientific journals up to the end of 2003 were analysed on the basis of the above explanation. 91 species were used 147 times as experimental materials; 101 times for < 2 mm seeds, 24 times for $2{\sim}3\;mm$ seeds and 22 times for > 3 mm seeds. If they were analysed as the light sources used for germination tests, correct applications reached more and less than 60% in both $2{\sim}3\;mm$ and > 3 mm seeds but 23% in < 2 mm seeds, conclusionally meaning that when the experimental results in the scientific papers were applied into farming practices, care was taken of their application because most of medicinal plant seeds were very small.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2020

In this study, the effect of seed pre-treatments and pellet coating materials to enhance the efficiency of large-scale propagation of Aster koraiensis seeds were investigated. Seeds were immersed in water for one day, and only those that sank were used for pre-treatment to use filled seeds. Pre-treatments were divided into hormone treatments, with gibberellic acid (GA₃; 200 and 500 ppm) and 24-epibrassinolide (10^-6, 10^-7, and 10^-8M), and priming with potassium nitrate (100 mM of KNO₃). To produce pellet-coated seeds, pellet materials (DTCS or DTK) were applied to control (unprimed) and primed seeds with binders (PVA or CMC). The maximum germination percent (GP) of seeds before pellet coating was 65% (with the priming treatment), and there was no difference in the GP of seeds among hormone treatments. For seeds sown in a growth chamber on filter paper, GP was 41% for control (unprimed/uncoated) seeds, 65% for uncoated primed seeds, 71% for DTCS/PVA-pellet-coated seeds, and 42% for DTK/CMC-pellet-coated seeds. Seeds that were primed first and then pellet-coated showed greatly improved GP, mean germination time (MGT), and germination rate than seeds that were only pellet-coated. For seeds sown in commercial soil in a greenhouse, control seeds had a GP of 27%, whereas primed seeds had the highest GP (58%), and their MGT and GT were 9.4 days and 7.0%·day, respectively. In addition, DTK/PVA-pellet-coated seeds (40%) also had a GP higher than the control (27%), and their MGT was 15-27 days. For seeds sown in sandy-loam soil in a greenhouse, unprimed-pellet-coated seeds and primed-pellet-coated seeds both had GPs ranged of 39%, which were lower than that of control seeds. In general, the seeds that were pellet-coated with DTK had a higher GP than those pellet-coated with DTCS. Furthermore, the MGT of unprimed-pellet-coated seeds was 15.0-19.8 days, which was longer than the MGT of primed-pellet-coated seeds. These results suggest that priming enhances seedling emergence of Aster koraiensis seeds. Moreover, when priming is combined with pellet coating, DTK is a more suitable pellet material than DTCS, and PVA and CMC are equally suitable adhesives.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 1997

Seed germination test done in laboratory does not coincide with field emergence in general. The experiments were carried out to examine the effect of priming and $GA_3$, treatment to seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum; Codonopsis lanceolata and C. pilosula on lapsed time to first seedling emergence, seedling emergence, morphological characters and growth and the cause of poor emergence of C. pilosula. No-treatment as Control (water), priming or $GA_3$ treatment was done with only distilled water for 2 days, $CA(NO_3)_2$ 150 mM for 2 days or $GA_3$ 0.1 mM for 3 days, respectively. Seedling emergence rate was counted every 2 days but morphological characters and dry weight of shoot and root were measured on 38 days after sowing. Their internal seed structures were examined with Scanning Electron Microscope. C. pilosula had poorer seedling emergence rate than P grandiflorum and C. lanceolata showing nearly same rate: Compared to the other treatment (s) P. grandiflorum displayed higher rate in priming and $GA_3$, treatments but C. lanceolata or C. pilosula did the greatest rate in only $GA_3$ or priming treatment, respectively. $GA_3$ treatment to seeds of P. grandiflorum and C. lanceolata shortened the lapsed time to seedling emergence in comparison with Control, 2-days water imbibition before sowing. In all the species plant height and number of leaves per seedling became shorter and less in priming treatment than the other treatments except plant height of C. Pilosula while their hypocotyl length was nearly same in all treatments. Although priming treatment had nearly similar effect to morphological characters, $GA_3$ treatment forced greater shoot, root and aftermath total dry weight per seedling. Poor seedling emergence of C. pilosula was caused by its seed defect like cleavage or lack of embryo, poor development of embryo and endosperm or their separation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.334-341
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the effects and optimum concentrantion of chemical mutagens, colchicine, EMS (ethyl methan sulfonate), MNU (1-methyl-3-1­-nitrosoguanidinenitro), sodium azide $(NaN_3)$ for induction of mutant plants. In order to induce the mutants of Dianthus superbus L, immature seed were pre-soaked in the warter adding each mutagens and concentration of EMS, colchicine, MNU, and sodium azide $(NaN_3)$. Comparision of morphological characteristic and seed germination in each mutant plants differed depending on mutagen sources and their concentrations. When 0.2% EMS were treated on seed, germination decreased to 12% while untreated control was germinated 76.6% for twenty days. Treatments of colchicine appeared higher germination than other mutagen but not survived. The survival rate was extremely decreased in MNU treatment at 0.5mM and chlorophyll-mutant plantlets were obtained by sodium azide treatment at 0.2mM. Chlorophyll mutants were produced by pre-soaking the immature seed of Dianthus superbus L. with mutagen, sodium azide. The control plants appeared normal green leaf color, while mutant plant after mutagenic treatment of immature seed results in yellow­-green stripes and albino in normal green leaf tissue. RAPD was carried out to check the genetic modification of regenerated plants by mutagen treatments at 0.2mM sodium azide. Three polymorphic DNA fragments out of thirty-seven obtained by RAPDs were observed in regenerated plants using five decamer primers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 2003

Emulsion-type sausages were manufactured to investigate the effects of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard on quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausage. Each treatments replaced pork back fat with CLA-corn oil (CLA-CO), CLA-safflower seed oil (CLA-SSO) and CLA-lard (CLA-LD) were stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The changes in physico-chemical properties, texture, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid composition and CLA content of each treatments were measured during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. During storage, pH of control showed higher pH value than that of CLA-vegetable and CLA-lard treatments. The pH values of all treatments was significantly low at storage 14 days (p<0.05). The color L* and a*-value of all the treatments was not significantly changed with the storage periods. Color b*-value of CLA-treatments was higher than that of control during the storage period. Fatty acids composition was changed by addition of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. All kinds of fatty acids composition were decreased with CLA replacements than that of the control. Whereas linolenic acid content extremely increased by replacement of CLA-vegetable. CLA content of CLA-treatments was extremely increased than that of the control. The cohesiveness, springness, gumminess and brittleness of CLA-LD treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the other treatments. The TBARS value of all treatments were significantly increased (P<0.05) as the storage period was passed. TBARS of sausage products containing CLA-CO was the lowest. Summing up the a forementioned results, emulsion-type sausage manufacturing with CLA-vegetable oil and CLA-lard was not affected in physico-chemical properties and texture characteristics. Also, it may be assumed that the high quality sausage can be manufactured with the extent of storage period and CLA accumulation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 1996

For improvement germination rate of Cirsium setidens, wet seeds were storaged for 20 to 80 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and germinated at $18^{\circ}C$ in the dark or light condition. To assess the effects of shading and plant age on the growth, fresh yield and seed yield under rain shelter in highland at altitude of 800m above sea level, seeds were sown in an open field in late september,1990. In early May the next the seedlings were transplanted for vegetatable and seed production in the plastic houses for rain shelter. They were grown from 1991 to 1993 in the houses covered with the shading nets ranging from 0 to 70% for vegetable production and 0 to 50% for seed production. Germination rate inceased as the storage period lengthened, and the rate came to $60\sim80%$ at 60days after germination. It was more effective in lighting than in darkness. For vegetable production, the shading net treatments showed more values in almost the characters checked at the third year than the non-shading treatment. No. of stem, no, of leaves, stem length and degree of softening were no different between shading net treatments, but the other characters were significantly different. Ratio of survival, density of chlorophyll and ratio of dry matter of plants were highest in the plots of 50%, 70%, and 30% of shading, respectively. The highest fresh yield was recorded from 2-year plants, 70% of shading from them showed the greatest yield. The highest seed yields were produced 2-year-old plants of non-shading plot. For seed production, the non-shading treatment is best, and the highest seed yields were obtained in both the second and third years.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 1985

To find out the optimum level of nitrogen fertilization and better distribution of application time for seed production of Festuca arundianacea S. (var. Alta), this filed experiment was performed at Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, during 1979 to 1981. The treatments used in this study were three nitrogen fertilizing levels (120, 180 and 240kg/ha) and four different methods of nitrogen distribution (i. single application of whole amount in early Spring, ii. 50 percent each in Autumn and early Spring, iii. 50 percent each in early Spring and at begin of heading stage and iv. 50 percent in Autumn and 25 percent in early Spring and at begin of heading stage respectively). The experiment was arranged as a split-plot design with 4 replications and performed at the experimental field of the Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, during 1979 to 1981. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Date of heading stage of Festuca arundinacea was about May 21 and that of flowering stage was June 1 to 3. The optimum stage for the seed harvesting of Festuca arundinacea (var. Alta) was June 25 about 22 to 23 days after full flowering stage. Average plant height was about 127cm and the panicle length, 24cm. 2. 1000 grain weight was 2.72g and the number of panicles were 85 to 107 per square meter. 3. The mean seed wield for two years was 678.8kg/ha with the average of whole treatments and 781.9kg/ha with the best treatment (50 percent in Autumn and 25 percent in early Spring and at begin of heading stage with 240kg/ha respectively). 4. The average germination rate of harvesting seeds was 87.0 percent and it was increasing trend according to frequent application of fertilizer. 5. The average DM yield of aftermath seed harvesting was 6155kg/ha with two cut, and it was the largest DM yield from the higher nitrogen level and also from the single application in early Spring.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2018

Tiarella polyphylla D. Don is a native plant distributed only in Ulleung Island in Korea and has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, although it is also used ornamentally. This study was conducted to determine the requirements for dormancy break and germination and to classify the type of seed dormancy. The experiments were performed with cold stratification (0 or 12 weeks at $5^{\circ}C$), warm stratification (0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks at $23^{\circ}C$, followed by 8 weeks at $5^{\circ}C$, and then incubation at $23^{\circ}C$), and $GA_3$ treatments (0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg/L). The treated seeds were incubated on aseptic media at room chamber ($23^{\circ}C$, a 16h photoperiod of fluorescent lamps with $40{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$). The seeds were dispersed in nature as underdeveloped embryos with no physical barrier to absorb water to prevent water absorption. However, the seeds did not germinate for 30 days after sowing without any pre-treatments. Thus, the seeds had morphological dormancy (MD) and physiological dormancy (PD). The final germination percentage following cold stratification (0 or 12 weeks) was 66.7% and 45.6%, respectively. The cold stratification delayed seed germination by about 3 weeks. In the warm stratification experiment (0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks), the final germination percentage was 21.1%, 27.8%, 41.1%, and 57.8%, respectively, 20 weeks after sowing. The embryos of the T. polyphylla seed grew in relatively warm temperatures ($23^{\circ}C$). $GA_3$ application overcame seed dormancy and promoted germination. Following $GA_3$ treatment (0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg/L), the final germination percentage was 33.3%, 45.0%, 42.5%, and 72.5%, respectively. These results suggest that the T. polyphylla seeds had non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) and $GA_3$ treatment could be used as a substitute for warm stratification for breaking seed dormancy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of seed dormancy characteristics of the genus Tiarella native to Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.721-730
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• 2002

This study was carried out to select new pelleting binder and material for Welsh onion seeds. The optimum treatments of the various plant growth regulators to improve seed germination of the Welsh onion was also estimated. There were no significant effects of growth regulators on the germination percentage, but germination was faster according to the number of days to 50% of the final germination ($T_{50}$) and the mean number of days to germination (MDG) than those of the control. Germinability was increased when the seeds were soaked in gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) solution for 24hrs, even though there was no synergy effect on the germinability when $GA_3$ was mixed with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The optimum treatment for improving germination of Welsh onion was observed when the tested seeds was soaked in 500 $\mu$M of $GA_3$ at $20^{\circ}C$ for 24hrs. Also, when the seeds soaked in the aforementioned treatment, the rate of germination was increased at lower temperature than at $20^{\circ}C$, the optimal temperature. The percentage and the speed of seed germination depended on the kinds of pelleting binder and their concentration. It showed that the higher the concentration of the binder for seeds pelleting, the lower the percentage of seed germination. Among the pelleting binder, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were the best binders for seed pelleting, because seed germination using those binder did not affect on the concentration of binder. On the other hand, Carboxymethy cellulose (CMC) and methyl cellulose (MC) severely inhibited the seed germination The germinability was also different arcording to the pelleting materials. Among the different 58 pelleting materials, kaoline alone, the mixture of bentonite and kaoline, the mixture of bentonite, calcium carbonate and diatomaceous earth #300 were found as the best pelleting materials for welsh onion seeds.