• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2009

The crops showing hard seed character have high seed viability after seed storage for long period. The low germination rate due to hard seed coat, however, cause a problem of low seedling establishment in field condition. Three legumes used in the experiment, lablab bean (Dolichos lablab L.), asparagus bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L. Fruwirth), and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), showed low germination rate (26, 17, and 5%, respectively) due to thick and hard seed coat. In this study artificial treatment for breaking dormancy was tested in hard seeds. The effect of proper treatment was various depending on species. The germination rate of lablab bean was highly improved up to 94% by soaking into water for 24 hours. In the case of asparagus bean, the rate was increased up to 90% by soaking for eight hours near boiling water until it cools. The germination rate of small hard seed soybean was increase to 96% by soaking into concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes. Ultrastructural change revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) reflects that the structure of micropyle was changed and water uptake was facilitated with all treatments tested in the experiment. Especially, sulfuric acid treatment resulted in the degradation of micropylar tissue. These results demonstrate that the artificial treatment including sulfuric acid and (hot) water soaking treatment for promoting water uptake can be applied to improve seed germination in legume seed with thick and hard seed coat.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 1998

Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) was traditionally propagated by its rhizomes but seed propagation has not been practiced due to their dormancy and high price. To improve the seedling production through seed pretreatments, the experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seedcoat softening and seed prechilling on seed germination and bulbil formation of the seal. The prechilling was done for 4 to 16 weeks at $3^{\circ}C$ and the softening was forced with 10% KOH for 40 minutes. Seed germination, bulbil formation and length, no. of root and root length were measured at 6 and 12 weeks after sowing. Seed germination and bulbil formation were greater at 8 to 12 week prechilling than at shorter or longer treatment when only the prechilling was enforced. Prechilling had greater effect compared to seed coat softening. In addition, the softening treatment before prechilling showed higher germination and bulbil formation compared to single treatment of them. The softening treatment prior to prechilling was better than the reverse treatment in number of root except the above two characters. Duration of prechilling treatment was able to be shortened below 8 weeks when the softening treatment was applied before prechilling.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2001

Seed coat of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) is very thick and hard, it is difficult to absorb water during germination and it requires much time that cotyledon come out from seed coat since seminal root appearanced. Therefore this experiment was carried out to increase the germination rate by easing water absorption through mechanical scarification on seed coat. Non-scarification seed did not germinated at 7 days after treatment but scarification seed showed germination rate of 98%. Therefore mechanical scarification of seed coat was increased germination rate. Non-scarification seed absorbed less than 10% water of dry weight at 8 hours after treatment but scarification seed absorbed about 90% water at 7 hours after treatment and more than 150% water at 8 hours and swelled about 1.4-1.5 times in length and width of seed. Germination rate of scarification seed was high under high temperature and it was 96% and 93% at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The rate of cotyledon emergence on clay loam soil was the highest among bed soils. Soaked seed after mechanical scarification in distilled water was germinated faster than non-soaked seed on early in bed soil. The rate of cotyledon emergence was more than 92% at 9 days after sowing but non-scarification and soaked seed was germinated late and showed very low germination rate as 67%.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.90-93
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• 2006

Innate defence mechanism in plants can be triggered and enhanced by certain agents, referred as inducers against broad range of pathogens. In the present study, Dravya (a sea weed extract) was highly compatible with commonly available synthetic fungicides, Bavistin and Dithane M-45. Incidence of Alternaria padwickii and Bipolaris oryzae was also reduced to a greater extent in the paddy seed samples in Dravya treatment. Dravya also enhanced the seed germination and seedling vigour. Seedlings of treated samples also showed enhanced activity of peroxidase upon challenge inoculation with Alternaria padwickii. The enzyme activity was two fold high after the inoculation of pathogen. The suppression in disease incidence in growing plants indicated the promising effect of Dravya and Dithane M-45 under green-house condition.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.721-732
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• 2008

Pressed ham was manufactured to investigate the effects of grape seed oil on the quality characteristics of pressed ham. Five treatments were divided based on differences in the amount of grape seed oil added into the pressed ham. For control, 10% of back fat was only added without grape seed oil. For the first treatment, 10% of grape seed oil among the lard component added into the pressed ham was replaced. For the 2nd, 3rd and 4rd treatments, 20%, 30% and 40% of grape seed oil was respectively replaced. Pressed ham manufactured using grape seed oil was vacuum packaged and then stored for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4℃. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, sensory properties, TBARS and fatty acid composition. In the 1, 21 and 28 days of storage, shear force value of grape seed oil treatment (T4) was significantly lower than that of control (P<0.05). No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties among control and grape seed oil treatment groups. The TBARS value was significantly higher in control than in grape seed oil treatment group(T4) at 28 days of storage (P<0.05). The TBARS of control and grape seed oil treatment groups increased significantly as the storage period increased(P<0.05). The linoleic acid(C18:2) content of grape seed oil treatment groups was significantly higher than that of control(P<0.05). But the contents of C10:0～C20:4 were decreased significantly by grape seed oil additive (P<0.05). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content of control was significantly higher than that of grape seed oil treatment groups(P<0.05). Whereas the increase level of grape seed oil additive resulted in the significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content(P<0.05). Based on these findings, we conclude that the sensory properties and lipid oxidation(TBARS) of manufactured pressed ham were not affected by grape seed oil addition. Also, our results indicate that high-quality pressed ham can be manufactured with strengthen of polyunsaturated fatty acid content.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate relationship among seed viability and enzymes activities involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT). In other respects, osmopriming has been demonstrated to reinvigorate aged seeds. Various viabilities of seeds that were ranged from 80 to 100% of germination rate could be produced using osmopriming and accelerated aging treatments. Priming treatment of Pinus thunbergii seeds for 3 days at $15^{\circ}C$ with a polyethylene glycol solution at -1.2 MPa improved their subsequent germination at $25^{\circ}C$. Accelerated aging (3, 6, 9, and 12 days at $41^{\circ}C$ and 100% relative humidity) decreased seed germination percentage depending on aging treatment duration. Electrolyte conductivities of seeds were measured as assay of membrane integrity. The conductivity from electrolyte leakage of P. thunbergii seed was also correlated with seed germinability. Conductivity for control seeds that had 95% of germination percentage was 3.48 ${\mu}S\;g^{-1}$, but jumped as doubled (7.98 ${\mu}S\;g^{-1}$) in 12-day-aged seed that had 80% of germination percentage. Our results demonstrate that aging of P. thunbergii seeds is associated with changes in the electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defense system. Priming of aged seeds progressively restored the initial germinative ability and resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of MDA and conductivity of seed leachate. These effects of priming were also well recovered of GR and CAT activities in aged seed. The improved seed quality by priming treatment appears at least partly attributable to reduced lipid peroxidation, resulting from enhanced antioxidative enzyme activities that are suggesting the antioxidant defense systems play a key role in seed vigor.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 1984

In order to obtain an easy and effective scarification method for stimulating the seed germination of Korean lawn grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), sodium hypochlorite (SH), which is used as a commercial bleach and a seed disinfestant, was tested as a chemical scarifier instead of potassium hydroxide (KOH). 1. Scarification with 4% SH for 2 hours followed by 8-hour water-rinse stimulated seed germination more effectively compared to generalized scarification method by KOH treatment. 2. The degree of stimulating seed gemination was different by the various water-rinsing time after SH treatment, but the optimum rinsing time was about 4 to 8 hours. 3. GA treatment after SH scarification stimulated seed germination. However, the stimulation effect of GA was not showed in non-scarified control. 4. SH treatment significantly decreased the percentage of the infection of microflora in seed samples compared to KOH treatment. 5. Under practical seed scarification conditions for stimulating germination of Korean lawn grass seed. SH may have advantages over KOH with respect to ease of preparing, securing and handling.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.291-295
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• 2013

Surface chemical modification via air and hydrogen heat treatment was found to relieve the aggregation of nanodiamond (ND) seed particles and lead to a significantly enhanced nucleation density for ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) film growth. After heat treatment in air and hydrogen, modification of surface functionalities and increase in the zeta potential were observed. Mean size of the ND aggregates was also dramatically reduced from ${\sim}2{\mu}m$ to ~55 nm. Si surface seeded with ND particles heat-treated at $600^{\circ}C$ in hydrogen produced a much higher nucleation density of ${\sim}2.7{\times}10^{11}cm^{-2}$ compared to untreated ND seeds.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.36-55
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of ginseng seed oil in healthy subjects who have mild liver dysfunction. Methods: A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. A total of 167 subjects visited Semyung University Hospital from July 1st, 2016 to June 10th 2017. Except for the 103 excluded subjects, 64 subjects were randomized into one of the two groups: an treatment group(n=33) and control group(n=31). Subjects were randomly given either ginseng oil seed capsules or indistinguishable placebo capsules(2 capsules per dose, twice per day). Laboratory tests(aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were performed to evaluate the effectiveness after 6, 12 weeks of treatment. Vital sign, laboratory test were performed to assess safety at every visit. Results: There were no significant differences in efficacy between treatment group and control group. There were some adverse events with no significant difference in symptoms and frequency between treatment group and control group. Conclusions: Although the efficacy of ginseng seed oil was not proved, ginseng seed oil did not worsen liver function and proved its safety. More study of ginseng seed oil and clinical trials are necessary to increase the usefulness of above-ground parts of ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2004

The responses of soybean seeds were evaluated to accelerated aging and gamma irradiation with regard to germination, seed leakage, seed leachate component and dry weight of hypocotyl and primary root of the germinating seed. Accelerated aging significantly reduced the final germination rate while gamma irradiation increased the final germination rate. Furthermore, the interactive effects occurred that the final germination rate of 5-day aged seeds increased considerably in response to 4 Gy of gamma irradiation. The extent to which the electrolyte was leaked from the seeds (conductivity) was significantly affected by accelerated aging and showed a close negative correlation with the germination rate. Gamma irradiation, however, did not significantly affect the electrical conductivity of seed leachate. The accelerated aging significantly increased the concentrations of the particular electrolytes leaked from the seeds while the gamma irradiation did not affect those concentrations. Of the electrolytes leaked from the seeds, Ca and Mg showed relatively lower concentrations while K showed greater concentrations than others. Moreover, N and P showed similar responses to aging treatment. Aging treatment significantly affected dry weight (DW) of hypocotyls and primary root. Also, gamma irradiation decreased DW of hypocotyls and primary root, particularly for 8 Gy associated with 5 days aging treatment. The data were discussed in terms of the relationships of seed vigor with aging treatment and gamma irradiation.