• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 2008

The ratio between 11S Sand 7S globulins was greater in large seed size varieties (LSSVs) of soybean than in small seed size varieties (SSSVs) or medium seed size varieties (MSSVs) but did not differ between MSSVs and SSSVs. The cysteine and methionine contents of 11S globulins were greater than those of total seed proteins and 7S globulins. The acidic monoamino monocarboxylic amino acids were the most abundant class of amino acid in soybean seed (27.2%) and soybean curd protein (29.3%). Isolated 7S and 11S fractions were analyzed by HPLC. Of the 12 peaks detected, 4 constituted 64.1% of the proteins of the SSSVs, 65.6% of the proteins of the MSSVs, and 70.5% of the proteins of the LSSVs. The 11S/7S globulin ratio was related to the yield and hardness of soybean curd. The MSSVs had the greatest yield of soybean curd, but the soybean curd hardness of the MSSVs was greater than that of the SSSVs. These results show that the 11S/7S ratio and color of soybean seeds can be used to predict the yield, hardness, and color of soybean curd.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2004

Changes in the level of metabolites in leaves and pods were examined with respect to the seed chemical composition in black soybean. There was no further increase in pod length after 42 days after flowering (DAF). Pod weight, however, persistently increase until 73 DAF, thereafter the weight was slightly lowered. The seed storage protein, however, increased drastically as the increasing rate of pod weight was lessened at 61 DAF. The accumulation of seed storage proteins was occurred conspicuously as the increasing rate of pod weight was slowed down. The chlorophyll content both in leaves and pods was drastically decreased after 50 DAF. The beginning of drastic reduction in chlorophyll content was occurred concomitantly with the reduction of soluble protein content in leaves. The sugar content in leaves showed similar tendency with chlorophyll and soluble protein content. The starch level in leaves, however, showed different changing pattern during seed development. The starch content in leaves was increased persistently until 66 DAF, thereafter the content was decreased drastically to about $55\%$ of maximal value at 66 DAF. Total phenolics content in leaves and the anthocyanins content in seeds were stable without noticeable increase until 66 DAF. The contents were increased dramatically after 66 DAF showing the synchronized pattern with the decrease in starch level in leaves. The levels of the selected metabolites in leaf and seed suggested that the accumulation of chemical components of black soybean seed is launched actively at 66 DAF. The profile of storage proteins was nearly completed at 61 DAF because there was no large difference in densitometric intensity among protein subunits after 61 DAF. In soybean, chemical maturation of seed begins around 61 to 66 DAF at which most metabolites in vegetative parts are decreased and remobilized into maturing seeds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.168-172
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• 1998

Systematic electrophoretic analysis of alcohol-soluble proteins and salt-soluble proteins of 247 Panax ginseng (P.g) and Panax quinquefolium (P.q) germplasms seed was carried out on an improved lactate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a method with high resolving power, good reproducibility and stability. The electrophoregrams of proteins, according to their migration rate, were classified into four groups such as ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$ and $\omega$ for the alcohol-soluble proteins and three such as I, II and III for the salt-soluble ones. Panax ginseng or Panax quinquefolium had their own unique band pattern distinguishable from each other, regarding as their specific "fingerprint". In this study, 3 of 168 (1.8%) P.g germplasms and 1 of 79 (1.3%) P.q germplasms had their own unique band pattern, showing that P.g and P.q germplasms have poor genetic diversity in species. The band patterns of dry seed and stratified seed (embryo rate=60%) were basically the same. The band number of the F, hybrid of p.gx p.q was exactly equivalent to the number of the common bands plus the specific bands of the two parents, indicating that the difference of band patterns was a genetic trait con- trolled by the nuclear genes. The electrophoregram of F1 of P.g x P.q could be predicted by that of the two parents and the band pattern of the F1 hybrids could be demnonstrated by that of the mixed seed extract from the two parents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.313-319
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• 2024

Cultivars or genetic resources with a black seed coat and green cotyledons are rich in lutein, which can promote eye health, and anthocyanin, known for its numerous health benefits. However, mature seeds also contain P34, 7S α' subunit, and lectin proteins, which are allergenic and degrade quality. Here, we report the breeding of a new soybean line with a black seed coat, green cotyledon, and free of P34, 7S α' subunit, and lectin proteins. A total of 157 F₂ seeds with black seed coats and green cotyledons were selected by crossing a female parent with a brown seed coat, green cotyledon, and lacking the 7S α' subunit and lectin proteins with a male parent with a black seed coat, green cotyledon, and lacking the P34 and lectin proteins. The P34 and 7S α' subunit proteins were consistent with a ratio of 9:3:3:1, indicating that they are independent of each other. From 14 F₂ seeds that were recessive (cgy1cgy1p34p34) for both proteins, one individual F₂ plant (F₃ seeds) with the desired traits-black seed coat, green cotyledon, and lacking P34, 7S α' subunit, and lectin proteins- was finally selected. The triple null genotype (absence for P34, 7S α' subunit, and lectin proteins) was confirmed in random F₃ seeds. The selected line has a black seed coat and green cotyledons, and when sown on June 14 in the greenhouse, the maturity date was approximately October 3, the height was about 68 cm, and the 100-seed weight was about 26.5 g.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2020

The presence of high amounts of seed storage proteins (SSPs) improves the overall quality of soybean seeds. However, these SSPs pose a major limitation due to their high abundance in soybean seeds. Although various technical advancements including mass-spectrometry and bioinformatics resources were reported, only limited information has been derived to date on soybean seeds at proteome level. Here, we applied a tandem mass tags (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis to identify the significantly modulated proteins in the seeds of two soybean cultivars showing varying protein contents. This approach led to the identification of 5,678 proteins of which 13 and 1,133 proteins showed significant changes in Daewon (low-protein content cultivar) and Saedanbaek (high-protein content cultivar) respectively. Functional annotation revealed that proteins with increased abundance in Saedanbaek were mainly associated with the amino acid and protein metabolism involved in protein synthesis, folding, targeting, and degradation. Taken together, the results presented here provide a pipeline for soybean seed proteome analysis and contribute a better understanding of proteomic changes that may lead to alteration in the protein contents in soybean seeds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.142-143
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• 2000

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.342-348
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• 2004

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the $60\%$ isopropanol extract of soybean(Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed revealed two abundant proteins with molecular masses of 19 and 10 kDa. Amino acid analysis revealed that the isopropanol-extractable protein fraction was rich in cysteine. Two-dimensional gel electro-phoretic analysis indicated that the 19kDa and 10kDa proteins had pI of 4.2 and 4.0 respectively. Peptide mass fingerprints of trypsin digests of the two proteins obtained using matrix-assisted, laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy revealed the 19kDa protein was Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and the 10kDa protein was Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor. When resolved under non-denaturing conditions, the isopropanol-extracted proteins inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin activity. Results presented in this study demonstrate that isopropanol extraction of soybean seed could be used as a simple and rapid method to obtain a protein fraction enriched in Kunitz trypsin and Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitors. Since proteinase inhibitors are rich in sulfur amino acids and are putative anticarcinogens, this rapid and inexpensive isolation procedure could facilitate efforts in nutrition and cancer research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.120-120
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• 2017

Since the composition of proteins from the Korean cultivars of Proso millet is unknown; thereby, the present study was conducted to obtain a reference map of millet seed proteins and identify the functional characteristics of the identified proteins. Proteins extracted from the millet seeds of various cultivars, were investigated using proteomic techniques as 2D electrophoresis coupled with mass fingerprinting. The 1152 (differentially expressed) proteins were detected on 2-D gel. Among them, 26 reproducible protein spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. Out of 26 proteins, 2 proteins were up-regulated towards all cultivars of millet, while 7 proteins were up-regulated and 13 proteins were down-regulated against only one cultivar. However, abundance in most identified protein species, associated with metabolism, transcription and transcription was significantly enhanced, while that of another protein species involved in polysaccharide metabolism, stress response and pathogenesis were severely reduced. Taken together, the results observed from the study suggest that the differential expression of proteins from the four cultivars of millet may be cultivar-specific. Taken together, a proteomic investigation of millet seeds from different cultivars, we sought to better understand the genetic variation of millet cultivars representing the future millet research, and the functional categorization of individual proteins on the basis of their molecular function.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.74-84
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• 1989

Buffer soluble storage proteins of ginseng seed have been localized by electron microscopy using post-embedding immunocytochemical gold labelling technique. Major components of the storage proteins were revealed to be storage protein-1($SP_{1}$, MW 160,000) and storage protein-2($SP_{2}$, MW 70,000). Both of the storage proteins are glycoproteins. Anti-$SP_{1}$ and anti-$SP_{2}$ from rabbit, against $SP_1$ and $SP_2$, respectively, reacted on sections of ginseng endosperm tissue embedded in Spurr's epoxy resin. The rabbit antibodies were visualized indirectly by reaction with protein A labelled with colloidal gold. Both storage proteins were found to be accumulated together in the same protein bodies, but their relative contents are not equal.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2017

Objectives: Aging is an unconscious and gradual process that can lead to changes in biological systems. Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity are involved in the aging process. Regarding the antioxidant property of black seed oil, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging effect of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) oil on d-galactose-induced aging in mice. Methods: For induction of aging, D-galactose (500 mg/kg, subcoutaneously SC) was administrated to male mice for 42 days. Animals were treated with D-galactose alone or with b lack seed oil (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 mL/kg, intraperitoneally (ip)). Additionally, vitamin E (200 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. At the end of treatment, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and the glutathione (GSH) contents in brain and liver tissues were measured. Also, enzymes in serum, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT), were determined. The levels of the proteins Bax, Bcl2, caspase-3 (pro and cleaved) in brain and liver tissues were evaluated. Results: Administration of D-galactose (500 mg/kg, SC) for 42 days increased serum levels of ALT and AST, as well as the MDA content, in brain and liver tissues, but decreased the GSH content. Additionally, the levels of apoptotic proteins, including Bax, procaspase-3 and caspase-3 cleaved, were markedly increased. N. sativa oil (0.1 and 0.2 mL/kg) diminished the levels of the biochemical markers ALT and AST. Administration of black seed oil (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mL/kg) reduced lipid peroxidation and at doses 0.1 and 0.2 mL/kg significantly recovered the GSH content. The oil decreased Bax/Bcl2 levels and at 0.1 mL/kg down-regulated the expressions of caspase-3 (pro and cleaved) proteins in brain and liver tissues. Conclusion: Through its antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties, black seed oil exhibited an anti-aging effect in a model of aging induced with D-galactose.