• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.165-172
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• 1973

The sterile phenomenon is frequently found in the inter-species hybrids of ginseng as in other plants. It is known that among the hybrids between Panax Ginseng (PG) and Panax Quinquefolium (PQ), and between Panax Ginseng and Paxax Japonicus (PI), PG${\times}$PI is fertile only very rarely, while PG ${\times}$ PQ is always sterile. Therefore, in order to clarify the relationship between this sterility phenomenon and the metabolism of free amino acids, the changes of free amino acids through the formation of the flower organs and seeds of two hybrids, PG ${\times}$ PQ and PG ${\times}$ PI were investigated by thin layer chromatography. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Distinct differences in the quantity and number of free amino acids were recognized between PG ${\times}$ PQ, PG ${\times}$ PI and their parent plants. From the hybrid PG ${\times}$ PQ, 19 kinds of ninhyrin sensitive substances were detected in all. They were (1) 17 amino acids: alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxy-proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid, ${\beta}$-alanine, cysteic acid and tryptophan, and (2) two amides: asparagine and glutamine. From the hybrid PG ${\times}$ PI, in addition to the above 19 substances, methionine and one unknown substance were detected. 2. Generally, alanine, as partie acid, glutamic acid, cysteic acid and asparagine were detected in large amounts in the two hybrids as in PG, PG and PJ but it was a noticeable fact concerning these two hybrids that the largest quantity of asparagine was found at microspore satge and pollen mature stage. 3. The decrease of cysteic acid in the two hybrids at the red ripened stage was the same as in PQ and PJ but opposite to the change in PG. The detection of methionine in PG ${\times}$ PJ was worthy of notice. 4. The change of proline was conspicuously different from that in their parent plants. It was detected as a trace of color at the micros pore stage while asparagine was detected in the greatest amount at that time. It is well known that the quantity of proline is closely related to the sterility of plant. This fact was also found true in the formation of ginseng seeds. It was reported as well that asparagine accumulated when proline decreased. 5. The deficiency of proline seemed to be closely related with the sterility of hybrids and with the degradation of pollen in anther. 6. The difference in the changes of free amino acids between the selfed lines of PG, PQ and PJ, and their hybrids seemed to be caused by the transformation of gene-action system by hybridization. On these phenomena along with proline metabolim and its physiological role in seed formation further studies are required.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.180-193
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• 2014

In plants, a shoot apex has a small region known as the shoot apical meristem (SAM) having a group of dividing (initiating) cells. The SAM gives rise to all the groundabove structures of plants throughout their lifetime, and thus it plays important role in growth and development of plants. This review describes theories to explain the SAM organization and function developed over the last 250 years. Since in 1759 German botanist C. F. Wolff has described firstly the SAM, in 1858 Swiss botanist C. N${\ddot{a}}$geli proposed the apical cell theory from the observation of a large single apical cell in the SAM of seedless vascular plants: however, this view was recognized to be unsuitable to seed plants. In 1868, German botanist J. Hanstein suggested the histogen theory: this concept subdividing the SAM into dermatogen, periblem, and plerome was unable to generally apply to seed plants. In 1924, German botanist A. Schmidt proposed the tunica-corpus theory from the examination of angiosperm SAM in which two parts show different planes of cell division: this theory was proved to be not suitable to gymnosperm SAM, not have stable surface tunica layer. In 1938, American botanist A. Foster described zones in gymnosperm SAM based on the cytohistologic differentiation and thus called it a cytohistological zonation theory. With works by E. Gifford, in 1954, this zonation pattern was demonstrated to be also applicable to angiosperm SAM. As another theory, in 1952 French botanist R. Buvat proposed the m${\acute{e}}$rist${\grave{e}}$me d'attente (waiting meristem) theory: however, this concept was confuted because of its negation of function during vegetative growth phase to central initial cells. Rescent studies with Arabidopsis thaliana have found that formation and maintenance of the SAM are under the control of selected genes: SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene forms the SAM, and WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA (CLV) genes function in maintaining the SAM; signaling between WUS and CLV genes act through a negative feedback loop.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.70-82
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• 2007

Aiming at nature's early restoring needs to select plant species harmonizing with surrounding environment that fits to restoring goal of ultimately aiming at woody plants dominant vegetation that protect and stabilize surface parts of bared slopes. And it is important to make it assimilated with surrounding natural vegetation by differentiating planning of seed mixtures. Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Methods (JSB Method) was developed to increase the effect of landscape change according to seasons not to simple hydro-seeding by reducing rate of foreign grasses while raising rate of wild flower using. It was considered that using wild flowers that bloom on each season solved the problems of slope landscapes that looks artificial and uninteresting. After researching environmental condition of the slopes, JSB Method has shown that, as of wet-type method, soil is relatively soft and the difference of thickness of plant base soil media affects on the difference of soil hardness. In case of soil hardness of 8.8~17mm, there's dangerousness of slope's collapsing, but it has shown that growth of plant was favorable. For the acidity of soil, most of them are in the type of neutralized soil of more than pH 6. And after analyzing the degree of woody plants dominance, it had shown that lower part was occupied with wild flowers and other herbaceous species like China pin, golden phesant mum, pitcher plant, and middle and upper part was occupied with woody plants like silk-tree, sumac forming multi-layer structure. It can be concluded that the restoration objects of the woody plant vegetation on the roadside slopes can be accomplished successfully by Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Method (JSB method).

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2016

A top-seeded solution growth (TSSG) is a method of growing SiC single crystal from the Si melt dissolved the carbon. In this study, multiphysics modeling was conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics, a commercialized finite element analysis package, to get analytic results about electromagnetic analysis, heat transfer and fluid flow in the Si melt. Experimental results showed good agreements with simulation data, which supports the validity of the simulation model. Based on the understanding about solution growth of SiC and our set-up, crystal growth was conducted on off-axis 4H-SiC seed crystal in the temperature range of $1600{\sim}1800^{\circ}C$. The grown layer showed good crystal quality confirmed with optical microscopy and high resolution X-ray diffraction, which also demonstrates the effectiveness of the multiphysics model to find a process condition of solution growth of SiC single crystal.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate effects on the co-situs application of coated urea complex fertilizer in dry seeded rice in Dukpyong series soil. Number of spikelet established in 15 days after seeding, conventional plot was $120ea\;per\;m^2$. and whole layer placement(WLP), co-situs application 70%(CSA70%) plot and co-situs application 50%(CSA50%) plot were 146, 126 and $120ea\;per\;m^2$, respectively. There was not concentration obstacle in co-situs application plot in spite of closing application between seed and coated urea complex fertilizer. The amount of $NH_4-N$ into soil solution in different growth stage was highest in WLP 70% plot compare to other treatment. N uptaken amount was highest in CSA 70% plot as $94kg\;ha^{-1}$ compare to $90kg\;ha^{-1}$ of WLP 79% plot and $82kg\;ha^{-1}$ of CSA 50% plot. However, N use efficiency of CSA 50% plot was highest among treatments as 48%. Rice yield was highest in CSA 70% plot as 102% compared to conventional plot.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.147-152
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• 2011

ZnO nanorods fabricated on a Zn substrate pre-coated with ZnO as a seed layer by the hydrothermal method were studied mainly as a function of ZnO precursor concentration. Characteristic features by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were investigated to define the changed micro-structure and crystalline phase of the ZnO nanorods according to the experimental conditions. The nanorod morphology strongly depended on the precursor concentration. For example, ZnO nanorods vertically aligned with a hexagonal (002) oriented structure with a diameter of 600~700 nm and length of $6.75{\mu}m$ were clearly observed at the highest concentration of 0.015 M. The strong hexagonal structure was believed to be associated with the highest photoluminescene (PL) intensity and a promising voltage value of ca. 6.069 V at $1000{\mu}A$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.658-675
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• 2016

The environmental characteristics of the habitats, the population structures, ecological niche, life traits and the population demography are used as an essential informations to the effective conservation plans about the target species. We first confirmed a total of 37 populations through 12 years of investigation on the extents, and investigated the environmental factors of habitats and the population structures of the 25 cohorts in 12 regions among them. And, we investigated the population dynamics targeting at 8 cohorts in the population of Daegwanryeong-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do. Along with this, we conducted 4 years of cultivation experiments and how pollinators affect the success of reproduction. The results shows that the Paeonia obovata Maxim. was found in a relatively wide range of habitats. For the population structures of the 25 cohorts, there were considerable differences among cohorts, including a case which showed relative stable structure and an extreme case in which only adults were found. The factor that affected the population dynamics during the investigation was thought as a forest gap created in the tree layer. In the cultivation experiment, seedlings grew well in a less soil organic matter. The seed setting rate and the number of seeds generated by visiting pollinators were higher trends. In conclusion, to understand the distribution of the Paeonia obovata Maxim., there needs to be investigated on the other factors that are involved in dispersal factors other than environmental factors, and thus we suggest the necessity of the research on the dispersal vectors. The current Paeonia obovata Maxim. population was thought as a process of expansion after the rapid reduction of the extents in the past. For the effective conservation of the Paeonia obovata Maxim., an endangered plant, we recommend to understand the species through the spatio-temporal expansion, and maintain the health of the ecosystem based on it.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.113-113
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• 2017

최근 많은 산업의 발전으로 인해 환경오염을 유발시키는 폐수가 다량으로 배출되고 있으며, 이러한 폐수 속에는 유기용매, 고분자 물질 및 각종 염 등의 난분해성 물질들이 다량으로 함유되어 있다. 이런 물질들을 분해시키기 위해 물리적, 생물학적 수처리 방법이 많이 이용되고 있지만 이 방법들은 각각 운전비용과 처리비용이 고가인 단점이 있다. 따라서 비용과 효율 측면에서 효과적인 폐수처리를 위해서 전기화학적 폐수처리 방법이 많이 사용되고 있다. 물리적, 생물학적 처리 방법에 비해 비용이 적게 들고, 처리 후 잔류물이 남지 않으며, 독성을 띄는 산화제의 첨가 없이도 높은 폐수처리 능력을 보이기 때문에 친환경적이므로, 전기화학적 폐수산화 처리에 사용되는 불용성 전극에 대한 연구가 많이 진행되어져 오고 있다. 그 중 BDD(Boron-doped diamond) 전극은 표면에서 강력한 산화제인 수산화 라디칼의 높은 발생량으로 인해 뛰어난 폐수처리 능력을 보이므로 불용성 전극 분야에서 활발한 연구가 진행 중이다. 그러나 기존에 BDD 전극의 기판 모재로 이용되던 Si, W, Pb등은 모두 기계적 강도, 폐수처리 능력 및 독성 문제로 인해 한계가 있었고, 특히 Nb기판 위에 형성시킨 BDD 전극은 뛰어난 폐수처리 능력에도 불구하고 비싼 모재 원가로 인해 상용화가 힘든 실정이다. 이런 문제점을 해결하기 위해 높은 기계적 강도와 전기화학적 안정성을 가진 Ti 기판을 사용한 BDD 전극에 대한 연구가 보고되고 있다. 그러나 BDD와 Ti 간의 lattice mismatch, BDD층 형성을 위한 고온 공정시 탄소의 확산으로 인한 기판 표면에서의 TiC층 형성으로 인해 접착력이 감소하여 박리가 생기는 문제점이 있다. BDD와 Ti의 접착력을 향상시키기 위해 융점이 높고, 전기전도성이 우수한 TiN을 diffusion barrier layer로 삽입하면 탄소 확산에 의한 TiC층의 생성을 억제하여, 내부응력에 기인한 접착력 감소를 방지할 수 있다. 또 하나의 방법으로 Ti 기판의 전처리를 통해 BDD층의 접착력을 향상 시킬 수 있다. Sanding과 etching을 통해 기판 표면의 물리, 화학적인 표면조도를 부여하고, seeding을 통해 diamond 결정 성장에 도움을 주는 seed 입자를 분포시킴으로써, 중간층과 BDD층의 접착력을 향상시키고, BDD 결정핵 성장을 촉진시켜 고품질의 BDD박막 증착이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 기존 Si, Nb 등의 기판 모재를 Ti로 대체함으로써 제조원가를 절감시키고, TiN 중간층을 삽입하여 접착력을 향상 시킴으로써 기존의 BDD 전극과 동등한 수준의 물성 및 수처리 특성을 가진 BDD전극 제작을 목표로 하였다. $25{\times}25mm$의 Ti 기판위에 TiN 중간층을 DC magnetron sputtering을 이용하여 증착 후, BDD 전극 층을 HFCVD로 증착하였다. 전처리를 진행한 기판과 중간층 및 BDD층의 미세구조를 XRD로 분석하였고, 표면 형상을 SEM으로 확인하였다. BDD전극의 접착력 분석을 통해 TiN 중간층의 최적 조성을 도출하고, 최종적으로 BDD/TiN/Ti 전극의 CV특성과 가폐수의 COD분해능력 및 축산폐수, 선박평형수 등의 실제 폐수 처리 능력을 BDD/Si, BDD/Nb 전극과 비교 검토할 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.24-39
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional and feeding value of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) as local vegetable protein ingredients for poultry feeding. In the first experiment, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical compositions and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA) contents. According to the chemical analysis, RPSOM contained 22.50％ of crude protein, 4.75％ of ether extract, 27.70％ of crude fiber, 0.34 mg／g of capsaicin and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters (ISA-Brown) were 1.73 kcal／g and 1.63 kcal／g on dry matter basis, respectively. The average TAAA value of 16 amino acids measured by the force－feeding technique was 81.70％. These values were used for formulating experimental diets containing various levels of RPSOM for broiler chicks and laying hens. Two feeding trials were made to investigate the effects of dietary incorporation of RPSOM into chicken feed performances of broiler chicks and laying hens. In the broiler feeding (Exp. 2), a total of two hundred twenty-five, 4 wk old male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM. The birds were fed ad libitum the diets for 3 wk and feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion rate were determined. At the end of the feeding, the blood levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol, and the body and fatty acid compositions of leg muscle were measured. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, body composition, serum levels of GOT, GGT and BUN among the treatments. However, blood cholesterol level was lower (P＜0.05) in 10% RPSOM diet group than those in the other. The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of linoleic acid (P＜0.05) in leg muscle compared to that of control group. The results indicate that RPSOM can be used for broiler feed up to 10% without any significant negative effects on broiler performance. In the layer feeding (Exp. 3), the effects of dietary RPSOM on the performances of laying hen were investigated by feeding ninety 45 wk old laying hens (ISA-Brown) with experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM for 4 wk (30 birds per treatment). Measurements were made on egg production rate, egg weight, feed intake, Haugh unit, egg shell strength which was higher (P＜0.05) in layers fed 10% RPSOM diet compared to those fed 0 and 5% RPSOM diets. Thus, it can be concluded that RPSOM can be included into laying hen feed up to 10% without any harmful effects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.140-140
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• 2018

The 3D interconnect technologies have been appeared, as the density of Integrated Circuit (IC) devices increases. Through Silicon Via (TSV) process is an important technology in the 3D interconnect technologies. And the process is used to form a vertically electrical connection through silicon dies. This TSV process has some advantages that short length of interconnection, high interconnection density, low electrical resistance, and low power consumption. Because of these advantages, TSVs could improve the device performance higher. The fabrication process of TSV has several steps such as TSV etching, insulator deposition, seed layer deposition, metallization, planarization, and assembly. Among them, TSV metallization (i.e. TSV filling) was core process in the fabrication process of TSV because TSV metallization determines the performance and reliability of the TSV interconnect. TSVs were commonly filled with metals by using the simple electrochemical deposition method. However, since the aspect ratio of TSVs was become a higher, it was easy to occur voids and copper filling of TSVs became more difficult. Using some additives like an accelerator, suppressor and leveler for the void-free filling of TSVs, deposition rate of bottom could be fast whereas deposition of side walls could be inhibited. The suppressor was adsorbed surface of via easily because of its higher molecular weight than the accelerator. However, for high aspect ratio TSV fillers, the growth of the top of via can be accelerated because the suppressor is replaced by an accelerator. The substitution of the accelerator and the suppressor caused the side wall growth and defect generation. The suppressor was used as Single additive electrodeposition of TSV to overcome the constraints. At the electrochemical deposition of high aspect ratio of TSVs, the suppressor as single additive could effectively suppress the growth of the top surface and the void-free bottom-up filling became possible. Generally, copper was used to fill TSVs since its low resistivity could reduce the RC delay of the interconnection. However, because of the large Coefficients of Thermal Expansion (CTE) mismatch between silicon and copper, stress was induced to the silicon around the TSVs at the annealing process. The Keep Out Zone (KOZ), the stressed area in the silicon, could affect carrier mobility and could cause degradation of the device performance. Cobalt can be used as an alternative material because the CTE of cobalt was lower than that of copper. Therefore, using cobalt could reduce KOZ and improve device performance. In this study, high-aspect ratio TSVs were filled with cobalt using the electrochemical deposition. And the filling performance was enhanced by using the suppressor as single additive. Electrochemical analysis explains the effect of suppressor in the cobalt filling bath and the effect of filling behavior at condition such as current type was investigated.